Full reference: E. D. Cope. 1887. Zittel's Manual of Palaeontology. The American Naturalist 21(11):1014-1019
Parent taxon: Osteichthyes according to R. van der Laan 2019
See also Ahlberg 1991, Andrews 1906, Betancur et al. 2013, Carnevale 2007, Carnevale and Godfrey 2018, Cartanyà 1999, Case and Schwimmer 1988, Casier 1966, Choo 2012, Cicimurri et al. 2026, Cvancara and Hoganson 1993, Daly 1973, Delsate 1997, Delsate 2003, Denton 2013, Domning and Clark 1993, Fourriére et al. 2014, Friedman 2012, Gadow 1898, Grande and Hilton 2006, Kumar and Loyal 1987, Lambe 1908, Long 2011, Long et al. 2008, Martinelli and Forasiepi 2004, Meyer and Zardoya 2003, Miles 1977, Nelson et al. 2016, Poyato-Ariza 2010, Previtera and González Riga 2008, Schaeffer and Dalquest 1978, Thurmond and Jones 1981, Weems 1999, Woodward 1902, Woodward 1916 and Žalohar et al. 2009
Sister taxa: Actinopterygii, Andreolepididae, Cephaloxeniformes, Coregonidae, Crenilepis, Cyclotomodon, Dialipiniformes, Ganoidei, Histiothrissinae, Iniomi, Lophosteidae, Megamastax, Naxilepis, Paleopterygii, Pattonia, Pattonia couttsi, Preophiodon, Sarcopterygii, Sparalepis, Tythonichthys, Teleostomata, Dipneusta, Percidarum, Argentinoideorum, Chrondroterygia, Azygostei, Hypostomata, Charitosaurus, Malacostomata, Aspidoganoidei, Otolithopsis, Lepidoleprus, Rhytiodus, Ptilichnus
Subtaxa: Cenechoia Cenechoia paramillensis Cenechoia sulcata Cheirolepidiformes Cheirolepis Chondrostei Cladistia Coccocephalichthyidae Coccolepidae Concentrilepis Denticopsis Dorypteriformes Elonichthyiformes Eurynotoidiformes Eurynotus uspallatensis Gogosardina Guaymayenia Guildayichthyiformes Gyrolepidoides Gyrolepidoides cuyanus Gyrolepidoides multistriatus Halecostomi Haplolepidae Heteromi Howqualepididae Irajapintoseidae Lambeia Lichiites Mesopoma Mimiidae Neochallaia leonensis Neopterygii Pacorichthys Percomorphi Phanerorhynchiformes Phanerosteoniformes Pholidophorus dentatus Pholidophorus vallejensis Pickeringius Platysomiformes Plectognathi Pteronisculus Ptycholepidiformes Redfieldiiformes Rhadinichthyiformes Saurichthyiformes Scleroparei Scopelidae Semionotus mendozaensis Semionotus unicristatus Semionotus vallejensis Tarrasiiformes Tenupiscis Tienshaniscidae Turseoidae Uighuroniscidae Usclasichthys Uydeniidae