Full reference: C. Illiger. 1811. Prodromus Systematis Mammalium et Avium
Parent taxon: Pinnipedimorpha according to A. Valenzuela-Toro et al. 2016
See also Abel 1919, Adam 2004, Ameghino 1889, Ameghino 1897, Berta 1994, Berta 2002, Berta 2009, Berta 2017, Berta et al. 1989, Berta et al. 2006, Boessenecker and Churchill 2016, Boessenecker et al. 2024, Bonaparte 1850, Cope 1889, Deméré 1994, Deméré et al. 2003, Flower 1883, Flower and Lydekker 1891, Fulton and Strobeck 2010, Gadow 1898, Ginsburg and Janvier 1971, Ginsburg and Janvier 1999, Gregory 1910, Hay 1902, Illiger 1811, Kellogg 1922, Kellogg 1931, Kohno 1996, Kohno and Ray 2008, Kohno et al. 1995, Kovacs and Lavigne 1986, Kurten and Anderson 1980, Lydekker 1885, McKenna and Bell 1997, Nowak 1991, Rice 1998, Scott 1873, Tomida 1989, Trouessart 1898, Trouessart 1904, Valenzuela-Toro et al. 2024, Vidal 1991, Weber 1928 and Zittel 1925
Sister taxa: Enaliarctidae, Enaliarctos, Kolponomos, Pacificotaria, Phocomorpha, Pinnarctidion, Pinnipediformes, Pteronarctos, Semantor
Subtaxa: Cystophoridae Desmatophocidae Odobenidae Otarioidea Palaeotaria Panotariidae Phocidae Phocoidea Squalodon modesta