Gastropoda - Epitonioidea - Epitoniidae
Parent taxon: Epitoniidae according to M. Harzhauser 2002
See also Addicott 1970, Dockery 1993, Durham 1937, Durham 1944, Frassinetti and Covacevich 1995, Gardner 1948, Harris and Palmer 1947, Hickman 1980, Ladd 1972, Ladd 1982, MacNeil 1960, Moore 1984, Nagao 1928, Nielson and Valdovinos 2008, Rivera 1957, Sepkoski 2002, Squires and Demetrion 1992, Todd 2001, Ward and Blackwelder 1987, Wienrich 2001 and Wilson 1993
Sister taxa: Aciculiscala, Acirsa, Acirsinae, Alora, Amaea, Belliscala, Boreoscala, Cerithiscala, Cirsotrema, Clathroscala, Clathrus, Claviscala, Confusiscala, Crossotrema, Dannevigena, Eglisia, Epitomium, Epitoniinae, Filiscala, Gregorioiscala, Gryoscala, Littoriniscala, Mazescala, Murdochella, Narvaliscala, Notacirsa, Nystiellinae, Opalia, Opaliinae, Papuliscala, Pliciscala, Problitora, Pseudosassia, Scalaria, Scalina, Sthenorytis, Turriscala, Variciscala, Funis, Australolaxispira
Subtaxa: Epitonium (Acrilla) Epitonium (Arctoscala) Epitonium (Asperiscala) Epitonium (Bifidoscala) Epitonium (Cinctiscala) Epitonium (Coniscala) Epitonium (Crisposcala) Epitonium (Cycloscala) Epitonium (Epitonium) Epitonium (Glabriscala) Epitonium (Gyroscala) Epitonium (Hirtoscala) Epitonium (Hyaloscala) Epitonium (Minutiscala) Epitonium (Nitidiscala) Epitonium (Papyriscala) Epitonium (Parviscala) Epitonium (Pictoscala) Epitonium (Scala) Epitonium (Striatascala) Epitonium alaquaense Epitonium albidum Epitonium angulatum Epitonium candeanum Epitonium chancellorensis Epitonium charlestonensis Epitonium clallamense Epitonium clathratulum Epitonium cookii Epitonium cribrum Epitonium dubiosum Epitonium echinaticosta Epitonium faearium Epitonium foliaceum Epitonium frondiculum Epitonium frondosum Epitonium georgettinum Epitonium greenlandicum Epitonium hospitum Epitonium humphreysii Epitonium kostejanum Epitonium latefasciatum Epitonium leai Epitonium multistriatum Epitonium paytense Epitonium peruvianum Epitonium philippinarum Epitonium rupicola Epitonium sandwichense Epitonium sillimani Epitonium sohli Epitonium stellanum Epitonium submaculosum Epitonium tabulatum Epitonium tollini Epitonium trevelyana
Ecology: slow-moving semi-infaunal carnivore
Distribution:
• Quaternary of Australia (1 collection), Brazil (11), Canada (1: Quebec), Chile (1), Costa Rica (2), Ecuador (4), Fiji (1), Ireland (1), Italy (4), Japan (6), the Marshall Islands (1), Mayotte (2), Mexico (5), Morocco (1), the Netherlands (2), Panama (2), Peru (1), Portugal (1), South Africa (3), the United Kingdom (2), United States (94: Alaska, California, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Maryland, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Oregon, South Carolina, Virginia), Uruguay (1), Vanuatu (1)
• Pliocene to Pleistocene of United States (9: California)
• Pliocene of Belgium (3), Costa Rica (4), the Dominican Republic (1), Ecuador (3), Fiji (1), Italy (4), Jamaica (3), Japan (1), Mexico (4), the Netherlands (1), Pakistan (2), Panama (5), the Philippines (1), South Africa (1), Spain (1), Trinidad and Tobago (8), the United Kingdom (3), United States (27: California, Florida, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia), Venezuela (7)
• Miocene of Algeria (1), Argentina (8), Australia (1), Austria (1), Belgium (4), Chile (2), the Dominican Republic (1), France (2), Germany (28), Grenada (1), Indonesia (1), Italy (1), Japan (2), Mexico (1), the Netherlands (2), Palau (1), Panama (16), Poland (2), Slovakia (1), Trinidad and Tobago (6), United States (20: Alaska, California, Delaware, Florida, Maryland)
• Oligocene of Ecuador (1), Panama (1), United States (7: Georgia, Mississippi, South Carolina, Washington)
• Eocene of Antarctica (1), Egypt (3), France (8), Germany (1), Italy (2), Japan (2), Mexico (1), the Netherlands (1), Nigeria (1), Pakistan (6), Peru (6), the United Kingdom (11), United States (43: Alabama, California, Louisiana, Mississippi, New Jersey, North Carolina, South Carolina, Texas, Washington)
• Paleocene of Austria (1), Denmark (6), Greenland (3), Mexico (1), Poland (1), United States (29: Alabama, Arkansas, California, Louisiana, New Jersey, Texas, Virginia)
• Cretaceous of Egypt (3), Israel (1), Madagascar (1), Mexico (1), Peru (1), United States (37: Alabama, California, Minnesota, Mississippi, New Jersey, Tennessee, Texas)
Total: 519 collections including 780 occurrences
Specimen images are retrieved through the ePANDDA API.
Click image to enlarge. Click to access iDigBio record.