PBDB Taxon

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Morphology	Ecology and taphonomy	External Literature Search	Age range and collections

Palaeoloxodon

Osteichthyes - Proboscidea - Elephantidae

Taxonomy

Palaeoloxodon was named by Matsumoto (1924).

It was reranked as Loxodonta (Palaeoloxodon) by Matsumoto (1929); it was synonymized subjectively with Elephas by Shoshani and Eisenberg (1982), Shoshani and Tassy (1996), Christiansen (2007); it was reranked as Elephas (Palaeoloxodon) by Capasso Barbato and Gliozzi (1995), Palombo (2001), Palombo (2005).

It was assigned to Loxodonta by Matsumoto (1929); to Elephantini by Shoshani and Tassy (2005); to Elephas by Capasso Barbato and Gliozzi (1995), Palombo (2001), Palombo (2005); and to Elephantidae by Takahashi (2023).

Species

Elephas (Palaeoloxodon) cephallonicus, Loxodonta (Palaeoloxodon) tokunagai, P. antiquus, P. creutzburgi (syn. Elephas chaniensis), P. cypriotes, P. lomolinoi, P. mnaidriensis, P. namadicus, P. naumanni, P. recki, P. tiliensis, P. turkmenicus, P. xylophagou

Synonymy list

Year	Name and author
1924	Palaeoloxodon Matsumoto p. 257
1929	Loxodonta (Palaeoloxodon) Matsumoto p. 1
1995	Elephas (Palaeoloxodon) Capasso Barbato and Gliozzi p. 244
2001	Elephas (Palaeoloxodon) Palombo p. 487
2005	Elephas (Palaeoloxodon) Palombo p. 107
2005	Palaeoloxodon Shoshani and Tassy p. 10 figs. Table 2
2023	Palaeoloxodon Takahashi p. 2079

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Rank	Name	Author
kingdom	Animalia	()
—	Bilateria
—	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
—	Deuterostomia
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1874
subphylum	Vertebrata
superclass	Gnathostomata
class	Osteichthyes
subclass	Sarcopterygii	()
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha	(Nelson 2006)
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha	()
—	Tetrapoda
—	Reptiliomorpha
—	Anthracosauria
subclass	Amphibiosauria	Kuhn 1967
—	Cotylosauria	()
—	Amniota
subclass	Synapsida
—	Therapsida	()

Rank	Name	Author
infraorder	Cynodontia	()
—	Mammaliamorpha
—	Mammaliaformes
class	Mammalia
—	Cladotheria
—	Zatheria
subclass	Tribosphenida	()
subclass	Theria
—	Eutheria	()
—	Placentalia
superorder	Afrotheria
—	Paenungulatomorpha
superorder	Paenungulata
—	Tethytheria
order	Proboscidea	()
suborder	Elephantiformes	Tassy 1988
superfamily	Elephantoidea
family	Elephantidae
genus	Palaeoloxodon	Matsumoto 1924

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

G. †Palaeoloxodon Matsumoto 1924

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†Elephas (Palaeoloxodon) cephallonicus Theodorou et al. 2018

†Elephas antiquus leonardii Aguirre 1969

†Loxodonta (Palaeoloxodon) tokunagai Matsumoto 1924

†Palaeoloxodon antiquus Falconer and Cautley 1847

†Palaeoloxodon creutzburgi Kuss 1965

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Invalid names: Elephas chaniensis Symeonidis et al. 2000 [synonym]

†Palaeoloxodon cypriotes Bate 1903

†Palaeoloxodon lomolinoi van der Geer et al. 2014

†Palaeoloxodon mnaidriensis Adamas 1874

†Palaeoloxodon namadicus Falconer 1846

†Palaeoloxodon naumanni Makiyama 1924

†Palaeoloxodon recki Dietrich 1915

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†Elephas recki recki Dietrich 1915

†Palaeoloxodon recki atavus Arambourg 1947

†Palaeoloxodon recki brumpti Beden 1980

†Palaeoloxodon recki ileretensis Beden 1987

†Palaeoloxodon tiliensis Theodorou et al. 2007

†Palaeoloxodon turkmenicus Dubrovo 1955

†Palaeoloxodon xylophagou Athanassiou 2015

Diagnosis

No diagnoses are available

Measurements

No measurements are available

Composition:

phosphaticsubp

Environment:

terrestrialsubc

Locomotion:

actively mobilec

Life habit:

ground dwellingf

Diet:

grazerf

Diet 2:

browserf

Reproduction:

viviparoussubc

Created:

2005-06-08 10:11:09

Modified:

2005-08-22 20:09:03

Source: f = family, subc = subclass, c = class, subp = subphylum

References: Carroll 1988, Ji et al. 2002, Nowak 1991, Hendy et al. 2009, Lillegraven 1979

Age range: base of the Zanclean to the top of the Holocene or 5.33300 to 0.00000 Ma

Collections (373 total)

Time interval	Ma	Country or state	Original ID and collection number
Oldest occurrences
Early/Lower Pliocene	5.333 - 3.6	Ethiopia	Elephas recki (22135)
Zanclean	5.333 - 3.6	Ethiopia	Elephas recki (21737 22132 22137 22174 22176)
Pliocene	5.333 - 2.58	Malawi	Elephas recki (22559)
Pliocene	5.333 - 2.58	Ethiopia	Elephas recki (21616)
Pliocene	5.333 - 2.58	Kenya	Elephas recki (22321)
Pliocene	5.333 - 2.58	Ethiopia (Afar)	Elephas recki (70907)
Zanclean - Pliocene	5.333 - 2.58	Kenya	Elephas recki (22267)
Pliocene - Calabrian	5.333 - 0.774	Ethiopia	Elephas recki (21989)
Pliocene - Calabrian	5.333 - 0.774	South Africa	Elephas recki (21791)
Pliocene - Pleistocene	5.333 - 0.0117	Uganda	Elephas recki (22207 22212)
Youngest occurrences
Time interval	Ma	Country or state	PBDB collection number
Late/Upper Pleistocene	0.129 - 0.0117	Greece (Naxos)	P. lomolinoi (203848)
Late/Upper Pleistocene	0.129 - 0.0117	Greece (Kastoria)	Elephas antiquus (204402)
Late/Upper Pleistocene	0.129 - 0.0117	Greece (Dodecanese)	Elephas tiliensis (182809)
Late/Upper Pleistocene	0.129 - 0.0117	Greece (Kefallenia)	Elephas cephallonicus (204403)
Late/Upper Pleistocene	0.129 - 0.0117	United Kingdom (England)	Elephas antiquus (93828) P. antiquus (96782)
Late/Upper Pleistocene	0.129 - 0.0117	Portugal	P. sp. (197768)
Late/Upper Pleistocene	0.129 - 0.0117	Greece (Peloponnesus)	P. antiquus (184245)
Late/Upper Pleistocene	0.129 - 0.0117	Taiwan	P. sp., P. naumanni (73686)
Late/Upper Pleistocene - Holocene	0.129 - 0.0	India (West Bengal)	P. namadicus (13456)
Holocene	0.0117 - 0.0	Egypt	Elephas recki (21907)