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Terrapene (box turtle)

Osteichthyes - Testudines - Emydidae

Synonyms
Synonymy list
YearName and author
1820Terrapene Merrem
1835Cistudo Dumeril and Bibron
1870Cistudo Cope p. 126
1875Cistudo Cope p. 53
1877Cistudo marnochii Cope p. 229
1889Toxaspis Cope
1902Terrapene Hay p. 449
1902Terrapene marnochii Hay p. 449
1908Terrapene marnochi Hay
1920Terrapene bulverda Hay p. 133 figs. Plate 10, fig. 1
1924Terrapene impressa Hay
1930Terrapene Hay p. 98
1930Terrapene bulverda Hay p. 98
1930Terrapene impressa Hay p. 99
1930Terrapene marnochii Hay p. 99
1956Terrapene marnochi Milstead p. 167
1964Terrapene hibernaculum Kuhn
1975Terrapene Bickham p. 203
1985Terrapene Holman
1988Terrapene Carroll
1995Terrapene Parris and Daeschler p. 564
1996Terrapene Frank and Ramus
2002Terrapene Holman p. 440
2014Terrapene van Dijk et al.
2018Terrapene Vlachos
2019Terrapene May
2025Terrapene Eshelman et al. p. 77

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RankNameAuthor
kingdomAnimalia()
—Bilateria
—EubilateriaAx 1987
—Deuterostomia
phylumChordataHaeckel 1874
subphylumVertebrata
superclassGnathostomata
classOsteichthyes
subclassSarcopterygii()
subclassDipnotetrapodomorpha(Nelson 2006)
subclassTetrapodomorpha()
—Tetrapoda
—Reptiliomorpha
RankNameAuthor
—Anthracosauria
subclassAmphibiosauriaKuhn 1967
—Cotylosauria()
—Amniota
—Sauropsida
classReptilia
—Testudinata(Oppel 1811)
orderTestudinesBatsch 1788
suborderCryptodira
—Pantestudinoidea
superfamilyTestudinoidea
familyEmydidaeRafinesque 1815
genusTerrapeneMerrem 1820

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

G. Terrapene Merrem 1820 [box turtle]
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Terrapene carolina Linnaeus 1758 [common box turtle]
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Testudo carolina bauri Taylor 1894 [Florida box turtle]
Testudo carolina carolina Linnaeus 1758 [Eastern box turtle]
Testudo carolina major Agassiz 1857 [Gulf Coast box turtle]
Invalid names: Terrapene innoxia Hay 1916 [synonym]
Terrapene coahuila Schmidt and Owens 1944
†Terrapene corneri Holman and Fritz 2005
†Terrapene eurypygia Cope 1870
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Invalid names: Toxaspis anguillulatus Cope 1899 [synonym]
†Terrapene impensa Hay 1924
Terrapene klauberi Bogert 1943
Terrapene nelsoni Stejneger 1925
Terrapene ornata Agassiz 1857 [Western box turtle]
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Invalid names: Terrapene longinsulae Hay 1909 [synonym], Terrapene whitneyi Hay 1916 [synonym]
†Terrapene parornata Joyce et al. 2012
†Terrapene putnami Hay 1906 [box turtle]
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Invalid names: Terrapene antipex Hay 1916 [synonym], Terrapene canaliculata Hay 1907 [synonym], Terrapene llanensis Oelrich 1953 [synonym]
†Terrapene singletoni Gilmore 1927
Testudo carolina triunguis Agassiz 1857 [three-toed box turtle]
Invalid names: Cistudo Dumeril and Bibron 1835 [synonym], Cistudo marnochii Cope 1877 [nomen dubium], Terrapene bulverda Hay 1920 [nomen dubium], Terrapene hibernaculum Kuhn 1964 [nomen nudum], Terrapene impressa Hay 1924 [nomen dubium], Toxaspis Cope 1889 [synonym]
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
partNmean
carapace height53457.2

Composition: phosphaticsubp
Body part: carapaceg
Adult length: 0.1 to < 1.0g
Grouping: solitaryg
Environment: terrestrialg
Locomotion: actively mobilec
Life habit: ground dwellingg
Diet: omnivoreg
Reproduction: oviparousg
Created: 2005-08-26 07:12:19
Modified: 2005-08-26 09:12:19
Source: g = genus, c = class, subp = subphylum
References: Hendy et al. 2009, Ernst and Barbour 1989, Kiessling 2004, Carroll 1988

Age range

Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Lutetian to the top of the Holocene or 48.07000 to 0.00000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 41.03 Ma

Collections (66 total)


Time interval Ma Country or state Original ID and collection number
Lutetian48.07 - 41.03France (Herault) Cistudo eocaenica (177493)
Miocene - Pleistocene23.04 - 0.0117USA (Nebraska) Terrapene longinsulae (125719)
Barstovian16.3 - 12.5USA (Nebraska) Terrapene ornata (18412) Terrapene sp. (18141 18275)
Clarendonian12.5 - 9.4USA (Texas) Terrapene sp. (18610)
Clarendonian12.5 - 9.4USA (Kansas) Terrapene carolina (18450)
Early/Lower Clarendonian12.5 - 9.4USA (Florida) Terrapene sp. (161374)
Late/Upper Clarendonian12.5 - 9.4USA (Florida) Terrapene sp. (18554)
Hemphillian9.4 - 4.7USA (Florida) Terrapene sp. (18601)
Hemphillian9.4 - 4.7USA (Oklahoma) Terrapene sp. (170191)
Late/Upper Hemphillian9.4 - 4.7USA (Nebraska) Terrapene sp. (18126)
Late/Upper Hemphillian9.4 - 4.7USA (Oklahoma) Terrapene parornata (125717)
Late/Upper Hemphillian - Blancan9.4 - 1.4USA (Tennessee) Terrapene sp. (26574)
Blancan4.7 - 1.4USA (Arizona) Terrapene ornata (19634)
Blancan4.7 - 1.4USA (Florida) Terrapene carolina (19764)
Blancan4.7 - 1.4USA (New Mexico) Terrapene ornata (19982)
Pleistocene2.58 - 0.0117USA (Florida) Terrapene carolina (206227) Terrapene formosa (195410)
Pleistocene2.58 - 0.0117USA (Texas) Cistudo sp. (156789) Terrapene impressa (85137) Terrapene whitneyi (196055)
Pleistocene2.58 - 0.0117USA (South Carolina) Terrapene carolina (65405)
Pleistocene2.58 - 0.0117USA (Maryland) Cistudo eurypygia (127111)
Calabrian1.8 - 0.774USA (Florida) Terrapene carolina (20400)
Irvingtonian1.4 - 0.21USA (Maryland) Terrapene carolina (20302)
Irvingtonian1.4 - 0.21USA (Kansas) Terrapene carolina (20422 20423)
Irvingtonian1.4 - 0.21USA (Pennsylvania) Toxaspis anguillulatus, Terrapene carolina (20479)
Irvingtonian1.4 - 0.21USA (Texas) Terrapene carolina (20337 20530)
Middle Pleistocene (interglacial)0.774 - 0.129USA (Mississippi) Terrapene sp., Terrapene carolina (164395)
Middle Pleistocene (glacial)0.774 - 0.129USA (Florida) Terrapene carolina (75974)
Rancholabrean0.21 - 0.014USA (Florida) Terrapene canaliculata, Terrapene singletoni (180339) Terrapene carolina (20440 20491)
Late/Upper Pleistocene (interglacial)0.129 - 0.0117USA (Georgia) Terrapene carolina (20604 20613)
Late/Upper Pleistocene0.129 - 0.0117USA (Georgia) Terrapene canaliculata (80231) Terrapene carolina (13066)
Late/Upper Pleistocene (late glacial)0.129 - 0.0117USA (Georgia) Terrapene carolina, Terrapene carolina (75066)
Late/Upper Pleistocene (late glacial)0.129 - 0.0117USA (Florida) Terrapene carolina (154722)
Late/Upper Pleistocene (high glacial)0.129 - 0.0117USA (Texas) Terrapene carolina (93103) Terrapene sp. (74470)
Late/Upper Pleistocene (late glacial)0.129 - 0.0117USA (Arizona) Terrapene ornata (76068)
Late/Upper Pleistocene0.129 - 0.0117USA (Virginia) Terrapene carolina (82258)
Late/Upper Pleistocene (glacial)0.129 - 0.0117USA (Texas) Terrapene ornata (76101)
Late/Upper Pleistocene0.129 - 0.0117USA (Florida) Terrapene carolina (20638 74292 154804 154805) Terrapene innoxia, Terrapene canaliculata, Terrapene antipex (34269)
Late/Upper Pleistocene (interglacial)0.129 - 0.0117USA (Florida) Terrapene carolina (20573 20616 20650 79667) Terrapene putnami, Terrapene carolina (20594)
Late/Upper Pleistocene0.129 - 0.0117USA (Texas) Cistudo sp. (85142) Terrapene bulverda, Terrapene canaliculata (79632) Terrapene canaliculata (93527) Terrapene sp. (230753)
Late/Upper Pleistocene0.129 - 0.0117USA (Kansas) Terrapene ilanensis (37788)
Holocene0.0117 - 0.0USA (Florida) Terrapene carolina (227371)
Holocene0.0117 - 0.0USA (Ohio) Terrapene sp. (195062 195065 195066)