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Polinices (moon snail)

Gastropoda - Naticidae

Taxonomy
Polinices was named by Monfort (1810) [Sepkoski's age data: K Camp-l R Sepkoski's reference number: 123]. It is extant. Its type is Polinices albus. It was considered paraphyletic by Huelsken et al. (2012).

It was reranked as Natica (Polynices) by Wilckens (1912); it was reranked as Natica (Polinices) by Friedberg (1923) and Vredenburg (1928); it was corrected as Polynices by Nagao (1928).

It was assigned to Natica by Wilckens (1912), Friedberg (1923) and Vredenburg (1928); to Naticidae by Arnold (1903), Martin (1904), Clark and Arnold (1923), Nagao (1928), Nagao (1928), Olsson (1931), Turner (1938), Durham (1944), Gardner (1947), Rivera (1957), Kokay (1966), Marasti (1973), Ladd (1977), Gazdzicki and Pugaczewska (1984), Ward and Blackwelder (1987), Frassinetti and Covacevich (1995), Todd (2001) and Wienrich (2001); to Neotaenioglossa by Sepkoski (2002); to Naticinae by Woodring (1928), Harris and Palmer (1947) and Landau and Marques da Silva (2010); and to Polinicinae by MacNeil (1960), Addicott (1970), Moore (1976), Marincovich (1977), Hickman (1980), Squires (1984), Squires (1987), Majima (1989), Beu et al. (1990), Wilson (1993), Harzhauser (2002), Pastorino (2005) and Huelsken et al. (2012).

Species
Natica (Polinices) togoensis, Naticella arctecostata, Naticella bronnii, Naticella compressa, Naticella praesublineata, Naticella tuba, P. (Conuber), P. (Hypterita), P. (Polinella), P. (Polinices), P. albumen, P. albus (type species), P. blaesus, P. candidissimus (syn. P. jukesii), P. cerovaensis, P. coensis, P. conicus, P. dubius, P. eminulus (syn. Natica (Lunatia) parva), P. fallai, P. flemingianus, P. gainesanus, P. hepaticus (syn. Natica brunnea, P. brunnea, P. subclausa), P. hornii, P. incei, P. intemeratus (syn. Natica alabaster, Natica rapulum), P. intermeratus, P. kummeli, P. lacteus, P. lavelana, P. lincolnensis, P. lobatus, P. mammata, P. mammilla, P. melanostomus, P. mercedensis, P. otis, P. panamaensis, P. peselephanti (syn. P. powisianus), P. porcana, P. powisiana, P. prolactea, P. pseudoredempta, P. recluziana, P. redemptus, P. repenningi, P. sebae, P. shumardianus (syn. Gyrodes californica), P. simiae, P. sookensis, P. sordidus, P. stanislasmeunieri (syn. P. caparona, P. springvalensis, P. (Polinices) schombergki, Natica coronis), P. subtenuis, P. susanaensis, P. uber (syn. Natica virginea, Natica ovum), P. victorianus, P. waipaensis, P. washingtonensis, P. weisbordi, Polynices consimilis, Polynices hornii, Polynices jorgensis, Polynices ortmanni, Polynices santacrucensis
Species lacking formal opinion data
P. alamedensis, P. aratus, P. brunneus, P. columnaris, P. concinna, P. cumingianus, P. eucallosus, P. finlayi, P. finlayi, P. horni, P. huttoni, P. julianna, P. lewisi, P. marambiensis, P. medinae, P. modestus, P. nagahamai, P. newtoni, P. obstructus, P. onustus, P. orangensis, P. panamensis, P. panamensis, P. parki, P. prolacteus, P. propeovatus, P. robustus, P. saulae, P. staringi, P. stephensoni, P. subtenius, P. subvarians, P. umbilica

Synonyms
  • Albula was named by Röding (1798).

    It was synonymized subjectively with Polinices by Kabat (1991).
  • Eucaryorum was named by Ehrenberg (1831) [m. kosnik taxon no: 9833].

    It was synonymized subjectively with Polinices by Kabat (1991).
  • Mamma was named by Blainville (1823) [m. kosnik taxon no: 9832].

    It was reranked as Natica (Mamma) by Abrard (1946); it was synonymized subjectively with Polinices by Kabat (1991).

    It was assigned to Natica by Abrard (1946).
  • Naticella was named by Swainson (1840) [m. kosnik taxon no: 9835]. Its type is Naticella suavis.

    It was synonymized subjectively with Polinices by Kabat (1991).
  • Dallitesta was named by Mansfield (1930) [Sepkoski's age data: T Mi-u R]. It is extant.

    It was reranked as Polinices (Dallitesta) by Rutsch (1942); it was synonymized subjectively with Euspira by Kabat (1991); it was synonymized subjectively with Polinices by Landau and Marques da Silva (2010).

    It was assigned to Polinices by Rutsch (1942); and to Neotaenioglossa by Sepkoski (2002).
Synonymy list
YearName and author
1798Albula Röding
1810Polinices Monfort
1823Mamma Blainville
1831Eucaryorum Ehrenberg
1840Naticella Swainson
1903Polynices Arnold p. 315
1904Polynices Martin p. 252
1912Natica (Polynices) Wilckens p. 21
1923Polinices Clark and Arnold p. 169
1923Natica (Polinices) Friedberg p. 197
1928Polinices Nagao p. 95
1928Polynices Nagao p. 118
1928Natica (Polinices) Vredenburg p. 397
1928Polinices Woodring p. 385
1930Dallitesta Mansfield
1931Polinices Olsson p. 68
1938Polinices Turner p. 88
1942Polinices (Dallitesta) Rutsch p. 103
1944Polinices Durham p. 159
1946Natica (Mamma) Abrard p. 100
1947Polinices Gardner p. 548
1947Polinices Harris and Palmer p. 248
1957Polinices Rivera p. 179
1960Polinices MacNeil p. 53
1966Polynices Kokay p. 55
1970Polinices Addicott p. 67
1973Polinices Marasti p. 87
1976Polinices Moore p. 32
1977Polinices Ladd p. 28
1977Polinices Marincovich p. 245
1980Polinices Hickman p. 36
1984Polinices Gazdzicki and Pugaczewska p. 107
1984Polinices Squires p. 25
1987Polinices Squires p. 37
1987Polinices Ward and Blackwelder p. 132
1989Polinices Majima p. 34
1990Polinices Beu et al.
1993Polinices Wilson p. 220
1995Polinices Frassinetti and Covacevich p. 57
2001Polinices Todd
2001Polinices Wienrich p. 430
2002Polinices Harzhauser p. 87
2002Dallitesta Sepkoski
2002Polinices Sepkoski
2005Polinices Pastorino p. 247
2010Polinices Landau and Marques da Silva p. 43
2012Polinices Huelsken et al.

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RankNameAuthor
kingdomAnimalia()
—Bilateria
—EubilateriaAx 1987
—Protostomia
—Spiralia
superphylumLophotrochozoa
phylumMollusca
classGastropoda
RankNameAuthor
subclassCaenogastropoda(Cox 1959)
—Sorbeoconcha(Ponder and Lindberg 1997)
—Hypsogastropoda(Ponder and Lindberg 1997)
superfamilyNaticoidea(Forbes 1838)
familyNaticidaeGuilding 1834
subfamilyPolinicinaeGray 1847
genusPolinicesMonfort 1810

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

G. Polinices Monfort 1810 [moon snail]
show all | hide all
Subg. Polinices (Conuber) Finlay and Marwick 1937
Subg. Polinices (Hypterita) Woodring 1957
+
Subg. †Polinices (Polinella) Marwick 1931
+
Polinices albumen Linnaeus 1758
†Polinices albus Monfort 1810
†Polinices blaesus Marwick 1929
Polinices candidissimus Le Guillou 1842
+
Invalid names: Polinices jukesii Reeve 1855 [synonym]
†Polinices cerovaensis Harzhauser et al. 2011
†Polinices coensis Mansfield 1930
†Polinices conicus Lamarck 1822
Polinices dubius Récluz 1843
†Polinices eminulus Conrad 1833
+
Invalid names: Natica (Lunatia) parva Lea 1833 [synonym]
†Polinices fallai Fletcher 1938
†Polinices gainesanus Anderson 1958
Polinices hepaticus Röding 1798
+
Invalid names: Natica brunnea Link 1807 [synonym], Polinices brunnea Link 1807 [synonym], Polinices subclausa Sowerby 1850 [synonym]
†Polinices hornii Gabb 1864
†Polinices incei Philippi 1851
Polinices intemeratus Philippi 1851
+
Invalid names: Natica alabaster Reeve 1855 [synonym], Natica rapulum Reeve 1855 [synonym]
†Polinices intermeratus Philippi 1851
†Polinices kummeli Sohl 1960
Polinices lacteus Guilding 1834
†Polinices lavelana Hodson 1927
†Polinices lincolnensis Weaver 1916
†Polinices lobatus Marwick 1924
†Polinices mammata Röding 1798
Polinices mammilla Linnaeus 1758
†Polinices melanostomus Gmelin 1791
†Polinices mercedensis Anderson 1958
Polinices otis Broderip and Sowerby 1829
†Polinices panamaensis Recluz 1844
+
Invalid names: Polinices powisianus Recluz 1853 [synonym]
†Polinices porcana Spieker 1922
†Polinices powisiana Récluz 1844
†Polinices prolactea Anderson 1929
†Polinices pseudoredempta Friedberg 1923
Polinices recluziana Deshayes 1839
†Polinices redemptus Michelotti 1847
†Polinices repenningi Marincovich, Jr. 1993
†Polinices sebae Récluz 1844
+
Invalid names: Gyrodes californica Packard 1922 [synonym]
†Polinices simiae Deshayes 1838
†Polinices sookensis Clark and R. 1923
†Polinices sordidus Swainson 1821
+
Invalid names: Natica coronis Hanna and Israelsky 1925 [synonym], Polinices (Polinices) schombergki Rutsch 1934 [synonym], Polinices caparona Maury 1925 [synonym], Polinices springvalensis Maury 1925 [synonym]
†Polinices subtenuis Ihering 1907
†Polinices susanaensis Nelson 1925
Polinices uber Valenciennes 1821
+
Invalid names: Natica ovum Menke 1850 [synonym], Natica virginea Récluz 1850 [synonym]
†Polinices victorianus Clark and Arnold 1923
†Polinices waipaensis Marwick 1924
†Polynices consimilis Ihering 1907
†Polynices hornii Gabb 1864
†Polynices jorgensis Ihering 1907
†Polynices ortmanni Ihering 1907
†Polynices santacrucensis Ihering 1907
Invalid names: Albula Röding 1798 [synonym], Dallitesta Mansfield 1930 [synonym], Eucaryorum Ehrenberg 1831 [synonym], Mamma Blainville 1823 [synonym], Naticella Swainson 1840 [synonym]
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
partNmeanminimummaximummedians.d.
height224.021.807.503.801.69

Composition: aragonitef
Entire body: yesg
Adult width: 10 to < 100g
Adult height: 10 to < 100g
Thickness: intermediateg
Folds: noneg
Ribbing: noneg
Spines: noneg
Internal reinforcement: noneg
Locomotion: actively mobileg
Life habit: semi-infaunalg
Diet: carnivoreg
Vision: limitedc
Comments: DIMENSIONS & MORPHOLOGY: Based on ten randomly selected figured species.g
Created: 2004-10-20 00:53:45
Modified: 2018-03-19 12:56:43
Source: g = genus, f = family, c = class
References: Kiessling 2004, Aberhan et al. 2004

Age range

Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Olenekian to the top of the Holocene or 251.20000 to 0.00000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 247.2 Ma

Collections (1117 total)

Oldest occurrences

Time interval Ma Country or state Original ID and collection number
Spathian251.3 - 247.2Hungary Naticella subtilistriata (61372)
Olenekian - Anisian251.2 - 242.0Indonesia (Timor) Naticella praesublineata (205268 205269)
Anisian247.2 - 242.0Germany (Hessen) Naticella spitzi (38545)
Anisian247.2 - 242.0Germany Naticella sp. (66080)
Anisian247.2 - 242.0Germany (Baden-Württemberg) Naticella spinosa, Naticella spitizi (66084)
Illyrian247.2 - 242.0Germany (Baden-Württemberg) Naticella sp. (67647)
Anisian - Ladinian247.2 - 237.0Bosnia and Herzegovina Naticella sp. (203800)
Julian235.0 - 232.0Italy Naticella lyrata (137429) Naticella triadica (34692 69661)
Sevatian212.0 - 205.6Hungary Naticella sp. (204765)
Rhaetian208.5 - 201.3Austria Neritopsis tuba (204922)
Rhaetian208.5 - 201.3Italy (Lombardy) Neritopsis tuba (38083)
Early/Lower Cretaceous145.0 - 100.5Chile (Ovalle) Polinices sp. (222455)
Late/Upper Albian - Early/Lower Cenomanian105.3 - 93.5USA (California) Polinices gainesanus (83772)
Cenomanian100.5 - 93.9USA (California) Polinices shumardianus (167601)
Turonian93.9 - 89.8USA (Minnesota) Polinices concinna (1987)
Turonian93.9 - 89.8USA (Wyoming) Polinices concinna (87754)
Turonian - Santonian93.9 - 83.6USA (California) Euspira shumardiana (80942 80943)
Coniacian - Santonian89.8 - 83.6USA (California) Polinices sp. (185448)
Santonian86.3 - 83.6USA (Wyoming) Polinices sp. (87786)
Early/Lower Campanian83.5 - 70.6Canada (Alberta) Polinices obliquata (82676) Polinices subcrassa (82654 82678)