PBDB Taxon

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Morphology	Ecology and taphonomy	External Literature Search	Age range and collections

Penthetria

Insecta - Diptera - Bibionidae

Taxonomy

Penthetria was named by Meigen (1803). It is extant.

It was assigned to Bibionidae by Handlirsch (1910), Statz (1943), Rice (1959), Lewis (1971) and Carpenter (1992); to Pleciinae by Skartveit (2009); to Penthetriinae by Nel et al. (2019); and to Hesperininae by Skartveit and Ansorge (2020) and Skartveit and Wedmann (2021).

Species

Bibio alacris, Bibio gigas, Bibio macer, Bibio minor, Bibiopsis funebris, Bibiopsis murchisonii, P. abacula, P. aestimata, P. alderensis, P. amoena (syn. Protomyia speciosa), P. anthracina, P. beskonakensis, P. blanchardi, P. bohemica, P. brevicollis, P. carbonum, P. cimicoides, P. claripennis (syn. Plecia graciosa, Plecia difficilis, Plecia variegata, Plecia varia), P. creedensis, P. egerana, P. elongatipennis (syn. Bibio maceratus), P. fryi, P. fuchsi (syn. P. marinosi), P. gigantea (syn. Plecia luteipennis, Plecia crassiventris, Plecia miegi), P. globularis, P. gracilis, P. graciliventris, P. immutabilis, P. imperialis, P. incerta, P. integroneura, P. intermedia, P. longa, P. longifurca, P. longiventris (syn. Plecia superba), P. luberonica, P. lugens, P. montanaregis, P. murchisonii, P. nervisinuata, P. nigra, P. parschlugiana, P. rubescens, P. rubiensis, P. subterranea, P. togoensis, P. tropica, P. velutina, P. whipsawensis, Protomyia grossa, Protomyia matheroni, Protomyia stygia

Synonyms

Mycetophaetus was named by Scudder (1892). It is not extant. Its type is Mycetophaetus intermedius.

It was synonymized subjectively with Penthetria by Fitzgerald (1999) and Fitzgerald (2004).

It was assigned to Mycetophaetinae by Scudder (1892); to Bolitophilinae by Johannsen (1909); and to Mycetophilidae by Carpenter (1992).
Protomyia was named by Heer (1849).

It was reranked as Plecia (Protomyia) by Civet (1976); it was synonymized subjectively with Penthetria by Evenhuis (1994) and Fitzgerald (2004).

It was assigned to Bibionidae by Pongrácz (1931); and to Plecia by Civet (1976).
Bibiopsis was named by Heer (1849).

It was reranked as Plecia (Bibiopsis) by Meunier (1923); it was synonymized subjectively with Bibio by Pongrácz (1931); it was synonymized subjectively with Plecia by Evenhuis (1994); it was synonymized subjectively with Penthetria by Fitzgerald (2004).

It was assigned to Diptera by Novák (1878); and to Plecia by Meunier (1923).
Bibio gigas was named by Oustalet (1870). It is a compression fossil.

It was considered a nomen dubium by Skartveit and Nel (2017).
Bibio macer was named by Oustalet (1870). It is a compression fossil. Its type locality is Corent (MNHN collection), which is in a Rupelian lacustrine - large marl in France.

It was considered a nomen dubium by Skartveit and Nel (2017).
Bibio alacris was named by Oustalet (1870). It is a compression fossil. Its type locality is Corent (MNHN collection), which is in a Rupelian lacustrine - large marl in France.

It was considered a nomen dubium by Skartveit and Nel (2017).
Bibio minor was named by Oustalet (1870) [Bibio gracilis var. minor]. It is a compression fossil. Its type locality is Corent (MNHN collection), which is in a Rupelian lacustrine - large marl in France.

It was considered a nomen dubium by Skartveit and Nel (2017).
Bibiopsis funebris was named by Heer (1861).

It was considered a nomen nudum by Heer (1861).
Protomyia matheroni was named by Heer (1861).

It was considered a nomen nudum by Heer (1861).

Synonymy list

Year	Name and author
1803	Penthetria Meigen p. 264
1849	Bibiopsis Heer p. 228
1849	Protomyia Heer p. 231
1861	Bibiopsis funebris Heer p. 153
1861	Protomyia matheroni Heer p. 153
1870	Bibio gigas Oustalet p. 122 figs. Pl 4, figs 1-4
1870	Bibio macer Oustalet p. 126 figs. Pl 4, fig 6
1870	Bibio alacris Oustalet p. 127 figs. Pl 3, fig 15
1870	Bibio minor Oustalet p. 134 figs. Pl 3, fig 16
1878	Bibiopsis Novák p. 83
1892	Mycetophaetus Scudder p. 20
1909	Mycetophaetus Johannsen p. 8
1910	Penthetria Handlirsch p. 104
1923	Plecia (Bibiopsis) Meunier p. 86
1931	Protomyia Pongrácz p. 118
1943	Penthetria Statz p. 37
1959	Penthetria Rice p. 7
1971	Penthetria Lewis p. 1464
1976	Plecia (Protomyia) Civet p. 43
1992	Mycetophaetus Carpenter
1992	Penthetria Carpenter
1994	Bibio alacris Evenhuis p. 123
2009	Penthetria Skartveit p. 10
2019	Penthetria Nel et al. p. 535
2020	Penthetria Skartveit and Ansorge p. 169
2021	Penthetria Skartveit and Wedmann p. 14

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Rank	Name	Author
kingdom	Animalia	()
—	Bilateria
—	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
—	Protostomia
—	Ecdysozoa
—	Panarthropoda
phylum	Arthropoda	Latreille 1829
superclass	Hexapoda	Latreille 1825

Rank	Name	Author
class	Insecta
order	Diptera
—	Neodiptera	Michelsen 1994
infraorder	Bibionomorpha
superfamily	Bibionoidea
family	Bibionidae
subfamily	Hesperininae	(Walker 1848)
genus	Penthetria

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

G. Penthetria Meigen 1803

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†Penthetria abacula Lewis 1971

†Penthetria aestimata Statz 1943

†Penthetria alderensis Lewis 1971

†Penthetria amoena Heer 1849

Invalid names: Protomyia speciosa Heer 1864 [synonym]

†Penthetria anthracina Heer 1849

†Penthetria beskonakensis Skartveit and Nel 2012

†Penthetria blanchardi Oustalet 1870

†Penthetria bohemica Novák 1878

†Penthetria brevicollis Heer 1849

†Penthetria carbonum von Heyden and von Heyden 1865

†Penthetria cimicoides Heer 1849

†Penthetria claripennis Theobald 1937

Invalid names: Plecia difficilis Theobald 1937 [synonym], Plecia graciosa Theobald 1937 [synonym], Plecia varia Theobald 1937 [synonym], Plecia variegata Theobald 1937 [synonym]

†Penthetria creedensis James 1938

†Penthetria egerana Novák 1878

†Penthetria elongatipennis Theobald 1937

Invalid names: Bibio maceratus Theobald 1937 [synonym]

†Penthetria fryi Rice 1959

†Penthetria fuchsi Handlirsch 1907

Invalid names: Penthetria marinosi Bachmayer et al. 1971 [objective synonym]

†Penthetria gigantea Theobald 1937

Invalid names: Plecia crassiventris Theobald 1937 [synonym], Plecia luteipennis Theobald 1937 [synonym], Plecia miegi Theobald 1937 [synonym]

†Penthetria globularis Oustalet 1870

†Penthetria gracilis Unger 1841

†Penthetria graciliventris Theobald 1937

†Penthetria immutabilis Melander 1949

†Penthetria imperialis Novák 1878

†Penthetria incerta Oustalet 1870

†Penthetria integroneura Skartveit 2009

†Penthetria intermedia Scudder 1892

†Penthetria longa Heer 1849

†Penthetria longifurca Melander 1949

†Penthetria longiventris Theobald 1937

Invalid names: Plecia superba Theobald 1937 [synonym]

†Penthetria luberonica Skartveit and Nel 2017

†Penthetria lugens Oustalet 1870

†Penthetria montanaregis Skartveit 2009

†Penthetria murchisonii Unger 1841

†Penthetria nervisinuata Theobald 1937

†Penthetria nigra Statz 1943

†Penthetria parschlugiana Heer 1849

†Penthetria rubescens Oustalet 1870

†Penthetria rubiensis Lewis 1971

†Penthetria subterranea Theobald 1937

†Penthetria togoensis Fujiyama and Iwao 1974

†Penthetria tropica Statz 1943

Penthetria velutina Loew 1858

†Penthetria whipsawensis Rice 1959

Invalid names: Bibio alacris Oustalet 1870 [nomen dubium], Bibio gigas Oustalet 1870 [nomen dubium], Bibio macer Oustalet 1870 [nomen dubium], Bibio minor Oustalet 1870 [nomen dubium], Bibiopsis Heer 1849 [synonym], Mycetophaetus Scudder 1892 [synonym], Protomyia Heer 1849 [synonym]

Diagnosis

No diagnoses are available

Measurements

No measurements are available

Composition:

chitinc

Environment:

terrestrialc

Locomotion:

actively mobilep

Created:

2017-04-17 09:56:18

Modified:

2017-04-17 09:56:18

Source: c = class, p = phylum

References: Kiessling 2004, Bush and Bambach 2015

Age range

Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Ypresian to the top of the Piacenzian or 56.00000 to 2.58800 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 47.8 Ma

Collections (57 total)

Time interval	Ma	Country or state	Original ID and collection number
Ypresian	56.0 - 47.8	Canada (British Columbia)	P. fryi (120934 120940 120943) P. fryi, Plecia intermedia (120981) P. whipsawensis (120624)
Priabonian	38.0 - 33.9	France	Plecia longiventris, Plecia superba, Plecia longa, Plecia graciliventris, Bibio elongatipennis, Bibio macerata, Plecia varia (113709)
Priabonian	38.0 - 33.9	United Kingdom (England)	P. sp. (123960)
Priabonian	38.0 - 33.9	France (Gard)	P. longiventris, P. graciliventris (144529)
Priabonian	38.0 - 33.9	Russian Federation	P. sp., P. integroneura (123419)
Priabonian	38.0 - 33.9	Russian Federation (Kaliningrad)	P. montanaregis (123420 124517 217198)
Chadronian	37.2 - 33.9	USA (Colorado)	Hesperinus immutabilis, P. longifurca (124624) Mycetophaetus intermedius (106384)
Late/Upper Eocene	37.2 - 33.9	France (Gard)	Plecia longiventris (122406)
MP 23	33.9 - 28.4	France	P. nervisinuata (157327) Plecia lugens, Plecia nervisinuata (122536)
Rupelian	33.9 - 28.1	Germany	Plecia gigantea, Plecia crassiventris, Plecia lugens, Plecia claripennis, Plecia miegi, Plecia luteipennis, Plecia subterranea, Plecia variegata, Plecia varia, Plecia difficilis, Plecia graciosa (122407)
Rupelian	33.9 - 28.1	France (Auvergne)	Bibio gigas (152487) Bibio gigas, Protomyia globularis (152488) Bibio gigas, Protomyia incerta (152491) Protomyia longa, Protomyia lugens, Bibio macer, Bibio alacris, Bibio minor, Protomyia blanchardi, Protomyia rubescens, Protomyia incerta (127630)
Whitneyan	33.3 - 30.8	USA (Montana)	P. rubiensis, P. abacula, P. alderensis (120622) P. sp. (120623)
Late/Upper Oligocene	28.4 - 23.03	USA (Colorado)	Plecia creedensis (117882 121977)
MP 28	28.4 - 23.03	Germany (Rheinland-Pfalz)	P. nigra (71942)
MP 30	28.4 - 23.03	Germany	Protomyia grossa, Protomyia stygia (123945) Protomyia stygia (154946)
MP 30	28.4 - 23.03	Germany (Nordrhein-Westfalen)	Plecia carbonum (138696)
Chattian	28.1 - 23.03	France	P. luberonica (183981)
Chattian	28.1 - 23.03	France (Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur)	Plecia lugens, Plecia nervisinuata (122488)
Chattian	28.1 - 23.03	France (Bouches-Du-Rhone)	P. nervisinuata (122876) P. subterranea (113712) Plecia lugens, P. nervisinuata (122501) Plecia lugens, Plecia nervisinuata (138838)
Chattian	28.1 - 23.03	Germany (North Rhine-Westphalia)	P. sp., P. sp 2, P. nigra, P. tropica, P. aestimata, P. sp 1 (122010)
Aquitanian	23.03 - 20.44	Turkey	P. beskonakensis (123307)
Aquitanian	23.03 - 20.44	Germany	P. sp. (190126)
Burdigalian	20.44 - 15.97	Greece	P. fuchsi (144526) P. marinosi (130761)
MN 4	16.9 - 15.97	Czech Republic	Bibiopsis egerana, Bibiopsis imperialis, Protomyia bohemica (117612)
Middle Miocene	15.97 - 11.608	Germany	Bibiopsis carbonum (152936)
Badenian	13.65 - 12.7	Austria (Steiermark)	Protomyia parschlugiana (115306)
Sarmatian	12.7 - 11.608	Germany (Baden-Württemberg)	Protomyia amoena (115305) Protomyia speciosa, P. brevicollis (117252)
Sarmatian	12.7 - 11.608	Croatia	Bibio gracilis (156758) P. anthracina, P. cimicoides (224110) P. longa, Bibiopsis murchisonii, P. anthracina (117247) Protomyia anthracina (113693) Protomyia longa, Bibio gracilis, Bibiopsis cimicoides, Bibio murchisonis (117246) Protomyia longa, Bibio gracilis, Bibiopsis murchisonii, Bibiopsis brevicollis, Protomyia anthracina (117761)
Tortonian	11.62 - 7.246	Iceland	P. sp. (154940)
Messinian	7.246 - 5.333	Italy	P. sp. (157306)
Messinian	7.246 - 5.333	Italy (Tuscany)	P. sp. (113751)
Piacenzian	3.6 - 2.588	Japan	P. togoensis (160140) P. velutina (188976)