PBDB Taxon

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Morphology	Ecology and taphonomy	External Literature Search	Age range and collections

Protypotherium australe

Mammalia - Notoungulata - Interatheriidae

Taxonomy

Toxodontophanus australis was named by Moreno (1882) [Fernández et al. (2023), include figures and measurements of the specimens (Figs 2D–E, G, I–J , L, 3B , F–M , 4C , F, 5–7; Supporting Information, Table S2) ]. Its type specimen is MACN-A 1338 and MACN-A 1345–1346 (casts of the missing holotype with left maxillary fragment with P3–M3) and is a 3D body fossil. It is the type species of Toxodontophanus.

It was recombined as Protypotherium australis by Ameghino (1889); it was recombined as Protypotherium australe by Ameghino (1894).

Synonyms

Patriarchus altus was named by Ameghino (1891).

It was recombined as Protypotherium altum by Ameghino (1894); it was synonymized objectively with Protypotherium australe by Fernández et al. (2023).
Patriarchus distortus was named by Ameghino (1891).

It was recombined as Protypotherium distortum by Ameghino (1894); it was synonymized objectively with Protypotherium australe by Sinclair (1909).
Patriarchus furculosus was named by Ameghino (1891).

It was recombined as Protypotherium furculosus by Ameghino (1891) and Fernández et al. (2019); it was synonymized objectively with Protypotherium australe by Sinclair (1909) and Fernández et al. (2023).
Epipatriarchus bifidens was named by Ameghino (1904).

It was synonymized objectively with Protypotherium colloncurensis by Vera et al. (2019); it was recombined as Protypotherium bifidens by Vera et al. (2019); it was synonymized objectively with Protypotherium australe by Fernández et al. (2023).
Protypotherium martini was named by Lane (1927). Its type specimen is MACN A 4029–4030, a maxilla, and it is a 3D body fossil.

It was synonymized subjectively with Protypotherium praerutilum by Kramarz et al. (2015); it was synonymized objectively with Protypotherium australe by Fernández et al. (2023).
Protypotherium palmidens was named by Ameghino (1889). It is not extant.

It was synonymized objectively with Protypotherium australe by Sinclair (1909).

Synonymy list

Year	Name and author
1882	Toxodontophanus australis Moreno p. 23
1887	Toxodontophanus australis Ameghino p. 64
1889	Protypotherium palmidens Ameghino
1889	Protypotherium australis Ameghino p. 478
1891	Protypotherium furculosus Ameghino
1891	Patriarchus furculosus Ameghino p. 6
1891	Patriarchus altus Ameghino p. 7
1891	Patriarchus distortus Ameghino p. 7
1894	Protypotherium altum Ameghino p. 13
1894	Protypotherium australe Ameghino p. 13
1894	Protypotherium distortum Ameghino p. 13
1894	Patriarchus furculosus Ameghino p. 14
1904	Epipatriarchus bifidens Ameghino p. 13
1914	Epipatriarchus bifidens Rovereto p. 29
1927	Protypotherium martini Lane
2019	Protypotherium furculosus Fernández et al.
2019	Protypotherium bifidens Vera et al.

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Rank	Name	Author
kingdom	Animalia	()
—	Bilateria
—	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
—	Deuterostomia
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1874
subphylum	Vertebrata
superclass	Gnathostomata
—	Osteichthyes	()
subclass	Sarcopterygii	()
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha	(Nelson 2006)
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha	()
—	Tetrapoda
—	Reptiliomorpha
—	Anthracosauria
subclass	Amphibiosauria	Kuhn 1967
—	Cotylosauria	()
—	Amniota
subclass	Synapsida
—	Therapsida	()

Rank	Name	Author
infraorder	Cynodontia	()
—	Mammaliamorpha
—	Mammaliaformes
class	Mammalia
—	Cladotheria
—	Zatheria
subclass	Tribosphenida	()
subclass	Theria
—	Eutheria	()
—	Placentalia
—	Afrotheria	Stanhope et al. 1998
—	Paenungulatomorpha
—	Paenungulata	Simpson 1945
—	Sudamericungulata
order	Notoungulata
suborder	Typotheria	Zittel 1892
family	Interatheriidae	(Ameghino 1887)
genus	Protypotherium	Ameghino 1882
species	australe	(Moreno 1882)

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

†Protypotherium australe Moreno 1882

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Invalid names: Epipatriarchus bifidens Ameghino 1904 [objective synonym], Patriarchus altus Ameghino 1891 [objective synonym], Patriarchus furculosus Ameghino 1891 [objective synonym], Protypotherium distortum Ameghino 1891 [objective synonym], Protypotherium martini Lane 1927 [objective synonym], Protypotherium palmidens Ameghino 1889 [objective synonym]

Diagnosis

No diagnoses are available

Measurements

No measurements are available

Composition:

phosphaticsubp

Maximum body mass:

7.8 kgs

Minimum body mass:

7.8 kgs

Body mass estimate:

7.8 kg

Body mass source:

publisheds

Environment:

terrestrialsubc

Locomotion:

actively mobilec

Life habit:

scansorialsubc

Diet:

herbivoreo

Reproduction:

viviparoussubc

Created:

2013-04-14 01:32:31

Modified:

2013-04-13 10:32:31

Source: s = species, o = order, subc = subclass, c = class, subp = subphylum

References: Carroll 1988, MacFadden et al. 1996, Vizcaíno et al. 2010, Ji et al. 2002, Hendy et al. 2009, Lillegraven 1979

Age range: base of the Santacrucian to the top of the Mayoan or 17.50000 to 10.00000 Ma

Collections (20 total)

Time interval	Ma	Country or state	Original ID and collection number
Santacrucian	17.5 - 16.3	Argentina (Santa Cruz)	Protypotherium australe (27313 87314 142529 142533 176570 176581 176590 204358 206236 206237 206240 206241 206242 210154 210637 210638 210787)
Friasian	16.3 - 15.5	Argentina (Chubut)	Epipatriarchus bifidens (204600)
Friasian	16.3 - 15.5	Chile (Aisén)	Protypotherium australe (139845)
Mayoan	11.0 - 10.0	Argentina (Chaco)	Epipatriarchus bifidens (204650)