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Atherinomorphae

Osteichthyes

Taxonomy
Atherinomorpha was named by Greenwood et al. (1966). It is extant.

It was reranked as the unranked clade Atherinomorpha by Long (2011), Bannikov (2014); it was corrected as Atherinomorphae by Betancur et al. (2013), van der Laan (2019).

It was assigned to Ovalentariae by Betancur et al. (2013); to Acanthopterygii by Long (2011), Bannikov (2014); and to Ovalentaria by van der Laan (2019).

Synonymy list
YearName and author
2011Atherinomorpha Long p. 244
2013Atherinomorphae Betancur et al.
2014Atherinomorpha Bannikov p. 26
2019Atherinomorphae van der Laan p. 78

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RankNameAuthor
kingdomAnimalia()
—Bilateria
—EubilateriaAx 1987
—Deuterostomia
phylumChordataHaeckel 1874
subphylumVertebrata
superclassGnathostomata
classOsteichthyes
RankNameAuthor
subclassActinopterygii()
infraclassActinopteri()
—Teleosteomorpha
—Acanthopterygii
—Percomorphaceae
—OvalentariaSmith and Near 2012
superorderAtherinomorphae()
superorderAtherinomorphae()

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Superor. Atherinomorphae Greenwood et al. 1966
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Or. Atheriniformes Rosen 1966 [silverside]
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Fm. Atherinidae Risso 1827
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G. Atherina Linnaeus 1758
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†Atherina atropatiensis Carnevale et al. 2011
Atherina boyeri Risso 1810
†Atherina gidjakensis Pobedina 1956
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Invalid names: Atherina austriaca Strashimirov 1981 [synonym], Atherina kalinoraensis Rueckert-Uelkuemen and Kaya 1993 [synonym], Otolithus albitus Djafarova 2006 [synonym], Rhombus karaganensis Suzin 1968 [synonym], Serranus noetlingi Koken 1891 [synonym], Trachinus mutabilis Koken 1891 [synonym]
†Atherina macrocephala Agassiz 1835
G. †Atherinidarum Risso 1827
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†Atherinidarum bavayi Steurbaut 1984
G. Atherinomorus Fowler 1903
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Atherinomorus stipes Müller and Troschel 1848
G. †Merriamella Jordan 1907
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†Merriamella doryssa Jordan 1907
G. †Toroatherina Schwarzhans 2019
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†Toroatherina toroa Schwarzhans 2019
Fm. Atherionidae Schultz 1948
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G. Atherion Jordan and Starks 1901
Invalid names: Bedotiidae [empty], Dentatherinidae [empty], Isonidae [empty], Melanotaeniidae [empty], Phallostethidae [empty], Pseudomugilidae [empty], Telmatherinidae [empty]
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Fm. Atherinopsidae Fitzinger 1873
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G. Atherinops Steindachner 1875
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Atherinops affinis Ayers 1860
G. Atherinopsis Girard 1854
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G. Leuresthes Jordan and Gilbert 1880
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†Leuresthes distans Casier 1966
Leuresthes tenuis Ayres 1860
G. †Zanteclites Jordan and Gilbert 1919
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†Zanteclites hubbsi Jordan and Gilbert 1919
G. Chirostoma Swainson 1839
G. Colpichthys Hubbs 1918
G. Menidia Bonaparte 1836
G. †Palaeoatherina Ferrandini and Gaudant 1977
G. Pranesus Whitley 1930
G. Stenatherina Schulz 1948
Invalid names: Notocheiridae [empty]
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Invalid names: Adrianichthyidae [empty]
Subor. Belonoidei
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Fm. Belonidae Bonaparte 1835
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G. Belone Oken 1816
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†Belone acutirostris Sauvage 1870
†Belone countermani de Sant'Anna et al. 2013
G. †Belonidarum Unknown
G. Platybelone Fowler 1919
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Platybelone argalus LeSueur 1821
G. Scomberesox Lacépède 1803
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†Scomberesox acutillus Jordan and Gilbert 1919
†Scomberesox edwardsi Jordan and Gilbert 1919
†Scomberesox licatae Sauvage 1880
Fm. Exocoetidae Risso 1827
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G. †Halocypselus Weinland 1858
G. †Rhamphexocoetus Bannikov et al. 1985
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†Rhamphexocoetus volans Bannikov et al. 1985
Invalid names: Clupea evolans Blainville 1818 [nomen dubium], Rhamphexocoetinae Bannikov et al. 1985 [invalid subgroup]
Fm. Hemiramphidae Gill 1859
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G. †Ectomirhamphus Gaemers 1984
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†Ectomirhamphus hinsberghi Gaemers 1984
G. †Eoexocoetus David 1947
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†Eoexocoetus eocenicus David 1946
Invalid names: Hemiexocoetus David 1946 [replaced]
G. †Euleptorhamphus Gill 1860
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Subg. Euleptorhamphus (Beltion) Jordan 1920
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Invalid names: Derrhias enantius Jordan 1925 [synonym]
G. †Hemiramphus Cuvier 1817
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†Hemiramphus edwardsi Bassani 1876
†Hemiramphus georgii Jerzmanska 1968
Invalid names: Hemirhamphus Voigt 1832 [synonym]
G. †Hemirhamphidarum Unknown
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†Hemirhamphidarum accisus Schwarzhans 2007
†Hemirhamphidarum baluki Smigielska 1979
G. Hyporhamphus Gill 1860
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Subg. †Hyporhamphus (Reporhamphus) Whitley 1931
G. †Rogenites Jordan 1919
G. †Zelosis Jordan and Gilbert 1920
Invalid names: Zenarchopteridae [empty]
Fm. †Cobitopsidae Jordan 1905
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G. Cobitopsis Pomel 1853
G. †Rogenio Jordan 1907
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†Rogenio bowersi Jordan 1907
†Rogenio vanclevei Jordan and Gilbert 1919
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G. †Praescomberesox David 1946
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G. †Scomberessus Jordan 1921
Fm. †Forficidae Jordan and Gilbert 1919
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G. †Forfex Jordan and Gilbert 1919
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†Forfex hypuralis Jordan and Gilbert 1919
G. †Rhomurus Jordan 1919
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†Rhomurus fulcratus Jordan 1919
G. †Zelotichthys Jordan 1925
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†Zelotichthys alhambrae Jordan 1921
Invalid names: Zelotes Jordan 1921 [replaced]
G. †Hemilampronites Geinitz 1868
Invalid names: Tselfatoidei Bertin and Arambourg 1958 [empty]
Or. Cyprinodontiformes Bertin 1958
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G. †Jenynsia Günther 1866
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†Jenynsia herbsti Sverco et al. 2022
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Fm. †Kenyaichthyidae Altner and Reichenbacher 2015
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G. †Kenyaichthys Altner and Reichenbacher 2015
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†Kenyaichthys kipkechi Altner and Reichenbacher 2015
Invalid names: Aplocheilidae [empty]
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G. Aphanius Nardo 1827 [nono]
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†Aphanius crassicaudus Agassiz 1839
†Aphanius yerevanicus Vasilyan et al. 2009
G. Cyprinodon Lacépède 1803
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†Cyprinodon breviradius Miller 1945
†Cyprinodon primulus Cockerell 1936
G. †Cyprinodontidarum Unknown
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†Cyprinodontidarum angulosus Steurbaut 1979
†Cyprinodontidarum feistae Steurbaut 1980
†Cyprinodontidarum obesus Steurbaut 1979
G. †Lebias Agassiz 1832
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†Lebias cephalotes Agassiz 1839
†Lebias crassicaudus Agassiz 1839
†Lebias gaudryi Sauvage 1873
†Lebias gobio Agassiz 1839
†Lebias meyeri Agassiz 1839
†Lebias perpusillus Agassiz 1832
G. †Parafundulus Eastman
G. †Prolebias Sauvage 1874
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†Prolebias praecursor Weiler 1929
G. †Trichophanes Cope 1872
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†Trichophanes copei Osborn et al. 1878
†Trichophanes foliarum Cope 1878
†Trichophanes hians Cope 1872
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G. Fundulus Lacépède 1803
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†Fundulus curryi Miller 1945
†Fundulus davidae Miller 1945
†Fundulus detillae Hibbard and Dunkle 1942
†Fundulus eulepis Miller 1945
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G. †Gephyrura Cope 1891
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†Gephyrura concentrica Cope 1891
G. †Paralebias Gaudant 2013
Fm. †Goodeidae Jordan and Gilbert 1883
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G. †Empetrichthys Gilbert 1893
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†Empetrichthys erdisi Jordan 1924
Subfm. †Goodeinae Jordan and Gilbert 1883
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G. †Paleocharacodon Caballero-Viñas et al. 2023
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†Paleocharacodon guzmanae Caballero-Viñas et al. 2023
G. †Tapatia Álvarez and Arriola-Longoria 1972
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†Tapatia occidentalis Álvarez and Arriola-Longoria 1972
Invalid names: Nothobranchiidae [empty], Profundulidae [empty], Rivulidae [empty], Valenciidae [empty]
Fm. †Mesogasteridae Bannikov 2008
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G. †Latellagnathus Bannikov 2008
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†Latellagnathus teruzzii Bannikov 2008
G. †Mesogaster Agassiz 1835
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†Mesogaster cretaceus von der Marck 1885
†Mesogaster sphyraenoides Agassiz 1835
Fm. †Rhamphognathidae Bannikov 2008
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G. †Rhamphognathus Agassiz 1835
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Invalid names: Rhamphognathus pompilius Agassiz 1839 [synonym]
Invalid names: Atherinea [empty], Cyprinodontea [empty]
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
Composition: phosphaticsubp
Environment: marinesubp
Locomotion: actively mobilec
Created: 2009-07-20 21:50:54
Modified: 2009-07-20 23:50:54
Source: c = class, subp = subphylum
References: Kiessling 2004, Hendy et al. 2009, Carroll 1988

Age range

Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Late/Upper Campanian to the top of the Holocene or 83.60000 to 0.00000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 72.2 Ma

Collections (143 total)


Time interval Ma Country or state Original ID and collection number
Late/Upper Campanian83.6 - 72.2Germany Mesogaster cretaceus (221716)
Late/Upper Maastrichtian72.2 - 66.0Bolivia (Cochabamba) Cyprinodontiformes indet. (12855)
Tertiary66.0 - 2.58USA (California) Fundulus eulepis (204388)
Late/Upper Paleocene59.24 - 56.0Argentina (Jujuy) Cyprinodon primulus (151867)
Ypresian56.0 - 48.07Italy Mesogaster sphyraenoides, Rhamphognathus paralepoides, Atherina macrocephala, Latellagnathus teruzzii, Rhamphexocoetus volans, Hemiramphus edwardsi, Engraulis evolans (94830)
Lutetian48.07 - 41.03USA (Texas) Atherina debilis (237116)
Lutetian48.07 - 41.03Germany (Lower Saxony,) Hemirhamphidarum accisus (188954)
Lutetian48.07 - 41.03Pakistan (North-West Frontier) Cyprinodontidae indet. (28978)
Middle Eocene - Late/Upper Eocene48.07 - 33.9USA (California) Hemiexocoetus eocenicus (190999 191001 191008 191016) Praescomberesox pacificus (191002 191015) Praescomberesox pacificus, Hemiexocoetus eocenicus (191006 191014)
Bortonian42.6 - 39.1New Zealand (South Island) Toroatherina toroa (219322 219503)
Bartonian41.03 - 37.71USA (Alabama) Atherina debilis (237139)
Bartonian41.03 - 37.71USA (Mississippi) Atherina debilis (237132)
Late/Upper Eocene37.71 - 33.9USA (California) Exocoetidae indet. (191011)
Priabonian37.71 - 33.9USA (California) Fundulus curryi, Cyprinodon breviradius (204522)
Priabonian37.71 - 33.9Australia (South Australia) Atherinidarum sp. (100232)
Priabonian37.71 - 33.9USA (Louisiana) Atherina debilis (237115) Belone sp. (32925) Belone sp., Atherinidae indet. (75638)
Rupelian33.9 - 27.3Belgium Ectomirhamphus hinsberghi (188930)
Rupelian33.9 - 27.3Germany (Baden-Württemberg) Hemiramphus jerzei (68021)
Rupelian33.9 - 27.3Germany Hemirhamphidarum hinsberghi (95898)
Chattian27.3 - 23.04France (Bouches-Du-Rhone) Prolebias sp., Paralebias cephalotes (113682)
Chattian27.3 - 23.04France Atherina sp., Atherinomorus aquitanicus (219194)
Aquitanian23.04 - 20.45France Atherinidarum bavayi (219195)
Early/Lower Miocene23.04 - 15.98USA (California) Rhomurus fulcratus (186008)
Early/Lower Miocene23.04 - 15.98Greece (Aegean) Cyprinodontidae indet. (207609)
Miocene23.04 - 5.333USA (California) Forfex hypuralis (186023) Rogenio vanclevei, Zanteclites hubbsi (186018) Rogenites bowersi, Rhomurus fulcratus (186006) Scomberesox acutillus (186021) Zanteclites hubbsi (186020)
Miocene23.04 - 5.333India Atherinomorus circularis (230225)
Neogene23.04 - 2.58Indonesia (Aceh) Serranus noetlingi (223639)
Burdigalian20.45 - 15.98Germany (Baden-Württemberg) Atherinidarum brzobohatyi (69098)
Burdigalian20.45 - 15.98France Atherinidarum sp. (220042 220043) Atherinomorus aquitanicus, Atherinidarum bavayi (219196)
Altonian18.7 - 15.9New Zealand Trachinus mutabilis (67899 67900)
Early/Lower Hemingfordian18.5 - 16.3USA (Nebraska) Cyprinodontiformes indet. (17892)
Langhian15.98 - 13.82France Hemiramphidae indet., Atherinomorus aquitanicus, Atherinidarum bavayi (219197)
MN 5 - MN 615.98 - 12.75Bosnia and Herzegovina Cyprinodontiformes indet. (211309)
Badenian13.82 - 12.8Czechia (Mikulov) Atherina austriaca, Hemiramphus miocenicus (161993 161995)
Serravallian13.82 - 11.63Kazakhstan Atherina gidjakensis (174760 174955)
Sarmatian12.8 - 11.63Russian Federation (Goryachii) Hyporhamphus tatjanchenkoi (211239)
Sarmatian12.8 - 11.63Moldova Atherina suchovi (211238)
Clarendonian12.5 - 9.4USA (Kansas) Fundulus sp. (18450)
Clarendonian12.5 - 9.4USA (Nebraska) Cyprinodontiformes indet. (74098)
Tortonian11.63 - 7.246USA (California) Euleptorhamphus peronides, Derrhias enantius (45489)
Tortonian11.63 - 7.246Italy (Asti) Atherina sp. (237147)
Tortonian11.63 - 7.246Italy Atherinidarum sp. (178120)
Tortonian11.63 - 7.246Greece (Crete) Atherina sp. (207587)
Tortonian11.63 - 7.246Argentina (Catamarca) Jenynsia herbsti (227293)
Tortonian11.63 - 7.246Iran Atherina atropatiensis (219789)
Late/Upper Miocene11.63 - 5.333USA (California) Scomberesox edwardsi (185673 185680) Zanteclites hubbsi (186045)
Late/Upper Miocene11.63 - 5.333Italy (Cuneo) Aphanius crassicaudus (175903)
Late/Upper Miocene11.63 - 5.333Armenia (Kotayk) Aphanius yerevanicus (219043)
Hemphillian9.4 - 4.7USA (Kansas) Fundulus detillae (18342)
Messinian7.246 - 5.333Italy (Ravenna) Aphanius crassicaudus (144566)
Messinian7.246 - 5.333Italy (Sicile) Belone sp. (210669)
Messinian7.246 - 5.333Italy (Emilia-Romagna) Atherina cavalloi, Aphanius crassicaudus (210236)
Messinian7.246 - 5.333Spain Aphanius crassicaudus (210672 210673 210674)
Messinian7.246 - 5.333Greece (Crete) Aphanius crassicaudus (207362 207363)
Messinian7.246 - 5.333Italy (Piedmont) Aphanius crassicaudus (113998)
Messinian7.246 - 5.333Italy (Tuscany) Hemiramphidae indet., Atherina boyeri, Aphanius crassicaudus (222139)
Messinian7.246 - 5.333Algeria Scomberesox licatae (186583)
Messinian7.246 - 5.333Algeria (Oran) Scomberesox licatae (59256)
Messinian7.246 - 5.333Italy Aphanius crassicaudatus (210229) Aphanius crassicaudus (186577 210230 210232 210233 210235 210237 210241 210242 210243 210244 210245 210246 210247 210250 210252 210253) Atherina boyeri, Aphanius crassicaudus (210231 210234 210239 210248) Atherina sp. (220504) Atherina sp., Aphanius crassicaudus (220507) Belone sp. (186576 210640) Xiphias acutirostris, Belone acutirostris, Scomberesox licatae (185692)
Zanclean5.333 - 3.6Italy (Provinz Siena) Halocypselus italicus (138094)
Zanclean5.333 - 3.6Italy Belone belone, Hyporhamphus sp., Hemiramphus far (210256)
Pliocene5.333 - 2.58Spain (Granada) Cyprinodontidae indet. (35259)
Pliocene5.333 - 2.58Mexico (Hidalgo) Paleocharacodon guzmanae (231919)
Pliocene5.333 - 2.58Greece (Zakynthos) Atherinidae indet. (223917)
Pliocene5.333 - 2.58Jamaica Hyporhamphus sp., Belonidae indet., Atherinomorus stipes (186673) Platybelone argalus (34539)
Zanclean - Piacenzian5.333 - 2.58Italy Belone sp. (145680) Hyporhamphus sp. (145678)
Ruscinian5.09 - 3.55Spain (Granada) Cyprinodontidae indet. (35252)
Piacenzian3.6 - 2.58USA (California) Atherinopsis californiensis (219849)
Piacenzian3.6 - 2.58Greece Belone sp. (51511)
Piacenzian3.6 - 2.58Greece (Crete) Belone sp., Atherina boyeri (207357) Belone sp., Scomberesox sp. (207303)
Piacenzian3.6 - 2.58USA (Florida) Atherinidae indet., Belonidae indet. (22712)
Piacenzian3.6 - 2.58Italy Belone belone (210258) Belone sp. (145683)
Piacenzian - Gelasian3.6 - 1.8Italy Belone belone, Hyporhamphus sp., Hemiramphus far (57058)
Late/Upper Pliocene - Early/Lower Pleistocene3.6 - 0.774USA (California) Fundulus davidae (204523)
Gelasian2.58 - 1.8Greece (Rhodes) Aphanius sp. (207579) Atherina sp. (207580 207581)
Gelasian - Calabrian2.58 - 0.774Greece (Rhodes) Atherina boyeri (207569)
Pleistocene2.58 - 0.0117Japan (Kagoshima) Hemiramphidae indet. (161455)
Pleistocene2.58 - 0.0117USA (California) Parafundulus erdisi (186047)
Ionian0.774 - 0.129Greece (Rhodes) Atherina boyeri (207568 207570)
Rancholabrean0.21 - 0.014USA (Florida) Fundulus sp. (20440)
Late/Upper Pleistocene0.129 - 0.0117USA (California) Atherinopsis californiensi, Atherinops affinis, Leuresthes tenuis (59063) Atherinopsis californiensis (190889)
Late/Upper Pleistocene (interglacial)0.129 - 0.0117USA (Georgia) Fundulus sp. (20604)
Holocene0.0117 - 0.0Turks and Caicos Islands Belonidae indet. (209855)
Holocene0.0117 - 0.0Argentina (Buenos Aires) Cyprinodontiformes indet. (63338)
Holocene0.0117 - 0.0Marshall Islands Belonidae indet., Exocoetidae indet. (194995) Exocoetidae indet. (194999)