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Atherinomorphae

Actinopteri

Taxonomy
Atherinomorpha was named by Greenwood et al. (1966). It is extant.

It was corrected as Atherinomorphae by Betancur et al. (2013); it was reranked as the unranked clade Atherinomorpha by Long (2011), Bannikov (2014).

It was assigned to Ovalentariae by Betancur et al. (2013); and to Acanthopterygii by Long (2011), Bannikov (2014).

Subtaxa
Atherinea, Atheriniformes, Beloniformes, Cyprinodontea, Cyprinodontiformes
Sister taxa
Atherinea, Cyprinodontea

Synonymy list
YearName and author
2011Atherinomorpha Long p. 244
2013Atherinomorphae Betancur et al.
2014Atherinomorpha Bannikov p. 26

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RankNameAuthor
kingdomAnimalia()
—Bilateria
—EubilateriaAx 1987
—Deuterostomia
phylumChordataHaeckel 1874
subphylumVertebrata
superclassGnathostomata
—Osteichthyes()
superclassActinopterygii()
classActinopteri()
RankNameAuthor
subclassNeopterygii(Regan 1923)
—Teleosteomorpha
—Teleostei(Müller 1846)
—Acanthomorpha(Rosen 1973)
—Euacanthomorphacea
—Percomorphaceae
—Carangimorpharia
—Ovalentariae
superorderAtherinomorphae()
superorderAtherinomorphae()

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Superor. Atherinomorphae Greenwood et al. 1966
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Or. Atheriniformes Rosen 1966 [silverside]
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G. Atherina Linnaeus 1758
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†Atherina atropatiensis Carnevale et al. 2011
Atherina boyeri Risso 1810
†Atherina gidjakensis Pobedina 1956
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Invalid names: Atherina austriaca Strashimirov 1981 [synonym], Atherina kalinoraensis Rueckert-Uelkuemen and Kaya 1993 [synonym], Otolithus albitus Djafarova 2006 [synonym], Rhombus karaganensis Suzin 1968 [synonym], Serranus noetlingi Koken 1891 [synonym], Trachinus mutabilis Koken 1891 [synonym]
†Atherina macrocephala Agassiz 1835
G. †Atherinidarum Risso 1827
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†Atherinidarum bavayi Steurbaut 1984
G. Atherinomorus Fowler 1903
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Atherinomorus stipes Müller and Troschel 1848
G. †Merriamella Jordan 1907
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†Merriamella doryssa Jordan 1907
G. †Toroatherina Schwarzhans 2019
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†Toroatherina toroa Schwarzhans 2019
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G. Atherinops Steindachner 1875
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Atherinops affinis Ayers 1860
G. Atherinopsis Girard 1854
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G. Leuresthes Jordan and Gilbert 1880
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†Leuresthes distans Casier 1966
Leuresthes tenuis Ayres 1860
G. †Zanteclites Jordan and Gilbert 1919
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†Zanteclites hubbsi Jordan and Gilbert 1919
G. Chirostoma Swainson 1839
G. Colpichthys Hubbs 1918
G. Menidia Bonaparte 1836
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G. †Latellagnathus Bannikov 2008
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†Latellagnathus teruzzii Bannikov 2008
G. †Mesogaster Agassiz 1835
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†Mesogaster cretaceus von der Marck 1885
†Mesogaster sphyraenoides Agassiz 1835
G. †Palaeoatherina Ferrandini and Gaudant 1977
G. Pranesus Whitley 1930
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G. †Rhamphognathus Agassiz 1835
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Invalid names: Rhamphognathus pompilius Agassiz 1839 [synonym]
G. Stenatherina Schulz 1948
Invalid names: Bedotiidae [empty], Dentatherinidae [empty], Isonidae [empty], Melanotaeniidae [empty], Notocheiridae [empty], Phallostethidae [empty], Pseudomugilidae [empty], Telmatherinidae [empty]
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Invalid names: Adrianichthyidae [empty]
G. Cobitopsis Pomel 1853
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G. Belone Oken 1816
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†Belone acutirostris Sauvage 1870
†Belone countermani de Sant'Anna et al. 2013
G. †Belonidarum Unknown
G. Platybelone Fowler 1919
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Platybelone argalus LeSueur 1821
G. Scomberesox Lacépède 1803
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†Scomberesox acutillus Jordan and Gilbert 1919
†Scomberesox edwardsi Jordan and Gilbert 1919
†Scomberesox licatae Sauvage 1880
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G. †Halocypselus Weinland 1858
G. †Rhamphexocoetus Bannikov et al. 1985
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†Rhamphexocoetus volans Bannikov et al. 1985
Invalid names: Clupea evolans Blainville 1818 [nomen dubium]
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G. †Ectomirhamphus Gaemers 1984
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†Ectomirhamphus hinsberghi Gaemers 1984
G. †Eoexocoetus David 1947
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†Eoexocoetus eocenicus David 1946
Invalid names: Hemiexocoetus David 1946 [replaced]
G. †Euleptorhamphus Gill 1860
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Subg. Euleptorhamphus (Beltion) Jordan 1920
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Invalid names: Derrhias enantius Jordan 1925 [synonym]
G. †Hemiramphus Cuvier 1817
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†Hemiramphus edwardsi Bassani 1876
†Hemiramphus georgii Jerzmanska 1968
Invalid names: Hemirhamphus Voigt 1832 [synonym]
G. †Hemirhamphidarum Unknown
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†Hemirhamphidarum accisus Schwarzhans 2007
†Hemirhamphidarum baluki Smigielska 1979
G. Hyporhamphus Gill 1860
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Subg. †Hyporhamphus (Reporhamphus) Whitley 1931
G. †Rogenites Jordan 1919
G. †Zelosis Jordan and Gilbert 1920
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G. †Praescomberesox David 1946
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G. †Scomberessus Jordan 1921
Invalid names: Zenarchopteridae [empty]
Fm. †Forficidae Jordan and Gilbert 1919
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G. †Forfex Jordan and Gilbert 1919
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†Forfex hypuralis Jordan and Gilbert 1919
G. †Rhomurus Jordan 1919
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†Rhomurus fulcratus Jordan 1919
G. †Zelotichthys Jordan 1925
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†Zelotichthys alhambrae Jordan 1921
Invalid names: Zelotes Jordan 1921 [replaced]
G. †Hemilampronites Geinitz 1868
Invalid names: Tselfatoidei Bertin and Arambourg 1958 [empty]
Or. Cyprinodontiformes Bertin 1958
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G. †Jenynsia Günther 1866
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†Jenynsia herbsti Sverco et al. 2022
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Fm. †Kenyaichthyidae Altner and Reichenbacher 2015
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G. †Kenyaichthys Altner and Reichenbacher 2015
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†Kenyaichthys kipkechi Altner and Reichenbacher 2015
Invalid names: Aplocheilidae [empty]
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G. Aphanius Nardo 1827 [nono]
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†Aphanius crassicaudus Agassiz 1839
†Aphanius yerevanicus Vasilyan et al. 2009
G. Cyprinodon Lacépède 1803
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†Cyprinodon breviradius Miller 1945
†Cyprinodon primulus Cockerell 1936
G. †Cyprinodontidarum Unknown
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†Cyprinodontidarum angulosus Steurbaut 1979
†Cyprinodontidarum feistae Steurbaut 1980
†Cyprinodontidarum obesus Steurbaut 1979
G. †Lebias Agassiz 1832
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†Lebias cephalotes Agassiz 1839
†Lebias crassicaudus Agassiz 1839
†Lebias gaudryi Sauvage 1873
†Lebias gobio Agassiz 1839
†Lebias meyeri Agassiz 1839
†Lebias perpusillus Agassiz 1832
G. †Parafundulus Eastman
G. †Prolebias Sauvage 1874
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†Prolebias praecursor Weiler 1929
G. †Trichophanes Cope 1872
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†Trichophanes copei Osborn et al. 1878
†Trichophanes foliarum Cope 1878
†Trichophanes hians Cope 1872
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G. Fundulus Lacépède 1803
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†Fundulus curryi Miller 1945
†Fundulus davidae Miller 1945
†Fundulus detillae Hibbard and Dunkle 1942
†Fundulus eulepis Miller 1945
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G. †Gephyura Cope 1891
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†Gephyura concentrica Cope 1891
G. †Paralebias Gaudant 2013
Fm. †Goodeidae Jordan and Gilbert 1883
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G. †Empetrichthys Gilbert 1893
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†Empetrichthys erdisi Jordan 1924
Subfm. †Goodeinae Jordan and Gilbert 1883
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G. †Paleocharacodon Caballero-Viñas et al. 2023
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†Paleocharacodon guzmanae Caballero-Viñas et al. 2023
G. †Tapatia Álvarez and Arriola-Longoria 1972
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†Tapatia occidentalis Álvarez and Arriola-Longoria 1972
Invalid names: Nothobranchiidae [empty], Profundulidae [empty], Rivulidae [empty], Valenciidae [empty]
Invalid names: Atherinea [empty], Cyprinodontea [empty]
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
Composition: phosphaticsubp
Environment: marinesubp
Locomotion: actively mobileo
Life habit: nektonico
Diet: omnivoreo
Created: 2009-07-20 20:44:22
Modified: 2009-07-20 22:44:22
Source: o = order, subp = subphylum
References: Hendy et al. 2009, Carroll 1988

Age range

Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Late/Upper Campanian to the top of the Holocene or 83.60000 to 0.00000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 72.2 Ma

Collections (137 total)


Time interval Ma Country or state Original ID and collection number
Late/Upper Campanian83.6 - 72.2Germany Mesogaster cretaceus (221716)
Late/Upper Maastrichtian72.2 - 66.0Bolivia (Cochabamba) Cyprinodontiformes indet. (12855)
Tertiary66.0 - 2.58USA (California) Fundulus eulepis (204388)
Late/Upper Paleocene59.24 - 56.0Argentina (Jujuy) Cyprinodon primulus (151867)
Ypresian56.0 - 48.07Italy Mesogaster sphyraenoides, Rhamphognathus paralepoides, Atherina macrocephala, Latellagnathus teruzzii, Rhamphexocoetus volans, Hemiramphus edwardsi, Engraulis evolans (94830)
Lutetian48.07 - 41.03Pakistan (North-West Frontier) Cyprinodontidae indet. (28978)
Lutetian48.07 - 41.03Germany (Lower Saxony,) Hemirhamphidarum accisus (188954)
Middle Eocene - Late/Upper Eocene48.07 - 33.9USA (California) Hemiexocoetus eocenicus (190999 191001 191008 191016) Praescomberesox pacificus (191002 191015) Praescomberesox pacificus, Hemiexocoetus eocenicus (191006 191014)
Bortonian42.6 - 39.1New Zealand (South Island) Toroatherina toroa (219322 219503)
Late/Upper Eocene37.71 - 33.9USA (California) Exocoetidae indet. (191011)
Priabonian37.71 - 33.9Australia (South Australia) Atherinidarum sp. (100232)
Priabonian37.71 - 33.9USA (California) Fundulus curryi, Cyprinodon breviradius (204522)
Priabonian37.71 - 33.9USA (Louisiana) Belone sp. (32925) Belone sp., Atherinidae indet. (75638)
Rupelian33.9 - 27.3Germany Hemirhamphidarum hinsberghi (95898)
Rupelian33.9 - 27.3Germany (Baden-Württemberg) Hemiramphus jerzei (68021)
Rupelian33.9 - 27.3Belgium Ectomirhamphus hinsberghi (188930)
Chattian27.3 - 23.04France (Bouches-Du-Rhone) Prolebias sp., Paralebias cephalotes (113682)
Chattian27.3 - 23.04France Atherina sp., Atherinomorus aquitanicus (219194)
Aquitanian23.04 - 20.45France Atherinidarum bavayi (219195)
Early/Lower Miocene23.04 - 15.98USA (California) Rhomurus fulcratus (186008)
Early/Lower Miocene23.04 - 15.98Greece (Aegean) Cyprinodontidae indet. (207609)
Miocene23.04 - 5.333India Atherinomorus circularis (230225)
Miocene23.04 - 5.333USA (California) Forfex hypuralis (186023) Rhomurus fulcratus (186006) Scomberesox acutillus (186021) Zanteclites hubbsi (186018)
Neogene23.04 - 2.58Indonesia (Aceh) Serranus noetlingi (223639)
Burdigalian20.45 - 15.98France Atherinidarum sp. (220042 220043) Atherinomorus aquitanicus, Atherinidarum bavayi (219196)
Burdigalian20.45 - 15.98Germany (Baden-Württemberg) Atherinidarum brzobohatyi (69098)
Altonian18.7 - 15.9New Zealand Trachinus mutabilis (67899 67900)
Early/Lower Hemingfordian18.5 - 16.3USA (Nebraska) Cyprinodontiformes indet. (17892)
Langhian15.98 - 13.82France Hemiramphidae indet., Atherinomorus aquitanicus, Atherinidarum bavayi (219197)
MN 5 - MN 615.98 - 12.75Bosnia and Herzegovina Cyprinodontiformes indet. (211309)
Badenian13.82 - 12.8Czechia (Mikulov) Atherina austriaca, Hemiramphus miocenicus (161993 161995)
Serravallian13.82 - 11.63Kazakhstan Atherina gidjakensis (174760 174955)
Sarmatian12.8 - 11.63Moldova Atherina suchovi (211238)
Sarmatian12.8 - 11.63Russian Federation (Goryachii) Hyporhamphus tatjanchenkoi (211239)
Clarendonian12.5 - 9.4USA (Kansas) Fundulus sp. (18450)
Clarendonian12.5 - 9.4USA (Nebraska) Cyprinodontiformes indet. (74098)
Tortonian11.63 - 7.246Argentina (Catamarca) Jenynsia herbsti (227293)
Tortonian11.63 - 7.246Italy Atherinidarum sp. (178120)
Tortonian11.63 - 7.246Greece (Crete) Atherina sp. (207587)
Tortonian11.63 - 7.246Iran Atherina atropatiensis (219789)
Tortonian11.63 - 7.246USA (California) Euleptorhamphus peronides, Derrhias enantius (45489)
Late/Upper Miocene11.63 - 5.333Armenia (Kotayk) Aphanius yerevanicus (219043)
Late/Upper Miocene11.63 - 5.333Italy (Cuneo) Aphanius crassicaudus (175903)
Late/Upper Miocene11.63 - 5.333USA (California) Scomberesox edwardsi (185673 185680) Zanteclites hubbsi (186045)
Hemphillian9.4 - 4.7USA (Kansas) Fundulus detillae (18342)
Messinian7.246 - 5.333Italy (Ravenna) Aphanius crassicaudus (144566)
Messinian7.246 - 5.333Italy (Piedmont) Aphanius crassicaudus (113998)
Messinian7.246 - 5.333Italy Aphanius crassicaudatus (210229) Aphanius crassicaudus (186577 210230 210232 210233 210235 210237 210241 210242 210243 210244 210245 210246 210247 210250 210252 210253) Atherina boyeri, Aphanius crassicaudus (210231 210234 210239 210248) Atherina sp. (220504) Atherina sp., Aphanius crassicaudus (220507) Belone sp. (186576 210640) Xiphias acutirostris, Belone acutirostris, Scomberesox licatae (185692)
Messinian7.246 - 5.333Italy (Tuscany) Hemiramphidae indet., Atherina boyeri, Aphanius crassicaudus (222139)
Messinian7.246 - 5.333Algeria (Oran) Scomberesox licatae (59256)
Messinian7.246 - 5.333Algeria Scomberesox licatae (186583)
Messinian7.246 - 5.333Greece (Crete) Aphanius crassicaudus (207362 207363)
Messinian7.246 - 5.333Italy (Emilia-Romagna) Atherina cavalloi, Aphanius crassicaudus (210236)
Messinian7.246 - 5.333Italy (Sicile) Belone sp. (210669)
Messinian7.246 - 5.333Spain Aphanius crassicaudus (210672 210673 210674)
Zanclean5.333 - 3.6Italy Belone belone, Hyporhamphus sp., Hemiramphus far (210256)
Zanclean5.333 - 3.6Italy (Provinz Siena) Halocypselus italicus (138094)
Pliocene5.333 - 2.58Spain (Granada) Cyprinodontidae indet. (35259)
Pliocene5.333 - 2.58Greece (Zakynthos) Atherinidae indet. (223917)
Pliocene5.333 - 2.58Jamaica Hyporhamphus sp., Belonidae indet., Atherinomorus stipes (186673) Platybelone argalus (34539)
Pliocene5.333 - 2.58Mexico (Hidalgo) Paleocharacodon guzmanae (231919)
Zanclean - Piacenzian5.333 - 2.58Italy Belone sp. (145680) Hyporhamphus sp. (145678)
Ruscinian5.09 - 3.55Spain (Granada) Cyprinodontidae indet. (35252)
Piacenzian3.6 - 2.58USA (California) Atherinopsis californiensis (219849)
Piacenzian3.6 - 2.58Greece (Crete) Belone sp., Atherina boyeri (207357) Belone sp., Scomberesox sp. (207303)
Piacenzian3.6 - 2.58Greece Belone sp. (51511)
Piacenzian3.6 - 2.58Italy Belone belone (210258) Belone sp. (145683)
Piacenzian3.6 - 2.58USA (Florida) Atherinidae indet., Belonidae indet. (22712)
Piacenzian - Gelasian3.6 - 1.8Italy Belone belone, Hyporhamphus sp., Hemiramphus far (57058)
Late/Upper Pliocene - Early/Lower Pleistocene3.6 - 0.774USA (California) Fundulus davidae (204523)
Gelasian2.58 - 1.8Greece (Rhodes) Aphanius sp. (207579) Atherina sp. (207580 207581)
Gelasian - Calabrian2.58 - 0.774Greece (Rhodes) Atherina boyeri (207569)
Pleistocene2.58 - 0.0117Japan (Kagoshima) Hemiramphidae indet. (161455)
Pleistocene2.58 - 0.0117USA (California) Parafundulus erdisi (186047)
Ionian0.774 - 0.129Greece (Rhodes) Atherina boyeri (207568 207570)
Rancholabrean0.21 - 0.014USA (Florida) Fundulus sp. (20440)
Late/Upper Pleistocene (interglacial)0.129 - 0.0117USA (Georgia) Fundulus sp. (20604)
Late/Upper Pleistocene0.129 - 0.0117USA (California) Atherinopsis californiensi, Atherinops affinis, Leuresthes tenuis (59063) Atherinopsis californiensis (190889)
Holocene0.0117 - 0.0Turks and Caicos Islands Belonidae indet. (209855)
Holocene0.0117 - 0.0Marshall Islands Belonidae indet., Exocoetidae indet. (194995) Exocoetidae indet. (194999)
Holocene0.0117 - 0.0Argentina (Buenos Aires) Cyprinodontiformes indet. (63338)