PBDB Taxon

Basic info	Taxonomic history	Classification	Included Taxa
Morphology	Ecology and taphonomy	External Literature Search	Age range and collections

Hemichordata (acorn worm)

Taxonomy

Hemichordata was named by Bateson (1885). It is extant.

It was assigned to Ambulacralia by Zrzavy et al. (1998); to Metazoa by Sepkoski (2002); and to Ambulacraria by Edgecombe et al. (2011), Nielsen (2012).

Subtaxa

Enteropneusta, Pterobranchia

Synonymy list

Year	Name and author
1885	Hemichordata Bateson
1998	Hemichordata Zrzavy et al.
2002	Hemichordata Sepkoski
2011	Hemichordata Edgecombe et al. p. 153 figs. Fig. 1
2012	Hemichordata Nielsen p. 335

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Rank	Name	Author
kingdom	Animalia	()
—	Bilateria
—	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
—	Deuterostomia

Rank	Name	Author
—	Ambulacraria
phylum	Hemichordata	Bateson 1885
phylum	Hemichordata	Bateson 1885

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Ph. Hemichordata Bateson 1885 [acorn worm]

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Cl. Enteropneusta

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Fm. Harrimaniidae Spengel 1901

G. †Megaderaion

G. Saccoglossus Schimkewitsch 1892

†Saccoglossus testa Cameron 2016

G. †Spartobranchus Caron et al. 2013

†Spartobranchus tenuis Caron et al. 2013

Fm. Spengelidae Willey 1899

G. †Mazoglossus Bardack 1997

†Mazoglossus ramsdelli Bardack 1997

Cl. Pterobranchia Lankester 1877 [pterobranch]

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Or. Cephalodiscida

Fm. †Cephalodiscidae Harmer 1905

G. †Aellograptus

†Aellograptus savitskyi Obut 1964

G. Cephalodiscus

G. †Melanostrophus

G. †Pterobranchites

Invalid names: Eocephalodiscidae Kozłowski 1949 [synonym]

Subcl. Graptolithina Bronn 1849 [graptolite]

Unr. †Acanthastida Kozlowski 1949

G. †Acanthastus Kozlowski 1948

G. †Ascograptus

Or. †Camaroidea

Fm. †Bithecocamaridae Bulman 1955

G. †Bithecocamara

Fm. †Cysticamaridae Bulman 1955

G. †Cysticamara

G. †Flexicollicamara

G. †Graptocamara

G. †Tubicamara

G. †Syringotaenia

G. †Ceramograptus

G. †Crinocaulis

Or. †Crustoidea Bulman 1970

G. †Ruedemannicrusta Kozlowski 1962

G. †Urbanekicrusta

G. †Xenocyathus

Invalid names: Hormograptidae Bulman 1970 [empty]

Fm. †Cyclograptidae Bulman 1938

G. †Calycotubus

G. †Camarotubus Mierzejewski 2001

G. †Conitubus

G. †Cyclograptus

G. †Discograptus

G. †Galeograptus

G. †Kozlowskitubus

G. †Marsipograptus Ruedemann 1936

†Marsipograptus bullatus Ruedemann 1936

†Marsipograptus percensis Ruedemann 1936

G. †Parvitubus

G. †Reticulograptus

G. †Rhipidodendrum

G. †Tubidendrum

Or. †Dendroidea Nicholson 1872

Fm. †Acanthograptidae Bulman 1938

G. †Acanthograptus

G. †Callograptus

Invalid names: Odontocaulis Lapworth 1881 [synonym]

G. †Coremagraptus

G. †Dictyonema Hall 1851

G. †Koremagraptus

Invalid names: Archaeodictyota [synonym]

G. †Palaeodictyota Whtifield 1902

G. †Ptiograptus

G. †Thallograptus Ruedemann 1925

G. †Aretograptus Obut and Sobolevskaya 1962

G. †Cactograptus

G. †Coelograptus

Fm. †Dendrograptidae Roemer 1897

G. †Airograptus Ruedemann 1916

G. †Aspidograptus

Invalid names: Clematograptus Hopkinson 1875 [replaced]

G. †Calyxdendrum

G. †Dendrograptus Hall 1858

G. †Desmograptus

Invalid names: Rhizograptus Spencer 1878 [synonym]

G. †Graptolodendrum

G. †Licnograptus

G. †Ophigraptus

G. †Polygonograptus Boucek 1957

G. †Ptilograptus

Invalid names: Chaunograptidae Bulman 1955 [empty]

Fm. †Dithecodendridae Obut 1964

G. †Archaeolafoea Chapman 1919

†Archaeolafoea longicornis Chapman 1919

†Archaeolafoea monegettae Chapman 1919

G. †Bulmanidendrum Obut 1974

G. †Karasidendrum Sennikov 1998

G. †Ovetograptus Sdzuy 1974

G. †Protodendrum Sennikov 1998

G. †Siberiodendrum Obut 1964

G. †Sibiriograptus Obut 1964

G. †Sotograptus Sdzuy 1974

G. †Tarnagraptus Sdzuy 1974

G. †Dithecodendrum

Unr. †Graptoblasti Kozlowski 1949

G. †Graptoblastoides

G. †Graptoblastus

Unr. †Graptoloida Maletz et al. 2009 [graptoloid]

Unr. †Eugraptoloida Maletz et al. 2009

Unr. †Reclinata Maletz et al. 2009

Invalid names: Panreclinata Maletz et al. 2009 [empty]

Or. †Graptoloidea Lapworth 1875

G. †Apiograptus

G. †Arienigraptus

G. †Arnheimograptus

Subor. †Axonophora Frech 1897

Infraor. †Diplograptina Lapworth 1880

Infraor. †Neograptina Storch et al. 2011

G. †Bergstroemograptus

G. †Crinitograptus Rickards 1995

Subor. †Dichograptina Lapworth 1873

Fm. †Dichograptidae Lapworth 1873

Fm. †Phyllograptidae Kiessling 2009

Fm. †Pterograptidae Mu 1950

Fm. †Tetragraptidae Frech 1897

Fm. †Didymograptidae Mu 1950

G. †Aulograptus

G. †Baltograptus Maletz 1994

G. †Cymatograptus

G. †Expansograptus Bouček and Přibyl 1953

Subor. †Didymograptina Lapworth 1875

Fm. †Abrograptidae Mu 1958

Fm. †Corynoididae Bulman 1944

Fm. †Nemagraptidae Lapworth 1873

G. †Dimorphograptoides

G. †Eisenackograptus

G. †Eoglyptograptus

G. †Euclimacograptus

G. †Exigraptus

Subor. †Glossograptina Jaanuson 1960

Fm. †Cyrtograptidae Boucek 1933

Fm. †Glossograptidae Lapworth 1873

Fm. †Isograptidae Harris 1933

Invalid names: Arienigraptidae Yu and Fang 1981 [synonym]

Invalid names: Bireclinata Maletz et al. 2009 [synonym]

Subor. †Graptodendroidina Mu and Lin 1981

Fm. †Anisograptidae Bullman 1950

Invalid names: Nephelograptidae Boucek 1957 [synonym]

Fm. †Mastigograptidae Bates and Urbanek 2002

G. †Hirsutograptus

G. †Joamgsjamotes

Fm. †Kinnegraptidae Mu 1974

G. †Kinnegraptus

G. †Paradelograptus Erdtmann et al. 1987

G. †Laxograptus

†Laxograptus shellyi Henderson 1983

G. †Lenzograptus Loydell 2020

Invalid names: Lenzia Rickards and Wright 1999 [replaced]

G. †Metabrograptus

Subor. †Monograptina Lapworth 1880

Fm. †Cryptograptidae Boucek 1933

G. †Neocolonograptus Urbanek 1997

†Neocolonograptus lochkovensis Přibyl 1940

†Neocolonograptus parultimus Jaeger 1975

†Neocolonograptus ultimus Perner 1899

G. †Neocucullograptus

G. †Neodicellograptus

G. †Neolobograptus

G. †Parapetalolithis Koren' and Rickards 1996

G. †Pararetiograptus

G. †Plectodinemagraptus

G. †Pseudamplexograptus

†Pseudamplexograptus latus Bulman 1931

G. †Pseudoisograptus

G. †Pseudomonoclimacis

G. †Pseudoplectograptus

G. †Pseudorthograptus

G. †Rivagraptus

†Rivagraptus bellulus Törnquist 1890

†Rivagraptus kayi Churkin and Carter 1970

†Rivagraptus supernus Fu and Song 1986

G. †Semiplectograptus

Subor. †Sinograpta Maletz 2009

Fm. †Sinograptidae Mu 1957

Subor. †Sinograptina Maletz 2009

Fm. †Sigmagraptidae Cooper and Fortey 1982

G. †Sinoreteograptus

G. †Stromatograptus

G. †Uncinatograptus

†Uncinatograptus uncinatus Tullberg 1883

G. †Urbanekograptus

Invalid names: Bryograptidae Obut 1957 [empty], Dichograptacea Lapworth 1873 [empty], Virgellina Fortey and Cooper 1986 [empty]

G. †Leveillites

G. †Palmatophycus Boucek 1941

†Palmatophycus contractus Boucek 1941

G. †Pilograptus

Fm. †Rhabdopleuridae Harmer 1905

G. †Archaeocryptolaria

G. †Calyxhydra Kozlowski 1959

G. †Chitinodendron Eisenack 1938

G. Cylindrotheca Rabenhorst 1848

G. †Epigraptus

G. †Fasciculitubus

G. †Graptovermis

G. †Haplograptus Ruedemann 1933

†Haplograptus wisconsinensis Ruedemann 1933

G. †Kystodendron

G. Rhabdopleura Allman 1869

Invalid names: Rhabdopleura Allman 1867 [objective synonym]

G. †Rhabdopleurites

G. †Rhabdopleuroides

G. †Rhabdotubus

G. Rhapdopleura Allman 1869

G. †Stolonodendrum

G. †Siryngotaenia

Fm. †Wimanicrustidae Bulman 1970

G. †Bulmanicrusta Kozlowski 1962

G. †Ellesicrusta

G. †Holmicrusta

G. †Hormograptus

G. †Lapworthicrusta

G. †Wimanicrusta

Invalid names: Diplograptoidea Lapworth 1880 [empty], Dithecoidea Obut 1964 [empty], Graptolithus Linnaeus 1768 [invalid subgroup], Graptovermida Kozlowski 1949 [empty], Limpidograptus [nomen vanum], Stolonoidea Kozlowski 1938 [empty], Thamnograptus [nomen vanum], Trigonograptus Lapworth 1873 [nomen vanum], Tuboidea Kozlowski 1938 [empty]

G. †Mastograptus LoDuca and Kramer 2014

G. †Webbyites Kraft et al. 2001

†Webbyites felix Muir and Gutiérrez-Marco 2023

†Webbyites rokycanensis Boucek 1956

G. †Yuknessia Walcott 1919

†Yuknessia simplex Walcott 1919

†Yuknessia stephenensis LoDuca et al. 2015

Invalid names: Rhabdopleurida Fowler 1892 [empty]

Diagnosis

No diagnoses are available

Measurements

No measurements are available

Composition:

no hard partsp

Created:

2009-10-08 23:19:19

Modified:

2009-10-09 01:19:19

Source: p = phylum

Reference: Hendy et al. 2009

Age range

Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Nemakit-Daldynian to the top of the Bucklandi or 538.80000 to 192.90000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 525.5 Ma

Collections (2283 total)

Time interval	Ma	Country or state	Original ID and collection number
Oldest occurrences
Nemakit-Daldynian	538.8 - 525.5	China (Hubei)	Yuknessia sp. (97556)
Cambrian	538.8 - 486.85	USA (Montana)	Dendrograptus sp., Acanthograptus sp. (258)
Atdabanian	521.0 - 516.0	China (Guizhou)	Rhabdopleurida indet. (96641) Yuknessia sp. (86849)
Atdabanian	521.0 - 516.0	China (Yunnan)	Yuknessia sp. (86851)
Delamaran	509.7 - 505.3	Canada (British Columbia)	Hemichordata indet. A (84428) Spartobranchus tenuis (121962) Yuknessia simplex (84422 84423 84429 84430 84431 84432 84433) Yuknessia simplex, Hemichordata indet. A (84424 84425 84427) Yuknessia simplex, Yuknessia stephenensis (121958)
Delamaran	509.7 - 505.3	USA (Utah)	Yuknessia simplex (77218)
Solvan	508.2 - 504.5	Sweden (Norrbotten)	Rhabdotubus johanssoni (9782)
Middle Cambrian	506.5 - 497.0	USA (Utah)	Archaeolafoea monegettae (204499 204524)
St Davids	506.5 - 497.0	Canada (British Columbia)	Graptolithina indet., Hemichordata indet. (122017)
Mayan	504.5 - 499.5	Russian Federation (Gorniy Altay)	Aspidograptus sp. (10174)
Menevian	504.5 - 499.5	Russian Federation (Siberia)	Rhabdopleura obuti (8096 8097)
Marjumian	504.5 - 497.0	USA (Utah)	Mastograptus sp. (230679) Spartobranchus sp., Tarnagraptus sp. (230682) Yuknessia simplex (261)
Marjumian	504.5 - 497.0	Canada (British Columbia)	Graptolithina indet. (122072)
Guzhangian	500.5 - 497.0	Canada (Newfoundland)	Dendrograptus kindlei (198257)
Idamean	497.0 - 494.2	Australia (Tasmania)	Aellograptus savitskyi, Archaeolafoea monegettae, Archaeolafoea longicornis, Aspidograptus smithtonensis, Desmograptus quiltyi, Dendrograptus hallianus, Polygonograptus mellaensis, Thallograptus sp., Callograptus praesalteri, Dictyonema ramosissimum, Palaeodictyota sp., Mastigograptus serialis (204525)
Sakian - Aksaian	497.0 - 491.5	Russian Federation (Yaroslavl Oblast)	Dictyonema sp. (235442)
Furongian	497.0 - 486.85	China (Guangxi)	Dendrograptus sp., Callograptus sp., Dictyonema sp. (116360)
Furongian	497.0 - 486.85	Argentina	Rhabdinopora eurycephala (235392)
Late/Upper Cambrian	497.0 - 486.85	USA (Alaska)	Callograptus sp., Dictyonema sp. (114979) Dendrograptus sp. (114981)
Merioneth	497.0 - 486.85	Canada (Northwest Territories)	Dendrograptus sp. (25629 25630) Dendrograptus sp., Callograptus sp., Dictyonema sp. (25606) Desmograptus sp., Dendrograptus sp. (25755) Dictyonema sp. (25595)