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Arthrodira

Placodermi - Arthrodira

Taxonomy

Arthrodira was named by Woodward (1891).

It was reranked as the subclass Arthrodira by Obruchev (1964); it was reranked as the unranked clade Arthrodira by Jobbins et al. (2022).

It was assigned to Dipnoi by Gadow (1898); to Placodermi by Hay (1902); to Placodermi by Bryant (1932) and Denison (1975); to Placodermi by Obruchev (1964), Straka and Semken (1969), Denison (1978), Dineley and Metcalf (1999), Young (2010) and Young and Long (2014); and to Placodermi by Jobbins et al. (2022).

Subtaxa

Acanthaspida, Actinolepidoidei, Actinolepina, Africanaspis, Antarctolepis, Arctolepidae, Arctonema, Arenipiscis, Aspidichthys, Atlantidosteus, Brachydeirina, Brachythoraci, Brachythoracoidei, Bruntonichthys, Bullerichthys, Bungartiidae, Burrinjucosteus, Callognathus, Camuropiscidae, Coccosteina, Copanognathus, Cosmacanthus, Cravenaspis, Diplognathus, Erikaspis, Errolosteus, Eskimaspis, Euarthrodira, Eubrachythoraci, Glyptaspis, Goodradigbeeon, Grazosteus, Groenlandaspididae, Harrytoombsia, Heintzosteus, Heterostiina, Hollardosteus, Holonematina, Huaningichthys, Incisoscutoidea, Kendrickichthys, Kimberleyichthys (syn. Kimberia), Kueichowlepis, Latocamurus, Laurentaspis, Lurapullaspis, Machaerognathus, Mcnamaraspis, Murmur, Mylostomatidae, Operchallosteus, Overtonaspis, Pachyosteidae, Pachyosteina, Parawilliamsaspis, Phlyctaenina, Phlyctaenioidei, Phylctaeniida, Phyllolepidoidei, Platyaspis, Prescottaspis, Qataraspis, Rhachiosteidae, Rolfosteus, Selenosteidae, Squamatognathus, Stegophthalami, Taemasosteus, Taunaspis, Temnothoraci, Timanosteus, Titanichthyidae, Toombalepis, Toombsosteus, Torosteus, Trachosteus, Tubonasus, Wheathillaspis, Wuttagoonaspina, Yinosteus

Sister taxa

Coccosteina, Stegophthalami, Temnothoraci

Synonyms

Arthrodiriformes was named by Grande and Eastman (1986) [Named as a subjective synonym of Arthrodira]. It is not extant.

It was synonymized subjectively with Arthrodira by Grande and Eastman (1986).

It was assigned to Placodermi by Long (2011) and Nelson et al. (2016).

Synonymy list

Year	Name and author
1891	Arthrodira Woodward
1898	Arthrodira Gadow p. 11
1902	Arthrodira Hay p. 344
1932	Arthrodira Bryant p. 232
1964	Arthrodira Obruchev p. 180
1969	Arthrodira Straka and Semken p. 1424
1975	Arthrodira Denison p. 23
1978	Arthrodira Denison
1986	Arthrodiriformes Grande and Eastman
1999	Arthrodira Dineley and Metcalf p. 11
2010	Arthrodira Young p. 527
2011	Arthrodiriformes Long p. 242
2014	Arthrodira Young and Long p. 242
2016	Arthrodiriformes Nelson et al. p. 39
2022	Arthrodira Jobbins et al. p. 4

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Rank	Name	Author
kingdom	Animalia	()
—	Bilateria
—	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
—	Deuterostomia
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1874
subphylum	Vertebrata

Rank	Name	Author
superclass	Gnathostomata
—	Placodermiomorphi
class	Placodermi	M'Coy 1848
order	Arthrodira	Woodward 1891
order	Arthrodira	Woodward 1891

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Or. †Arthrodira Woodward 1891

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Fm. †Acanthaspida Heintz 1921

G. †Euryaspis Bryant 1932

†Euryaspis brachycephalus Bryant 1932

G. †Svalbardaspis Heintz 1929

†Svalbardaspis montanus Bryant 1932

Subor. †Actinolepina Miles 1973

Fm. †Actinolepidae Gross 1940

G. †Actinolepis Agassiz 1845

†Actinolepis magna Mark-Kurik 1973

†Actinolepis spinosa Mark-Kurik 1985

†Actinolepis tuberculata Agassiz 1845

†Actinolepis zaikai Plax and Newman 2020

G. †Aethaspis Denison 1958

†Aethaspis major Denison 1958

†Aethaspis utahensis Denison 1958

G. †Ailuracantha White 1969

†Ailuracantha dorsifelis White 1969

G. †Aleosteus Johnson et al. 2000

†Aleosteus eganensis Johnson et al. 2000

G. †Anarthraspis Bryant 1934

†Anarthraspis chamberlini Bryant 1932

†Anarthraspis montanus Bryant and Ruedemann 1934

G. †Baringaspis Miles 1973

†Baringaspis dineleyi Miles 1973

G. †Bollandaspis Schmidt 1976

†Bollandaspis woschmidti Schmidt 1976

G. †Bryantolepis Denison 1958

†Bryantolepis brachycephala Bryant 1932

†Bryantolepis cristata Bryant 1934

†Bryantolepis williamsi Elliott and Carr 2010

G. †Heightingtonaspis White 1969

†Heightingtonaspis anglica Traquair 1890

†Heightingtonaspis clarkei Eastman 1907

†Heightingtonaspis willsi White 1961

G. †Kujdanowiaspis Stensio 1942

†Kujdanowiaspis buczacziensis Brotzen 1934

†Kujdanowiaspis podolica Brotzen 1934

Invalid names: Kujdanowiaspis rectiformis Brotzen 1934 [synonym]

G. †Lataspis Strand 1932

†Lataspis brevicornis Heintz 1929

†Lataspis rotundicomis Heintz 1929

G. †Lehmanosteus Goujet 1984

†Lehmanosteus hyperboreus Goujet 1984

G. †Mediaspis Heintz 1929

†Mediaspis problematica Heintz 1929

G. †Proaethaspis Denison 1978

†Proaethaspis ohioensis Denison 1960

G. †Sigaspis Goujet 1973

†Sigaspis lepidophora Goujet 1973

G. †Simblaspis Denison 1958

†Simblaspis cachensis Denison 1958

G. †Stuertzaspis Westoll and Miles 1963

†Stuertzaspis germanica Traquair 1903

G. †Szelepis Liu 1979

†Szelepis yunnanensis Liu 1979

G. †Africanaspis Long et al. 1997

G. †Antarctolepis White 1968

†Antarctolepis gunni White 1968

Fm. †Arctolepidae Heintz 1937

G. †Plataspis Westwood 1837

G. †Arctonema Orvig 1969

†Arctonema crassum Orvig 1969

G. †Arenipiscis Young 1981

G. †Aspidichthys Newberry 1873

†Aspidichthys clavatus Newberry 1873

†Aspidichthys ingens Koenen 1883

†Aspidichthys notabilis Whiteaves 1892

G. †Atlantidosteus Lelievre 1984

Subor. †Brachythoraci Gross 1932

Superfm. †Brachydeiroidea Denison 1978

Fm. †Brachydeiridae Gross 1932

G. †Brachydeirus Koenen 1880

†Brachydeirus bicarinatus Stensio 1963

†Brachydeirus carinatus Koenen 1880

†Brachydeirus gracilis Gross 1932

†Brachydeirus grandis Gross 1932

†Brachydeirus magnus Gross 1933

†Brachydeirus minor Gross 1932

G. †Oxyosteus Jaeckel 1911

†Oxyosteus magnus Gross 1932

†Oxyosteus rostratus Gross 1932

G. †Synauchenia Jaeckel 1919

†Synauchenia coalescens Gross 1932

Fm. †Leptosteidae Jaekel 1911

G. †Leptosteus Jaeckel 1919

†Leptosteus bickensis Koenen 1876

†Leptosteus involutus Bryant 1931

Superfm. †Buchanosteoidea Denison 1978

Fm. †Buchanosteidae White 1952

G. †Buchanosteus Stensiö 1945

†Buchanosteus confertituberculatus Chapman 1916

Invalid names: Buchanosteus murrumbidgeensis White 1952 [synonym]

G. †Parabuchanosteus White and Toombs 1972

G. †Richardosteus Long et al. 2014

Fm. †Williamsaspidae White 1952

G. †Williamsaspis White 1952

†Williamsaspis bedfordi White 1952

Superfm. †Coccosteoidea Denison 1978

Fm. †Coccosteidae Asmuss 1856

G. †Agassichthys Newberry 1857

G. †Anomalichthys Koenen 1883

G. †Aspidophorus Newberry 1870

G. †Asteroplax Woodward 1891

G. †Belgiosteus Lehman 1973

†Belgiosteus mortelmansi Lehman 1973

G. †Brachydirus Koenen 1880

G. †Clarkeosteus Obruchev 1964

†Clarkeosteus halmodeus Clarke 1894

G. †Coccosteus Agassiz 1843

†Coccosteus canadensis Woodward 1892

†Coccosteus carbonarius M'Coy 1848

†Coccosteus chamberlini Bryant 1932

†Coccosteus cuspidatus Miller 1841

Invalid names: Millerosteus orvikui Gross 1940 [synonym]

†Coccosteus cuyahogae Claypole 1898

†Coccosteus decipiens Agassiz 1841

†Coccosteus disjectus Woodward 1891

†Coccosteus grossi Obrucheva 1962

†Coccosteus hercynius von Meyer 1852

†Coccosteus macromus Cope 1892

†Coccosteus markae Obrucheva 1962

†Coccosteus minor Miller 1858

†Coccosteus occidentalis Newberry 1875

†Coccosteus terranovae Obruchev 1934

G. †Dickosteus Miles and Westoll 1963

†Dickosteus threiplandi Miles and Westoll 1963

G. †Eldenosteus Hussakof 1942

†Eldenosteus arizonensis Hussakof 1942

G. †Lispognathus Miller 1892

G. †Livosteus Obrucheva 1962

†Livosteus grandis Gross 1933

G. †Millerosteus Stensio 1959

†Millerosteus minor Miller 1858

G. †Phlyctaenaspis Traquair 1890

†Phlyctaenaspis anglica Traquair 1870

G. †Physichthys Meyer 1855

G. †Plourdosteus Orvig 1951

†Plourdosteus canadensis Woodward 1892

†Plourdosteus grossi Kulczycki 1957

†Plourdosteus livonicus Eastman 1896

†Plourdosteus magnus Traquair 1895

†Plourdosteus mironovi Obruchev 1933

†Plourdosteus panderi Obrucheva 1962

†Plourdosteus timanicus Obrucheva 1962

†Plourdosteus trautscholdi Eastman 1897

G. †Ponerichthys Miller 1892

G. †Siphonodus Fischer von Waldheim 1852

G. †Watsonosteus Miles and Westoll 1963

†Watsonosteus fletti Watson 1932

G. †Woodwardosteus White and Moy-Thomas 1940

†Woodwardosteus spatulatus Newberry 1873

Invalid names: Coccosteinae Hay 1902 [empty]

Fm. †Gemuendenaspidae Miles 1962

G. †Gemuendenaspis Miles 1962

†Gemuendenaspis angusta Traquair 1903

Fm. †Pholidosteidae Gross 1932

G. †Malerosteus Kulczycki 1957

†Malerosteus gorizdroae Kulczycki 1957

G. †Pholidosteus Jaeckel 1907

†Pholidosteus bidorsatus Koenen 1880

†Pholidosteus friedeli Jaekel 1907

†Pholidosteus laevior Gross 1932

G. †Tapinosteus

†Tapinosteus heintzi Stensio 1963

Superfm. †Dinichthyoidea Denison 1978

Fm. †Leiosteidae Stensiö 1963

G. †Erromenosteus Jaeckel 1919

†Erromenosteus brachyrostris Stensio 1963

†Erromenosteus concavus Gross 1932

†Erromenosteus diensti Stensio 1959

†Erromenosteus inflatus Stensio 1963

†Erromenosteus koeneni Stensio 1963

†Erromenosteus lucifer Jaekel 1919

†Erromenosteus platycephalus Gross 1932

Fm. †Trematosteidae Gross 1932

G. †Belosteus Jaeckel 1927

†Belosteus elegans Jaekel 1919

G. †Brachyosteus Jaeckel 1927

†Brachyosteus dietrichi Gross 1932

†Brachyosteus ooensis Gross 1937

G. †Cyrtosteus Gross 1932

†Cyrtosteus inflatus Koenen 1880

G. †Parabelosteus

†Parabelosteus acuticeps Gross 1932

†Parabelosteus pusillus Gross 1932

†Parabelosteus tuberculatus Stensio 1963

G. †Trematosteus Jaeckel 1927

†Trematosteus fontanellus Gross 1932

G. †Doseyosteus Young 2004

†Doseyosteus talenti Young 2004

Superfm. †Heterosteoidea Denison 1984

Fm. †Heterosteidae Jaekel 1903

G. †Herasmius Orvig 1969

†Herasmius granulatus Orvig 1969

G. †Heterosteus Asmuss 1856

†Heterosteus asmussi Agassiz 1844

†Heterosteus convexus Asmuss 1856

†Heterosteus groenlandicus Stensio 1938

†Heterosteus ingens Asmuss 1856

†Heterosteus rhenanus Gross 1933

Superfm. †Homosteoidea Denison 1978

Fm. †Homostiidae Jaekel 1903

G. †Angarichthys Obruchev 1927

†Angarichthys hyperboreus Obruchev 1927

G. †Antineosteus Lelievre 1984

†Antineosteus rufus Vaškaninová and Kraft 2014

G. †Cavanosteus Young 2004

†Cavanosteus australis McCoy 1876

G. †Euleptaspis White and Moy-Thomas 1940

†Euleptaspis depressa Gross 1933

G. †Lophostracon Lankester 1884

†Lophostracon spitzbergense Lankester 1884

G. †Luetkeichthys Bystrow 1957

†Luetkeichthys borealis Bystrow 1957

G. †Tityosteus Gross 1960

†Tityosteus rieversi Gross 1960

G. †Bruntonichthys DENNIS and MILES 1980

†Bruntonichthys multidens DENNIS and MILES 1980

G. †Bullerichthys DENNIS and MILES 1980

†Bullerichthys fascidens DENNIS and MILES 1980

Fm. †Bungartiidae Denison 1975

G. †Bungartius Dunkle 1947

†Bungartius penssus Dunkle 1947

G. †Burrinjucosteus White 1978

†Burrinjucosteus asymmetricus White 1978

G. †Callognathus Newberry 1890

†Callognathus regularis Newberry 1889

†Callognathus serratus Newberry 1889

Fm. †Camuropiscidae Dennis and Miles 1979

G. †Camuropiscis Dennis and Miles 1979

†Camuropiscis concinnus Dennis and Miles 1979

†Camuropiscis laidlawi Dennis and Miles 1979

G. †Fallacosteus Long 1990

Or. †Coccosteina Heintz 1932

Invalid names: Euleptaspididae Obruchev 1964 [empty], Gemuendenaspoidea Denison 1978 [empty]

G. †Copanognathus Hussakof and Bryant 1920

†Copanognathus crassus Hussakof and Bryant 1919

G. †Cosmacanthus Agassiz 1845

†Cosmacanthus bullatus Saint John and Worthen 1875

†Cosmacanthus carinatus Davis 1883

†Cosmacanthus malcolmsoni Agassiz 1844

†Cosmacanthus marginalis Davis 1883

†Cosmacanthus priscus Mcoy 1848

†Cosmacanthus stellatus Saint John and Worthen 1875

G. †Cravenaspis Young and Goujet 2003

†Cravenaspis trematosus Young and Goujet 2003

G. †Diplognathus Newberry 1878

†Diplognathus mirabilis Newberry 1878

G. †Erikaspis Dupret et al. 2007

†Erikaspis zychi Dupret et al. 2007

G. †Errolosteus Young 1981

G. †Eskimaspis Dineley and Yuhai 1984

†Eskimaspis heintzi Dineley and Yuhai 1984

Superor. †Euarthrodira

Invalid names: Arctolepidida Obruchev 1964 [empty]

Unr. †Eubrachythoraci Miles 1971

Unr. †Aspinothoracidi Miles and Dennis 1979

Fm. †Dinichthyidae Newberry 1888

G. †Brachygnathus Agassiz 1843

G. †Brontichthys Claypole 1894

†Brontichthys clarki Claypole 1894

G. †Dinichthys Newberry 1868

†Dinichthys canadensis Whiteaves 1892

†Dinichthys curtus Newberry 1888

†Dinichthys gouldii Newberry 1885

†Dinichthys gracilis Claypole 1893

†Dinichthys halmodeus Clarke 1894

†Dinichthys hertzeri Newberry 1868

†Dinichthys intermedius Newberry 1889

†Dinichthys jeffersonensis Branson and Mehl 1931

†Dinichthys lincolni Claypole 1893

†Dinichthys minor Newberry 1878

†Dinichthys newberryi Clarke 1885

†Dinichthys praemaxillaris Hay 1902

†Dinichthys precursor Newberry 1889

†Dinichthys prentisclarki Claypole 1896

†Dinichthys ringuebergi Newberry 1889

†Dinichthys terrelli Miller 1892

†Dinichthys tuberculatus Newberry 1888

G. †Eastmanosteus Obruchev 1964

†Eastmanosteus aduncus Hussakof and Bryant 1919

†Eastmanosteus calliaspis DENNIS-BRYAN 1987

†Eastmanosteus egloni Obrucheva 1956

†Eastmanosteus licharevi Obrucheva 1956

†Eastmanosteus precursor Newberry 1889

†Eastmanosteus pustulosus Eastman 1897

†Eastmanosteus tuberculatus Newberry 1888

G. †Holdenius Dunkle and Bungart 1942

†Holdenius holdeni Dunkle and Bungart 1942

G. †Hussakofia Cossman 1910

†Hussakofia minor Newberry 1878

G. †Perissognathus Hussakof and Bryant

G. †Stenognathus Newberry 1889

†Stenognathus corrugatus Newberry 1889

G. †Westralichthys Long 1987

†Westralichthys uwagedensis Long 1987

G. †Gorgonichthys Claypole 1892

†Gorgonichthys clarki Claypole 1892

G. †Hadrosteus Gross 1932

†Hadrosteus rapax Gross 1932

G. †Heintzichthys Whitley 1933

†Heintzichthys denticulatus Hussakof and Bryant 1919

†Heintzichthys dolichocephalus Eastman 1907

†Heintzichthys gouldii Newberry 1885

†Heintzichthys insignis Hussakof and Bryant 1919

†Heintzichthys mixeri Hussakof and Bryant 1919

†Heintzichthys ringuebergi Newberry 1889

G. †Homostius Asmuss 1840

†Homosteus arcticus Heintz 1934

†Homosteus formosissimus Asmuss 1856

†Homosteus kochi Stensio 1938

†Homosteus latus Asmuss 1856

†Homosteus manitobensis Okulitch 1944

†Homosteus milleri Traquair 1849

†Homosteus sulcatus Kutorga 1837

Unr. †Pachyosteomorphi Stensiö 1944

Superfm. †Dunkleosteoidea Vézina 1990

Fm. †Dunkleosteidae Stensiö 1963

G. †Dunkleosteus Newberry 1874

G. †Golshanichthys Lelièvre et al. 1981

Fm. †Panxiosteidae Wang 1979

G. †Janiosteus Ivanov 1989

G. †Panxiosteus Wang 1979

G. †Kiangyousteus Liu 1955

†Kiangyousteus yohii Liu 1955

G. †Glyptaspis Newberry 1890

†Glyptaspis verrucosa Newberry 1889

G. †Goodradigbeeon White 1978

†Goodradigbeeon australianum White 1978

G. †Grazosteus Gross 1958

†Grazosteus hoernesi Gross 1958

Fm. †Groenlandaspididae Obruchev 1964

G. †Boomeraspis Long 1995

†Boomeraspis goujeti Long 1995

G. †Groenlandaspis Heintz 1932

†Groenlandaspis antarctica Ritchie 1975

†Groenlandaspis disjectus Woodward 1891

†Groenlandaspis howittensis Fitzpatrick et al. 2024

†Groenlandaspis mirabilis Heintz 1932

†Groenlandaspis riniensis Long et al. 1997

†Groenlandaspis seni Janvier and Ritchie 1977

G. †Mulgaspis Ritchie 2004

†Mulgaspis altus Ritchie 2004

†Mulgaspis evansorum Ritchie 2004

G. †Turrisaspis Daeschler et al. 2003

G. †Harrytoombsia MILES and DENNIS 1979

†Harrytoombsia elegans MILES and DENNIS 1979

G. †Heintzosteus Goujet 1984

†Heintzosteus brevis Goujet 1984

G. †Hollardosteus

†Hollardosteus marocanus Lehman 1976

G. †Huaningichthys Wang 1979

Superfm. †Incisoscutoidea Long 1994

Fm. †Incisoscutidae Denison 1984

G. †Incisoscutum Dennis and Miles 1981

†Incisoscutum ritchiei DENNIS and MILES 1981

†Incisoscutum sarahae Long 1994

Invalid names: Gogosteus Long 1994 [synonym]

Fm. †Plourdosteidae Vézina 1990

G. †Compagopiscis GARDINER and MILES 1994

†Compagopiscis croucheri GARDINER and MILES 1994

G. †Protitanichthys Eastman 1908

†Protitanichthys fossatus Eastman 1908

†Protitanichthys rockportensis Case 1931

G. †Kendrickichthys DENNIS and MILES 1980

†Kendrickichthys cavernosus DENNIS and MILES 1980

G. †Kimberleyichthys Dennis-Bryan and Miles 1983

Invalid names: Kimberia Dennis-Bryan and Miles 1983 [replaced]

G. †Kueichowlepis Pan and Wang 1975

G. †Latocamurus LONG 1988

†Latocamurus coulthardi LONG 1988

G. †Laurentaspis Pageau 1969

†Laurentaspis splendida Pageau 1969

G. †Lurapullaspis Young and Goujet 2003

†Lurapullaspis johannseni Young and Goujet 2003

G. †Machaerognathus Hussakof and Bryant 1919

†Machaerognathus woodwardi Hussakof and Bryant 1919

G. †Mcnamaraspis Long 1995

†Mcnamaraspis kaprios Long 1995

G. †Murmur Whitley 1951

†Murmur arcuatus Bryant 1935

Fm. †Mylostomatidae Woodward 1891

G. †Dinomylostoma Eastman 1906

†Dinomylostoma beecheri Eastman 1906

†Dinomylostoma buffaloensis Hussakof and Bryant 1919

†Dinomylostoma eastmani Hussakof 1913

G. †Mylostoma Newberry 1883

†Mylostoma eurhinus Dunkle and Bungart 1945

†Mylostoma newberryi Eastman 1907

†Mylostoma terrelli Newberry 1883

†Mylostoma variabile Newberry 1883

G. †Tafilalichthys Lehman 1956

†Tafilalichthys lavocati Lehman 1954

G. †Operchallosteus Kulczycki 1957

G. †Overtonaspis White 1961

†Overtonaspis billballi White 1961

Subor. †Pachyosteina Obruchev 1964

Invalid names: Erromenosteidae Obruchev 1964 [empty], Hussakofiidae Obruchev 1964 [empty]

G. †Parawilliamsaspis Liu 1980

Subor. †Phlyctaenina Miles 1973

Fm. †Holonematidae Obruchev 1932

G. †Belemnacanthus Eastman 1898

†Belemnacanthus giganteus Eastman 1898

G. †Deirosteus Wells 1942

†Deirosteus abbreviatus Eastman 1907

†Deirosteus angustatus Obruchev 1961

†Deirosteus omaliusii Agassiz 1844

G. †Deveonema Kulczycki 1957

†Deveonema obrucevi Kulczycki 1957

G. †Gyroplacosteus Obrutschev 1930

†Gyroplacosteus butovi Obruchev 1932

†Gyroplacosteus panderi Obruchev 1932

†Gyroplacosteus vialowi Kulczycki 1957

G. †Holonema Newberry 1890

†Holonema arcticum Mark-Kurik 1975

†Holonema farrowi Stevens 1964

†Holonema haiti Denison 1968

†Holonema harmae Mark 1953

†Holonema horrida Cope 1892

†Holonema obrutshevi Mark 1953

†Holonema ornatum Traquair 1908

†Holonema radiatum Obruchev 1932

†Holonema rugosa Claypole 1883

†Holonema westolli Miles 1971

G. †Megaloplax Obrutschev 1933

†Megaloplax marginalis Eichwald 1871

G. †Rhenonema Obruchev 1964

†Rhenonema eifeliense Kayser 1880

G. †Tiaraspis Gross 1962

†Tiaraspis subtilis Gross 1933

G. †Tropidosteus Gross 1933

†Tropidosteus curvatus Gross 1933

Fm. †Phlyctaeniidae Fowler 1947

G. †Aggeraspis Gross 1962

†Aggeraspis heintzi Gross 1933

G. †Arctaspis Heintz 1929

†Arctaspis hoegi Heintz 1929

†Arctaspis hoeli Heintz 1929

†Arctaspis holtedahli Heintz 1929

†Arctaspis kiaeri Heintz 1929

†Arctaspis maxima Heintz 1929

†Arctaspis minor Heintz 1929

G. †Arctolepis Eastman 1908

†Arctolepis brevis Heintz 1929

†Arctolepis decipiens Woodward 1891

†Arctolepis lata Heintz 1929

†Arctolepis lewini Heintz 1929

†Arctolepis longicornis Heintz 1929

†Arctolepis solnoerdali Heintz 1929

G. †Barwickosteus Young and Long 2014

†Barwickosteus antarcticus Young and Long 2014

G. †Cartieraspis Pageau 1969

†Cartieraspis nigra Pageau 1969

G. †Diadsomaspis Gross 1937

†Diadsomaspis elongata Gross 1933

†Diadsomaspis remscheidensis Gross 1937

G. †Dicksonosteus Goujet 1975

†Dicksonosteus arcticus Goujet 1975

G. †Gaspeaspis Pageau 1969

†Gaspeaspis atholi Pageau 1969

†Gaspeaspis cassivii Pageau 1969

G. †Grifftaylor Young and Long 2014

†Grifftaylor antarcticus Young and Long 2014

G. †Heterogaspis Strand 1932

†Heterogaspis acuticornis Heintz 1929

†Heterogaspis borealis Heintz 1929

†Heterogaspis gigantea Heintz 1929

†Heterogaspis hornsundi Heintz 1929

†Heterogaspis minuta Heintz 1929

G. †Huginaspis Heintz 1929

†Huginaspis broeggeri Heintz 1929

†Huginaspis vogti Heintz 1929

G. †Kolpaspis Pageau 1969

†Kolpaspis beaudryi Pageau 1969

G. †Neophlyctaenius White 1969

†Neophlyctaenius sherwoodi Denison 1950

G. †Pageauaspis Denison 1978

†Pageauaspis russelli Pageau 1969

Invalid names: Quebecaspis russelli Pageau 1969 [replaced]

G. †Phlyctaenius Traquair 1890

†Phlyctaenius acadicus Traquair 1890

†Phlyctaenius fulgens Pageau 1969

G. †Prosphymaspis Gross 1937

†Prosphymaspis constricta Gross 1933

†Prosphymaspis corneti Leriche 1948

G. †Platyaspis Koenen 1896

†Platyaspis tenuis Koenen 1895

G. †Prescottaspis

†Prescottaspis dineleyi White 1961

G. †Qataraspis

†Qataraspis deprofundis White 1969

Fm. †Rhachiosteidae Stensiö 1963

G. †Rachiosteus

†Rachiosteus pterygiatus Gross 1938

G. †Rolfosteus DENNIS and MILES 1979

†Rolfosteus canningensis DENNIS and MILES 1979

Fm. †Selenosteidae Dean 1901

G. †Amazichthys Jobbins et al. 2022

†Amazichthys trinajsticae Jobbins et al. 2022

G. †Braunosteus Stensiö 1959

†Braunosteus schmidti Stensiö 1959

G. †Draconichthys Rücklin 2011

†Draconichthys elegans Rücklin 2011

G. †Enseosteus Jaeckel 1919

†Enseosteus hermanni Stensiö 1959

†Enseosteus jaekeli Gross 1932

†Enseosteus marocanensis Rücklin 2011

†Enseosteus pachyostoides Stensiö 1959

G. †Gymnotrachelus Dunkle and Bongert 1939

†Gymnotrachelus hydei Dunkle and Bungart 1939

G. †Melanomontanosteus Prokofiev 2023

†Melanomontanosteus occidens Prokofiev 2023

Invalid names: Melanosteus Lelievre and Goujet 1987 [replaced]

G. †Microsteus Gross 1932

†Microsteus angusticeps Stensio 1963

†Microsteus dubius Gross 1932

G. †Pachyosteus Jaeckel 1903

†Pachyosteus bulla Jaekel 1903

G. †Paramylostoma

†Paramylostoma arcualis Dunkle and Bungart 1945

G. †Rhinosteus Jaeckel 1911

†Rhinosteus parvulus Gross 1932

†Rhinosteus traquairi Jaekel 1911

†Rhinosteus tuberculatus Gross 1932

G. †Selenosteus Dean 1901

†Selenosteus brevis Claypole 1869

G. †Stenosteus Dean 1901

†Stenosteus glaber Dean 1901

†Stenosteus pertenuis Branson 1911

G. †Walterosteus Stensiö 1959

†Walterosteus grossi Rücklin 2011

†Walterosteus lelievrei Rücklin 2011

†Walterosteus pachyosteides Stensiö 1959

G. †Squamatognathus Hanke et al. 1996

G. †Taemasosteus White 1952

†Taemasosteus novaustrocambricus White 1952

G. †Taunaspis Schmidt 1933

†Taunaspis eurystethes Schmidt 1933

Or. †Temnothoraci

Fm. †Chelonichthyidae

G. †Chelonichthys Agassiz 1843

G. †Ichthyosauroides Kutorga 1837

G. †Timanosteus Obrucheva 1962

†Timanosteus tchernychevi Rohon 1900

Fm. †Titanichthyidae Dean 1901

G. †Holopetalichthys Koenen 1895

G. †Titanichthys Newberry 1885

†Titanichthys agassizii Newberry 1885

†Titanichthys attenuatus Wright 1893

†Titanichthys brevis Claypole 1896

†Titanichthys clarkii Newberry 1887

†Titanichthys hussakofi Hay 1932

†Titanichthys kozlowskii Kulczycki 1957

†Titanichthys rectus Claypole 1893

†Titanichthys termieri Lehman 1954

G. †Toombalepis Young and Goujet 2003

†Toombalepis tuberculata Young and Goujet 2003

G. †Toombsosteus White 1978

†Toombsosteus denisoni White 1978

G. †Torosteus Gardiner and Miles 1990

G. †Trachosteus Newberry 1890

†Trachosteus clarkii Newberry 1889

G. †Tubonasus Dennis and Miles 1979

G. †Wheathillaspis White 1961

†Wheathillaspis wickhamkingi White 1961

Subor. †Wuttagoonaspina Ritchie 1973

Fm. †Wuttagoonaspidae Ritchie 1973

G. †Wuttagoonaspis Ritchie 1973

†Wuttagoonaspis fletcheri Ritchie 1973

†Wuttagoonaspis milligani Young and Goujet 2003

G. †Yinosteus

Invalid names: Arthrodiriformes Grande and Eastman 1986 [synonym], Brachydeirina Denison 1975 [empty], Heterostiina Denison 1975 [empty], Holonematina Denison 1975 [empty], Pachyosteidae Gross 1932 [empty], Phylctaeniida [empty], Stegophthalami [empty]

Diagnosis

No diagnoses are available

Measurements

No measurements are available

Composition:

phosphaticsubp

Environment:

marinesubp

Locomotion:

actively mobileo

Life habit:

nektonico

Diet:

carnivoreo

Created:

2004-08-17 14:23:32

Modified:

2004-08-17 16:33:26

Source: o = order, subp = subphylum

Reference: Carroll 1988

Age range: base of the Ludfordian to the top of the Tournaisian or 425.60000 to 346.70000 Ma

Collections (182 total)

Time interval	Ma	Country or state	Original ID and collection number
Oldest occurrences
Ludfordian	425.6 - 423.0	China (Junnan)	A. sp. (182558)
Lochkovian	419.2 - 410.8	Czech Republic	Holopetalichthys kosorensis (231818)
Lochkovian	419.2 - 410.8	Ukraine	Erikaspis zychi (233554)
Lochkovian	419.2 - 410.8	Canada (Nunavut)	Baringaspis dineleyi (238128) Baringaspis dineleyi, Eskimaspis heintzi (238034 238035) Eskimaspis heintzi (238036)
Lochkovian	419.2 - 410.8	USA (Maine)	Heightingtonaspis clarkei (238354)
Lochkovian	419.2 - 410.8	United Kingdom	Overtonaspis billballi, Prescottaspis dineleyi (233164)
Lochkovian	419.2 - 410.8	China (Yunnan)	Parawilliamsaspis yujiangensis, Szelepis yunnanensis (162781)
Lochkovian	419.2 - 410.8	United Kingdom (England)	Arthrodira indet. (90351) Plataspis sp., Heightingtonaspis anglica, Heightingtonaspis willsi, Wheathillaspis wickhamkingi (90352)
Lochkovian	419.2 - 410.8	USA (Wyoming)	Aethaspis sp., Simblaspis sp. (153534)
Lochkovian - Pragian	419.2 - 407.6	USA (Ohio)	Aethaspis sp., Proaethaspis ohioensis (26874)
Youngest occurrences
Time interval	Ma	Country or state	PBDB collection number
Famennian	372.2 - 358.9	Latvia	Dunkleosteus sp. (238744)
Middle Famennian	370.6 - 364.7	Morocco	Amazichthys trinajsticae (231912) Arthrodira indet. (234678)
Late/Upper Famennian	364.7 - 360.7	Australia (New South Wales)	Groenlandaspis sp. (235656)
Late/Upper Famennian	364.7 - 360.7	Russian Federation (Lipetsk)	Arthrodira indet. (225665)
Late/Upper Famennian	364.7 - 360.7	USA (ohio)	Bungartius perissus, Heintzichthys gouldi, Stenosteus angustopectus, Holdenius holdeni, Hussakofia minor, Gymnotrachelus hydei, Paramylostoma arcualis, Selenosteus brevis, Stenosteus glaber, Stenosteus pertenuis (233183)
Late/Upper Famennian	364.7 - 360.7	USA (Missouri)	Dinichthys sp. (6026)
Late/Upper Famennian	364.7 - 360.7	USA (Pennsylvania)	Groenlandaspididae indet. (238265)
Late/Upper Famennian	364.7 - 360.7	Ireland	Coccosteus decipiens (32230)
Tournaisian	358.9 - 346.7	Greenland	Groenlandaspis mirabilis (238312)
Mississippian	358.9 - 323.2	United Kingdom	Coccosteus carbonarius (132781) Cosmacanthus marginalis, Cosmacanthus carinatus, Nemacanthus priscus (137333)