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Sphyrna (hammerhead shark)
Taxonomy
Sphyrna was named by Rafinesque (1810) [Sepkoski's age data: T Mi-m R Sepkoski's reference number: 1066]. It is extant.
It was assigned to Squalidae by Gibbes (1847); to Sphyrninae by Hay (1902); to Carcharhinidae by White (1926); to Carchariidae by Woodward (1889), Chapman and Pritchard (1904), Chapman and Cudmore (1924) and Leriche (1942); to Carcharhiniformes by Sepkoski (2002); and to Sphyrnidae by Rapp (1946), Casier (1958), Jordan (1963), Case (1981), Yabe and Hirayama (1998), Purdy et al. (2001), Compagno (2005), Rana et al. (2006), Kocsis (2007), Adnet et al. (2007), Cicimurri and Knight (2009), Carillo-Briceño et al. (2014), Reinecke and Radwanski (2015), Carrillo-Briceño et al. (2016), Hastings and Dooley (2017), Kent (2018), Landini et al. (2019), Adnet et al. (2020), Villafaña et al. (2020) and Ebersole et al. (2024).
It was assigned to Squalidae by Gibbes (1847); to Sphyrninae by Hay (1902); to Carcharhinidae by White (1926); to Carchariidae by Woodward (1889), Chapman and Pritchard (1904), Chapman and Cudmore (1924) and Leriche (1942); to Carcharhiniformes by Sepkoski (2002); and to Sphyrnidae by Rapp (1946), Casier (1958), Jordan (1963), Case (1981), Yabe and Hirayama (1998), Purdy et al. (2001), Compagno (2005), Rana et al. (2006), Kocsis (2007), Adnet et al. (2007), Cicimurri and Knight (2009), Carillo-Briceño et al. (2014), Reinecke and Radwanski (2015), Carrillo-Briceño et al. (2016), Hastings and Dooley (2017), Kent (2018), Landini et al. (2019), Adnet et al. (2020), Villafaña et al. (2020) and Ebersole et al. (2024).
Species
Species lacking formal opinion data
Synonymy list
| Year | Name and author |
|---|---|
| 1810 | Sphyrna Rafinesque |
| 1847 | Sphyrna Gibbes p. 194 |
| 1889 | Sphyrna Woodward p. 453 |
| 1902 | Sphyrna Hay p. 314 |
| 1904 | Sphyrna Chapman and Pritchard p. 275 |
| 1924 | Sphyrna Chapman and Cudmore p. 122 |
| 1926 | Sphyrna White p. 33 |
| 1942 | Sphyrna Leriche p. 36 |
| 1946 | Sphyrna Rapp p. 510 |
| 1958 | Sphyrna Casier p. 40 |
| 1963 | Sphyrna Jordan p. 601 |
| 1981 | Sphyrna Case p. 66 |
| 1998 | Sphyrna Yabe and Hirayama p. 50 |
| 2001 | Sphyrna Purdy et al. p. 157 |
| 2002 | Sphyrna Sepkoski |
| 2005 | Sphyrna Compagno |
| 2006 | Sphyrna Rana et al. p. 516 |
| 2007 | Sphyrna Adnet et al. p. 314 |
| 2007 | Sphyrna Kocsis p. 38 |
| 2009 | Sphyrna Cicimurri and Knight p. 635 |
| 2014 | Sphyrna Carillo-Briceño et al. p. 84 |
| 2015 | Sphyrna Reinecke and Radwanski p. 13 |
| 2016 | Sphyrna Carrillo-Briceño et al. p. 88 |
| 2017 | Sphyrna Hastings and Dooley p. 83 |
| 2018 | Sphyrna Kent p. 121 |
| 2019 | Sphyrna Landini et al. p. 361 |
| 2020 | Sphyrna Adnet et al. p. 12 |
| 2020 | Sphyrna Villafaña et al. |
| 2024 | Sphyrna Ebersole et al. p. 10 |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
G. Sphyrna Rafinesque 1810 [hammerhead shark]
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†Sphyrna americana Leriche 1942
†Sphyrna denticulata Agassiz 1843
†Sphyrna gibbesii Hay 1902
†Sphyrna guinoti Adnet et al. 2020
†Sphyrna itoriensis White 1926
†Sphyrna laevissima Cope 1867
†Sphyrna lata Agassiz 1843
†Sphyrna lewini Griffith and Smith 1834
†Sphyrna magna Cope 1868
†Sphyrna media Springer 1940
†Sphyrna subserrata Münster 1846
†Sphyrna tortilis White 1926
Sphyrna zygaena Linnaeus 1758
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
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| Source: o = order, subp = subphylum | |||||
| References: Carroll 1988, Hendy et al. 2009, Wagner 2023 | |||||
Age range
Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Late/Upper Paleocene to the top of the Late/Upper Pleistocene or 58.70000 to 0.01170 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 55.8 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 55.8 Ma
Collections (111 total)
| Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
|---|---|---|---|
| Late/Upper Paleocene | USA (Maryland) | Sphyrna sp. (84046) | |
| Early/Lower Eocene | India | Sphyrna sp. (210158) | |
| Lutetian | Togo | Sphyrna sp. (32991) | |
| Lutetian | Nigeria | Sphyrna itoriensis, Sphyrna tortilis (187560) | |
| Bartonian | Tunisia (Sidi Bouzid Township) | Sphyrna sp., Sphyrna guinoti (173640) | |
| Priabonian | Egypt | Sphyrna sp. (145984) | |
| Priabonian | Western Sahara | Sphyrna sp. (96686 96688) | |
| Priabonian | Barbados | Sphyrna laevissima (205153) | |
| Late/Upper Eocene | USA (Georgia) | Sphyrna zygaena (73434) | |
| Late/Upper Eocene | Barbados | Sphyrna laevissima (220735) | |
| Early/Lower Oligocene | Pakistan (Balochistan) | Sphyrna sp. (78520) | |
| Rupelian | USA (Alabama) | Sphyrna sp. (235364) | |
| Oligocene - Miocene | Argentina (Chubut) | Sphyrna sp. (133690) | |
| Whitneyan | USA (Florida) | Sphyrna sp. (17341) | |
| Chattian | USA (South Carolina) | Sphyrna media, Sphyrna zygaena (97550) | |
| Chattian | USA (California) | Sphyrna aus, Sphyrna bus (11601) | |
| Aquitanian | Colombia (La Guajira) | Sphyrna laevissima (182218) | |
| Aquitanian | Oman | Sphyrna laevissima (224898) | |
| Aquitanian | USA (Maryland) | Sphyrna sp. (71794) | |
| Early/Lower Miocene | India | Sphyrna diplana (87485) Sphyrna zagaena (78641) | |
| Early/Lower Miocene | Brazil | Sphyrna magna (112581) | |
| Early/Lower Miocene | Cuba (Sancti Spiritus) | Sphyrna mokarran (31183) | |
| Early/Lower Miocene | Venezuela (Paraguana) | Sphyrna sp. (118106) | |
| Early/Lower Miocene | Brazil (Para) | Sphyrna magna (65162 112580 112590) | |
| Early/Lower Miocene | USA (North Carolina) | Sphyrna zygaena (71660) | |
| Aquitanian - Langhian | USA (North Carolina) | Sphyrna media, Sphyrna zygaena (48887) | |
| Early/Lower Miocene - Middle Miocene | Australia (Victoria) | Sphyrna sp. (51330) | |
| Miocene | USA (South Carolina) | Sphyrna americana (18506) | |
| Burdigalian | Peru | Sphyrna zygaena (167732) | |
| Burdigalian | Germany (Bavaria) | Sphyrna sp. (210593) | |
| Burdigalian | Saudi Arabia | Sphyrna sp. (47026) | |
| Burdigalian | Peru (Ica) | Sphyrna zygaena (100330) | |
| Burdigalian | Malta (Gozo) | Sphyrna arambourgi (161385) | |
| Burdigalian | Hungary | Sphyrna zygaena (210623) | |
| Burdigalian - Langhian | USA (Maryland) | Sphyrna laevissima (18518) | |
| Langhian | USA (California) | Sphyrna sp. (59059) | |
| Langhian | France (Loupian) | Sphyrna arambourgi, Sphyrna zygaena (161623) | |
| Langhian | France | Sphyrna arambourgi (90354) | |
| Langhian | Mexico (Baja California) | Sphyrna sp. (52183) | |
| Langhian | France (Touraine) | Sphyrna arambourgi, Sphyrna zygaena (161611) | |
| Langhian | Portugal (Penedo) | Sphyrna sp., Sphyrna zygaena (161620) | |
| MN 5 | Austria | Sphyrna sp. (51002) | |
| MN 5 - MN 6 | Portugal | Cestracion zygaena (65912) | |
| Langhian - Serravallian | Brazil (Para) | Sphyrna magna (58454) | |
| Middle Miocene | India (Orissa) | Sphyrna lewini (46366) Sphyrna sp., Sphyrna lewini (46343) | |
| Middle Miocene | India | Sphyrna diplana (72085) | |
| Middle Miocene | Japan (Gifu) | Sphyrna sp. (161445) | |
| Middle Miocene | Venezuela (Falcon) | Sphyrna sp. (161210) | |
| Serravallian | USA (Maryland) | Carcharias laevissimus, Carcharias magna, Sphyrna magna (57782) Sphyrna sp., Galeocerdo laevissimus, Sphyrna magna (55396) | |
| Serravallian | France | Sphyrna mokarran, Sphyrna zygaena (85338) | |
| Serravallian | USA (Virginia) | Sphyrna sp. (57700) | |
| Serravallian | France (Gironde) | Sphyrna arambourgi (161533) Sphyrna sp., Sphyrna mokarran, Sphyrna arambourgi, Sphyrna zygaena (161524) Sphyrna zygaena (161525 161527) | |
| Badenian | Slovakia (Bratislava) | Sphyrna zygaena (161996) | |
| Badenian | Czech Republic (Mikulov) | Sphyrna sp. (161993) | |
| Badenian | Belgium | Sphyrna integra, Sphyrna laevissima (208831) | |
| Badenian | Poland | Sphyrna sp., Sphyrna laevissima (162017) | |
| Early/Lower Clarendonian | USA (Florida) | Sphyrna sp. (162456) | |
| Tortonian | Argentina (Entre Rios) | Sphyrna sp. (140010) | |
| Tortonian | Venezuela | Sphyrna mokarran (200110) Sphyrna mokarran, Sphyrna zygaena (200111) | |
| Tortonian | Peru | Sphyrna media (96800) | |
| Tortonian | Panama (Colon) | Sphyrna lewini (160781) | |
| Tortonian | Belgium | Sphyrna sp. (217346) | |
| Tortonian | Panama | Sphyrna arambourgi, Sphyrna zygaena (24237) Sphyrna mokarran (187583) Sphyrna mokarran, Sphyrna sp. (96700) | |
| Tortonian | USA (California) | Sphyrna sp. (13300) | |
| Tortonian - Zanclean | Ecuador | Sphyrna media (204352) | |
| Late/Upper Miocene | Costa Rica (Limon) | Sphyrna zygaena (162678) | |
| Late/Upper Miocene | Venezuela (Falcon) | Sphyrna sp. (162677) | |
| Late/Upper Miocene | Peru (Piura) | Sphyrna lewini, Sphyrna zygaena (162465) | |
| Late/Upper Miocene | Venezuela | Sphyrna sp. (92751) | |
| Late/Upper Miocene | Panama (Panama) | Sphyrna lewini (191988 191990 191993) Sphyrna mokarran, Sphyrna lewini, Sphyrna zygaena (191987) Sphyrna mokarran, Sphyrna zygaena (191995) Sphyrna zygaena (191996 191997 191998) | |
| Late/Upper Miocene | Portugal | Sphyrna sp., Sphyrna zygaena (56459) | |
| Hemphillian | Costa Rica (Puntarenas) | Sphyrna arambourgi (144596) | |
| Messinian | Portugal | Sphyrna sp. (91423) | |
| Messinian | Algeria | Cestracion zygaena (186631) | |
| Messinian | Japan (Chiba) | Sphyrna zygaena (202927) | |
| MN 13 | Portugal (Alvalade) | Sphyrna sp. (65955) | |
| MN 13 | Portugal | Sphyrna sp. (65954) | |
| Messinian - Zanclean | Japan (Chiba) | Sphyrna zygaena (70006) | |
| Messinian - Zanclean | Mexico (Baja) | Sphyrna vespertina, Sphyrna mokarran, Sphyrna lewini, Sphyrna media, Sphyrna zygaena (154117) | |
| Messinian - Zanclean | USA (California) | Sphyrna sp. (55448) | |
| Messinian - Piacenzian | Australia (South Australia) | Sphyrna sp. (50343) | |
| Zanclean | USA (North Carolina) | Sphyrna lewini, Sphyrna media, Sphyrna zygaena (52582) | |
| Zanclean | South Africa | Sphyrna zygaena (100313) | |
| Zanclean | USA (California) | Sphyrna sp. (184962) | |
| Zanclean | Libya | Sphyrna sp., Sphyrna zygaena (136597) | |
| Pliocene | Angola | Sphyrna zygaena (154111) | |
| Piacenzian | USA (California) | Sphyrna sp. (219849) | |
| Early/Lower Pleistocene | Japan (Kanagawa) | Sphyrna zygaena (161454) | |
| Calabrian | Ecuador | Sphyrna media (97639) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | USA (California) | Sphyrna zygaena (59063 160361) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene (interglacial) | USA (Georgia) | Sphyrna tiburo (20604) |