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Gopherus (gopher tortoise)
Taxonomy
Gopherus was named by Rafinesque (1832). It is extant. Its type is Testudo polyphemus. It is the type genus of Gopherinae, Gopherinii.
It was assigned to Gopherinii by Swingland and Klemens (1989); to Testudines by Anquetin et al. (2009); and to Testudinidae by Hay (1930), Galbreath (1953), Auffenberg (1971), Carroll (1988), Hutchison (1996), Frank and Ramus (1996), Wall and Maddox (1998), Reynoso and Montellano-Ballesteros (2004), Joyce et al. (2004), de la Fuente et al. (2014), van Dijk et al. (2014), Vlachos and Rabi (2018), Vlachos (2018), May (2019).
It was assigned to Gopherinii by Swingland and Klemens (1989); to Testudines by Anquetin et al. (2009); and to Testudinidae by Hay (1930), Galbreath (1953), Auffenberg (1971), Carroll (1988), Hutchison (1996), Frank and Ramus (1996), Wall and Maddox (1998), Reynoso and Montellano-Ballesteros (2004), Joyce et al. (2004), de la Fuente et al. (2014), van Dijk et al. (2014), Vlachos and Rabi (2018), Vlachos (2018), May (2019).
Species
G. (Gopherus), G. (Oligopherus), G. agassizii, G. auffenbergi (syn. G. pargensis), G. berlandieri, G. brevisternus, G. depressus (syn. G. dehiscus), G. donlaloi, G. edae (syn. Testudo pansa, Testudo hollandi, Testudo vaga), G. flavomarginatus, G. hexagonatus (syn. G. huecoensis, Testudo campester, Bysmachelys canyonensis), G. laticuneus, G. mohavensis, G. morafkai, G. polyphemus, Testudo milleri
Synonyms
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Synonymy list
| Year | Name and author |
|---|---|
| 1832 | Gopherus Rafinesque |
| 1857 | Xerobates Agassiz |
| 1930 | Gopherus Hay p. 101 |
| 1937 | Bysmachelys Johnston p. 447 |
| 1953 | Gopherus Galbreath p. 38 |
| 1961 | Testudo milleri Brattstrom p. 546 |
| 1971 | Gopherus Auffenberg p. 116 |
| 1982 | Scaptochelys Bramble p. 853 |
| 1988 | Gopherus Carroll |
| 1989 | Gopherus Swingland and Klemens p. 124 |
| 1992 | Xerobates Hutchison |
| 1996 | Gopherus Frank and Ramus |
| 1996 | Gopherus Hutchison p. 348 |
| 1996 | Gopherus (Oligopherus) Hutchison p. 348 |
| 1998 | Gopherus Wall and Maddox p. 11 |
| 2004 | Gopherus Joyce et al. |
| 2004 | Gopherus Reynoso and Montellano-Ballesteros p. 823 |
| 2009 | Gopherus Anquetin et al. |
| 2014 | Gopherus de la Fuente et al. |
| 2014 | Gopherus van Dijk et al. |
| 2018 | Gopherus Vlachos |
| 2018 | Oligopherus Vlachos |
| 2018 | Gopherus Vlachos and Rabi p. 663 |
| 2019 | Gopherus May |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
G. Gopherus Rafinesque 1832 [gopher tortoise]
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Subg. †Gopherus (Gopherus) Rafinesque 1832
Gopherus agassizii Cooper 1863 [Mojave desert tortoise]
Gopherus berlandieri Agassiz 1857
†Gopherus brevisternus Loomis 1909
†Gopherus depressus Brattstrom 1961
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Invalid names: Gopherus dehiscus Des Lauriers 1965 [synonym]
†Gopherus donlaloi Reynoso and Montellano-Ballesteros 2004
†Gopherus edae Hay 1906
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Invalid names: Testudo hollandi Hay 1906 [synonym], Testudo pansa Hay 1908 [synonym], Testudo vaga Hay 1908 [synonym]
Gopherus flavomarginatus Legler 1959
†Gopherus hexagonatus Cope 1893
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Invalid names: Bysmachelys canyonensis Johnston 1937 [synonym], Gopherus huecoensis Strain 1966 [synonym], Testudo campester Hay 1908 [synonym]
†Gopherus laticuneus Cope 1873
†Gopherus mohavensis Merriam 1919
Gopherus morafkai Murphy et al. 2011 [Sonoran desert tortoise]
Gopherus polyphemus Daudin 1802 [Florida gopher tortoise]
Invalid names: Bysmachelys Johnston 1937 [synonym], Gopherus (Oligopherus) Hutchison 1996 [invalid subgroup], Scaptochelys Bramble 1982 [synonym], Testudo milleri Brattstrom 1961 [nomen dubium], Xerobates Agassiz 1857 [synonym]
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
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| Source: f = family, c = class, subp = subphylum | |||||
| References: Carroll 1988, Hendy et al. 2009, Ernst and Barbour 1989 | |||||
Age range
Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Early/Lower Uintan to the top of the Holocene or 46.20000 to 0.00000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 39.7 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 39.7 Ma
Collections (92 total)
| Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
|---|---|---|---|
| Early/Lower Uintan | USA (Utah) | Gopherus uintensis (186888) | |
| Chadronian | USA (Colorado) | Testudo laticuneus (16977) | |
| Chadronian | USA (Nebraska) | Gopherus laticuneus (99591 99593 99595) | |
| Chadronian - Orellan | USA (Nebraska) | Gopherus laticuneus (99594) | |
| Orellan | USA (Wyoming) | Testudo laticunea (99850 99851) | |
| Orellan | USA (Nebraska) | Gopherus laticuneus (99590 99592) | |
| Arikareean | USA (Wyoming) | Testudo brevisterna (191902) | |
| Harrisonian | USA (Nebraska) | Testudo edae (191903) | |
| Hemingfordian | USA (Wyoming) | Gopherus edae (19073 19074) | |
| Hemingfordian - Barstovian | USA (Colorado) | Testudo pansa (191836) | |
| Hemingfordian - Barstovian | USA (California) | Gopherus dehiscus (19235) Gopherus depressus (19197) | |
| Barstovian | USA (Wyoming) | Testudo vaga (191921) | |
| Barstovian | USA (California) | Testudo milleri (99598) Testudo milleri, Gopherus mohavense (99597) | |
| Clarendonian | USA (California) | Gopherus mohavense (19553) | |
| Clarendonian | USA (Texas) | Gopherus sp. (18623) | |
| Hemphillian | USA (Oklahoma) | Gopherus sp. (170191) | |
| Late/Upper Hemphillian | Mexico (Chihuahua) | Gopherus sp. (18755) | |
| Blancan (interglacial) | USA (Florida) | Gopherus polyphemus (98315) | |
| Blancan | USA (New Mexico) | Gopherus sp. (230461) | |
| Blancan | USA (Florida) | Gopherus polyphemus (98317 101742) | |
| Blancan | USA (Texas) | Bysmachelys canyonensis (20033) Gopherus huecoensis (20037) | |
| Late/Upper Pliocene | USA (Texas) | Bysmachelys canyonensis (99817) Testudo campester (191451) | |
| Gelasian | USA (Florida) | Gopherus polyphemus (20384) | |
| Pleistocene | Mexico (Santiago chazumba) | Gopherus sp. (190089) | |
| Pleistocene | USA (Texas) | Gopherus hexagonatus (22642) | |
| Pleistocene | USA (California) | Gopherus sp. (237076) | |
| Pleistocene | USA (Florida) | Gopherus polyphemus (206227 227368) | |
| Pleistocene | USA (South Carolina) | Gopherus polyphemus (77590) Gopherus sp. (65405) | |
| Quaternary | Mexico (Santiago Chazumba) | Gopherus sp. (190088) | |
| Irvingtonian | USA (Nevada) | Gopherus agassizii (20280) | |
| Irvingtonian | USA (California) | Gopherus sp. (20272) Xerobates agassizi (20327) | |
| Irvingtonian | USA (Kansas) | Gopherus sp. (20166 20167) | |
| Irvingtonian | Mexico (Aguascalientes) | Gopherus auffenbergi, Gopherus pargensis (20283) | |
| Irvingtonian | USA (Florida) | Gopherus polyphemus (20289 20351 20385 20400 20524 26550) | |
| Irvingtonian | USA (Texas) | Gopherus sp. (20318) | |
| Irvingtonian - Rancholabrean | USA (California) | Gopherus sp. (20321) | |
| Rancholabrean | Mexico (Puebla) | Gopherus berlandieri (230717) | |
| Rancholabrean | USA (Florida) | Gopherus polyphemus (20398 20440 20491 195112 195113) | |
| Rancholabrean | Mexico (Hidalgo) | Gopherus sp. (113410) | |
| Rancholabrean | Mexico (Tamaulipas) | Gopherus donlaloi (74498) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | USA (Texas) | Gopherus sp. (230753 235839) Testudo sp. (93527) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene (interglacial) | USA (Georgia) | Gopherus polyphemus (20604) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | Mexico (Puebla) | Gopherus berlandieri (226915) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | USA (New Mexico) | Gopherus agassizi (99599 99600) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | USA (Florida) | Gopherus polyphemus (20638 34269 154805 195110 195111) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene (interglacial) | USA (Texas) | Gopherus hexagonatus (196664 196665 196666 196667) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene (late glacial) | USA (Florida) | Gopherus polyphemus (154722) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene (high glacial) | USA (New Mexico) | Gopherus agassizi (76059) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene (glacial) | USA (Mississippi) | Gopherus polyphemus (164396) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | Mexico (Hidalgo) | Gopherus sp. (226914) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | USA (Nevada) | Gopherus agassizi (99602) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene (interglacial) | USA (Florida) | Gopherus polyphemus (20594 20650) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | USA (California) | Gopherus agassizi (99601) | |
| Holocene | USA (Georgia) | Gopherus polyphemus (100349) | |
| Holocene | USA (Florida) | Gopherus polyphemus (100344 100346 100347 122303) |