Basic info | Taxonomic history | Classification | Included Taxa |
Morphology | Ecology and taphonomy | External Literature Search | Age range and collections |
Taxonomy
Piciformes was named by Meyer and Wolf (1810). It is extant.
It was synonymized subjectively with Picariae by Hay (1902); it was reranked as the suborder Piciformes by Hay (1930); it was reranked as the unranked clade Piciformes by Mayr (2005).
It was assigned to Carinatae by Hay (1930); to Neognathae by Wetmore (1940), Wetmore (1960) and Carroll (1988); to Neognathae by Mayr (2005); to Passerimorphae by Livezey and Zusi (2007); to Picocoraciae by Mayr (2011); and to Aves by Feduccia (1973), Parmalee (1992) and del Hoyo et al. (2014).
It was synonymized subjectively with Picariae by Hay (1902); it was reranked as the suborder Piciformes by Hay (1930); it was reranked as the unranked clade Piciformes by Mayr (2005).
It was assigned to Carinatae by Hay (1930); to Neognathae by Wetmore (1940), Wetmore (1960) and Carroll (1988); to Neognathae by Mayr (2005); to Passerimorphae by Livezey and Zusi (2007); to Picocoraciae by Mayr (2011); and to Aves by Feduccia (1973), Parmalee (1992) and del Hoyo et al. (2014).
Subtaxa
Synonymy list
Year | Name and author |
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1810 | Piciformes Meyer and Wolf |
1930 | Piciformes Hay p. 352 |
1940 | Piciformes Wetmore p. 69 |
1960 | Piciformes Wetmore p. 30 |
1973 | Piciformes Feduccia p. 501 |
1988 | Piciformes Carroll |
1992 | Piciformes Parmalee p. 314 |
2005 | Piciformes Mayr p. 319 |
2007 | Piciformes Livezey and Zusi p. 94 |
2011 | Piciformes Mayr p. 73 figs. Figure 5 |
2014 | Piciformes del Hoyo et al. |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
Or. Piciformes Meyer and Wolf 1810
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Fm. Lybiidae Sibley and Ahlquist 1985 [African barbets]
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Invalid names: Lybiinae del Hoyo et al. 2014 [empty], Trachyphoninae del Hoyo et al. 2014 [empty]
Fm. Megalaimidae Blyth 1852 [Asian barbets]
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Subfm. Megalaiminae del Hoyo et al. 2014
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Invalid names: Caloramphinae del Hoyo et al. 2014 [empty]
Subor. Pici Linnaeus 1758
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Superfm. Capitonoidea
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Invalid names: Capitonidae Bonaparte 1840 [empty], Rhamphastidae Vigors 1825 [empty]
Fm. Indicatoridae Swainson 1837 [honeyguide]
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G. Indicator Stephens 1815 [honeyguide]
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Indicator archipelagicus Temminck 1832 [Malay honeyguide]
Indicator exilis Cassin 1856 [Least honeyguide]
Indicator indicator Sparrman 1777 [Greater honeyguide]
Indicator maculatus Gray 1847 [Spotted honeyguide]
Indicator meliphilus Oberholser 1905 [Pallid honeyguide]
Indicator minor Stephens 1815 [Lesser honeyguide]
Indicator pumilio Chapin 1958 [Dwarf honeyguide]
Indicator variegatus Lesson 1830 [Scaly-throated honeyguide]
Indicator willcocksi Alexander 1901 [Willcockss honeyguide]
Indicator xanthonotus Blyth 1842 [Yellow-rumped honeyguide]
Fm. Picidae Vigors 1825 [woodpecker]
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G. Colaptes Vigors 1825
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Colaptes auratus cafer Gmelin 1788
Colaptes campestris Vieillot 1818 [campo flicker]
Colaptes chrysoides Malherbe 1852
†Colaptes naroskyi Agnolín and Jofré 2017
†Colaptes oceanicus Olson 2013 [Bermuda flicker]
G. Melanerpes Swainson 1832
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Melanerpes carolinus Linnaeus 1758 [red-bellied woodpecker]
Melanerpes erythrocephalus Linnaeus 1758 [red-headed woodpecker]
Melanerpes formicivorus Swainson 1827 [acorn woodpecker]
Melanerpes lewis Gray 1849 [Lewis's woodpecker]
Melanerpes striatus Statius Muller 1776 [Hispaniolan woodpecker]
Melanerpes superciliaris Temminck 1827 [West Indian woodpecker]
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Invalid names: Bathoceleus hyphalus Brodkorb 1959 [synonym]
Invalid names: Asyndesmus Coues 1866 [synonym], Bathoceleus Brodkorb 1959 [synonym], Centurus Swainson 1837 [synonym]
G. †Palaeopicus Lambrecht 1933
Subfm. Picinae Bonaparte 1838
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G. Picoides Lacépède 1799
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Picoides borealis Vieillot 1809 [red-cockaded woodpecker]
†Picoides major Linnaeus 1758
†Picoides medius Linnaeus 1758
Picoides pubescens Linnaeus 1766 [downy woodpecker]
Picoides villosus Linnaeus 1766 [hairy woodpecker]
G. Picumnus Temminck 1825
G. Picus Linnaeus 1758
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Picus canus Gmelin 1788 [gray-headed woodpecker]
†Picus gaudryi Depéret 1887
†Picus peregrinabundus Umans'ka 1981
Picus viridis Linnaeus 1758 [Eurasian green woodpecker]
G. †Pliopicus Feduccia and Wilson 1967
G. Sphyrapicus Baird 1858
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Sphyrapicus ruber Gmelin 1788 [red-breasted sapsucker]
Sphyrapicus varius Linnaeus 1766 [yellow-bellied sapsucker]
G. †Uintornis Marsh 1872
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†Uintornis lucaris Marsh 1872
†Uintornis marionae Feduccia and Martin 1976
Invalid names: Jynginae Bonaparte 1838 [empty], Picumninae del Hoyo et al. 2014 [empty]
G. †Pristineanis Mayr and Kitchener 2024
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†Pristineanis major Mayr and Kitchener 2024
†Pristineanis minor Mayr and Kitchener 2024
Fm. Ramphastidae Vigors 1825
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G. Pogoniulus Lafresnaye 1844
G. Pteroglossus Illiger 1811 [araçari]
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Pteroglossus bailloni Vieillot 1819 [Saffron toucanet]
Pteroglossus humboldti Wagler 1827 [Humboldt's araçari]
Pteroglossus inscriptus Swainson 1822 [Lettered araçari]
Pteroglossus torquatus Gmelin 1788 [Collared araçari]
Pteroglossus viridis Linnaeus 1766 [Green araçari]
G. Ramphastos Linnaeus 1758
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Ramphastos ambiguus Swainson 1823 [Yellow-throated toucan]
Ramphastos ariel Vigors 1826 [Ariel toucan]
Ramphastos brevis Meyer de Schauensee 1945 [Choco toucan]
Ramphastos citreolaemus Gould 1844 [Citron-throated toucan]
Ramphastos culminatus Gould 1833 [Yellow-ridged toucan]
Ramphastos cuvieri Wagler 1827 [Cuvier's toucan]
Ramphastos dicolorus Linnaeus 1766
Ramphastos sulfuratus Lesson 1830 [Keel-billed toucan]
Ramphastos toco Muller 1776 [Toco toucan]
Ramphastos tucanus Linnaeus 1758 [Red-billed toucan]
Ramphastos vitellinus Lichtenstein 1823 [Channel-billed toucan]
G. Trachyphonus Ranzani 1821
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†Trachyphonus protractus Ballmann 1983
Invalid names: Capitonides Ballmann 1969 [synonym]
Fm. Semnornithidae Prum 1988 [Prong-billed barbets]
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G. Semnornis Richmond 1900 [barbet]
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Semnornis frantzii Sclater 1864 [Prong-billed barbet]
Semnornis ramphastinus Jardine 1855 [Toucan barbet]
Invalid names: Picoidae [empty]
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
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Source: subo = suborder, o = order | |||||
References: Marsh 1875, Benton 1983 |
Age range
Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Ypresian to the top of the Holocene or 56.00000 to 0.00000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 47.8 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 47.8 Ma
Collections (84 total)
Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
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Ypresian | United Kingdom | Pristineanis minor, Pristineanis major (85229) | |
Middle Eocene | USA (Wyoming) | Uintornis lucaris (81455) Uintornis marionae (81456) | |
Early/Lower Oligocene | Belgium | Oligosylphe mourerchauvireae (31748) | |
Rupelian | Belgium (Brabant) | Pici indet. (75867) | |
Rupelian | Germany (Baden-Württemberg) | Rupelramphastoides knopfi (68021) | |
MP 29 | Germany (Baden-Württemberg) | Pici indet. (74679) | |
Hemingfordian | USA (Florida) | Capitonidae indet. (18597) | |
Clarendonian | USA (Kansas) | Pliopicus brodkorbi (18450) | |
Late/Upper Miocene | Ukraine | Picus peregrinabundus (39816) | |
Messinian | Italy (Piedmont) | Piciformes indet. (172914 199859) | |
Pliocene - Pleistocene | France (Midi-Pyrenees) | Picidae indet. (35076) | |
Gelasian | USA (Florida) | Colaptes auratus, Melanerpes sp., Picoides villosus, Dryocopus sp. (20384) | |
Early/Lower Pleistocene | Hungary (Barany) | Dendrocopos submajor, Picus viridis (35457) | |
Pleistocene | USA (California) | Colaptes auratus (176098) | |
Calabrian | Italy | Jynx torquilla (197789) | |
Irvingtonian | USA (Florida) | Colaptes auratus, Melanerpes sp. (20350) Melanerpes erythrocephalus, Picoides villosus (20385) | |
Irvingtonian | USA (Colorado) | Colaptes auratus, Picoides villosus (152653) | |
Lujanian | Argentina (Buenos Aires) | Colaptes campestris (140805) | |
Middle Pleistocene | Italy (Siracusa) | Picus viridis, Dendrocopos leucotos (175900) | |
Middle Pleistocene | Italy | Picus canus (197926) | |
Rancholabrean | USA (California) | Asyndesmus lewisi (150336) | |
Rancholabrean | USA (Florida) | Colaptes auratus, Melanerpes erythrocephalus (20491) | |
Late/Upper Pleistocene | USA (Georgia) | Colaptes auratus, Melanerpes sp., Picoides villosus, Dryocopus pileatus (84190) | |
Late/Upper Pleistocene | USA (California) | Colaptes auratus (123918) Colaptes cafer (44954 74235 79630 155409 218989) Colaptes cafer, Ceophloeus plicatus, Asyndesmus lewis (190077) Melanerpes formicivorus, Sphyrapicus ruber (215552) | |
Late/Upper Pleistocene | USA (Virginia) | Colaptes auratus (104697) Colaptes auratus, Centurus carolinus, Melanerpes erythrocephalus, Dendrocopos pubescens (82258) Picidae indet., Colaptes auratus, Centurus carolinus, Dryocopus pileatus, Sphyrapicus varius, Dendrocopos villosus (103991) | |
Late/Upper Pleistocene (interglacial) | USA (Alabama) | Picoides villosus, Melanerpes carolinus (84181) | |
Late/Upper Pleistocene (high glacial) | USA (New Mexico) | Colaptes auratus (76060) Picidae indet., Colaptes auratus (76059) | |
Late/Upper Pleistocene (interglacial) | USA (Florida) | Colaptes auratus, Melanerpes carolinus (20573) Colaptes auratus, Melanerpes erythrocephalus (20595) Dendrocopos borealis (20636) Melanerpes carolinus (20580) | |
Late/Upper Pleistocene (glacial) | Bermuda | Colaptes oceanicus (154780) | |
Late/Upper Pleistocene | Cayman Islands | Colaptes auratus (209851) | |
Late/Upper Pleistocene (glacial) | USA (California) | Colaptes cafer (155393) | |
Late/Upper Pleistocene | USA (Oregon) | Colaptes cafer (93251) | |
Late/Upper Pleistocene | Romania | Picus canus (197946) | |
Late/Upper Pleistocene | Bermuda | Colaptes oceanicus (194442 194443) Sphyrapicus varius (194447) | |
Late/Upper Pleistocene | Bahamas (Great Abaco Island) | Colaptes sp. (144663) | |
Late/Upper Pleistocene | USA (Florida) | Colaptes auratus (154773 154936) | |
Late/Upper Pleistocene | Japan | Sapheopipo noguchii (193443) | |
Late/Upper Pleistocene | USA (Wyoming) | Colaptes auratus (93277) | |
Late/Upper Pleistocene | Italy | Picidae indet., Picus viridis (197769) Picus canus (197787) | |
Late/Upper Pleistocene (late glacial) | USA (Florida) | Colaptes auratus, Melanerpes sp., Dryocopus sp. (154722) | |
Late/Upper Pleistocene | Bahamas | Centurus superciliaris, Colaptes chrysocaulosus (194589) | |
Late/Upper Pleistocene | Spain | Picus viridis (197938) | |
Late/Upper Pleistocene (late glacial) | USA (Tennessee) | Colaptes auratus, Picoides villosus, Melanerpes carolinus (82890) | |
Late/Upper Pleistocene | USA (New Mexico) | Colaptes sp. (93281) | |
Late/Upper Pleistocene | Greece (Crete) | Dendrocopos leucotos (192951 192966) | |
Late/Upper Pleistocene - Holocene | USA (Virginia) | Picidae indet., Colaptes auratus, Dendrocopos villosus (104035) | |
Late/Upper Pleistocene - Holocene | Dominican Republic | Picidae indet., Melanerpes striatus, Nesoctites micromegas (194485) | |
Late/Upper Pleistocene - Holocene | Bermuda | Colaptes oceanicus (194444) | |
Late/Upper Pleistocene - Holocene | Bahamas (New Providence Island) | Colaptes sp., Melanerpes superciliaris (194590) Colaptes sp., Picoides villosus, Bathoceleus hyphalus, Sphyrapicus varius, Melanerpes superciliaris, Xiphidiopicus percussus (194588) Melanerpes superciliaris (144649) | |
Late/Upper Pleistocene - Holocene (late glacial) | USA (Arizona) | Colaptes auratus (93374) | |
Holocene | Spain | Jynx torquilla (194936) | |
Holocene | Haiti | Sphyrapicus varius, Melanerpes striatus (194483) | |
Holocene | USA (Illinois) | Campephilus principalis (195052) | |
Holocene | Dominican Republic | Melanerpes striatus, Nesoctites micromegas (194484) | |
Holocene | Bermuda | Colaptes oceanicus (194445) Sphyrapicus varius (194446) | |
Holocene | France (Corse) | Jynx torquilla (215378) | |
Holocene | USA (Ohio) | Campephilus principalis (195064) Colaptes sp., Dryocopus pileatus (195062) Colaptes sp., Dryocopus pileatus, Campephilus principalis (195063) | |
Holocene | Mexico (Chiapas) | Aulacorhynchus prasinus (195047) |