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Cuon (dhole)
Taxonomy
Cuon was named by Hodgson (1838). It is extant.
It was assigned to Canina by Wang et al. (2008), Tedford et al. (2009); and to Canidae by Hodgson (1838), Bourguignat (1875), Kurten (1968), van Gelder (1978), Kurten and Anderson (1980), Carroll (1988), Wilson and Reeder (2005), Mecozzi et al. (2020).
It was assigned to Canina by Wang et al. (2008), Tedford et al. (2009); and to Canidae by Hodgson (1838), Bourguignat (1875), Kurten (1968), van Gelder (1978), Kurten and Anderson (1980), Carroll (1988), Wilson and Reeder (2005), Mecozzi et al. (2020).
Species
Species lacking formal opinion data
Synonyms
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Synonymy list
| Year | Name and author |
|---|---|
| 1838 | Cuon Hodgson |
| 1839 | Chrysaeus Smith p. 167 |
| 1843 | Primaevus Gray |
| 1846 | Cyon Agassiz |
| 1875 | Cuon Bourguignat |
| 1888 | Anurocyon Heude p. 102 |
| 1914 | Cyon Barbour p. 190 |
| 1941 | Crassicuon Kretzoi p. 118 |
| 1941 | Semicuon Kretzoi p. 119 |
| 1968 | Cuon Kurten p. 111 |
| 1978 | Cuon van Gelder |
| 1980 | Cuon Kurten and Anderson p. 172 |
| 1988 | Cuon Carroll |
| 2005 | Cuon Wilson and Reeder |
| 2008 | Cuon Wang et al. |
| 2009 | Cuon Tedford et al. p. 157 |
| 2020 | Cuon Mecozzi et al. |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
G. Cuon Hodgson 1838 [dhole]
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Cuon alpinus Pallas 1811 [dhole]
†Cuon alpinus europaeus Bourguignat 1875
†Cuon bourreti Harlé 1891
†Cuon dukhunensis Sykes 1831
†Cuon majori Del Campana 1913
†Cuon priscus Thenius 1954
†Cuon sumatrensis Hardwicke 1822
Invalid names: Anurocyon Heude 1888 [synonym], Chrysaeus Smith 1839 [synonym], Crassicuon Kretzoi 1941 [synonym], Cyon Agassiz 1846 [objective synonym], Primaevus Gray 1843 [synonym], Semicuon Kretzoi 1941 [synonym]
Diagnosis
| Reference | Diagnosis | |
|---|---|---|
| R. H. Tedford et al. 2009 | The osteological differentiation of species of Cuon from those of Xenocyon, and the morphologically related Lycaon pictus, lies principally in the extreme hyper- carnivory of Cuon spp.: loss of m3; reduction of m2 to single or poorly differentiated double-rooted condition with further simpli- fication of crown involving great reduction and loss of metaconid so that it resembles m3 of other canines; loss of m1 entoconid and any remnant of the cristid connecting it with hypoconid, and further reduction of metaco- nid to very small size and loss (usually as individual variation in Cuon populations); anterior premolars also with prominent, high- crowned principal cusps, p2 and p3 usually with posterior cusp; large p4 whose principal cusp is as high or higher than m1 paraconid, and presence of shelflike anterior cingulum that may be produced into anterior cusp; M1 lacking hypocone, although there may be remnant of posterolingual cingulum; M2 very reduced, but retaining tribosphenic form. |
Measurements
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| Source: g = genus, f = family, subc = subclass, c = class, subp = subphylum | |||||
| References: Carroll 1988, Hendy et al. 2009, Van Valkenburgh 1988, Lillegraven 1979, Ji et al. 2002, Nowak 1991 | |||||
Age range
Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Barstovian to the top of the Late/Upper Pleistocene or 16.30000 to 0.01170 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 12.5 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 12.5 Ma
Collections (23 total)
| Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
|---|---|---|---|
| Barstovian | USA (Nebraska) | Cyon sp. (18123) | |
| Early/Lower Pleistocene | China ( Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region) | Cuon antiquus (214689) | |
| Early/Lower Pleistocene - Middle Pleistocene | China (Sichuan) | Cyon antiquus (226365) | |
| Pleistocene | Portugal (Évora) | Cuon europaeus (231266) | |
| Pleistocene | France (Alpes-Maritimes) | Cuon europaeus (231264) | |
| Pleistocene | India | Cuon alpinus (238021) | |
| Pleistocene | China (Shaanxi) | Cuon alpinus (37203) | |
| Middle Pleistocene | China (Hubei) | Cuon javanicus (234753) | |
| Middle Pleistocene | Türkiye | Cuon sp. (43008) | |
| Middle Pleistocene | Austria (Niederoesterreich) | Cuon priscus (50258) | |
| Middle Pleistocene | China (Guizhou) | Cuon sp. (51100) | |
| Middle Pleistocene | Germany (Baden-Wuerttemberg) | Cuon alpinus (50259) | |
| Middle Pleistocene | Germany (Rheinland-Pfalz) | Cuon priscus (50196) | |
| Middle Pleistocene | Thailand (Nakhon Ratchasima) | Cuon sp. (143885) | |
| Middle Pleistocene | Laos (Hua Pan) | Cuon alpinus (235746) | |
| Middle Pleistocene | China (Guangxi) | Cuon javanicus (235740) | |
| Middle Pleistocene | Vietnam (Lang Son) | Cuon sp. (92781) | |
| Middle Pleistocene | China (Guangdong) | Cuon javanicus (120834) | |
| Middle Pleistocene - Late/Upper Pleistocene | China (Guangxi) | Cuon javanicus (235737) | |
| Middle Pleistocene - Late/Upper Pleistocene | China (Guangdong) | Cuon sp. (13293) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | Mexico (Nuevo Leon) | Cuon alpinus (71345) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | Italy | Cuon alpinus (194932) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene (high glacial) | China (Hubei) | Cuon javanicus (92787) |