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Amphicyon
Taxonomy
Amphicyon was named by Lartet (1836) [type European A. major; also said to be 1837].
It was assigned to Carnivora by Lydekker (1876); to Canidae by Bourguignat (1875), Rovereto (1914), Kuss (1965); to Amphicyonidae by Lartet (1836), Carroll (1988), Werdelin and Peigne (2010); to Amphicyonini by Morales et al. (2021); and to Amphicyoninae by Hunt (1998), Sach and Heizmann (2001), van der Hoek et al. (2022).
It was assigned to Carnivora by Lydekker (1876); to Canidae by Bourguignat (1875), Rovereto (1914), Kuss (1965); to Amphicyonidae by Lartet (1836), Carroll (1988), Werdelin and Peigne (2010); to Amphicyonini by Morales et al. (2021); and to Amphicyoninae by Hunt (1998), Sach and Heizmann (2001), van der Hoek et al. (2022).
Species
Species lacking formal opinion data
Synonymy list
| Year | Name and author |
|---|---|
| 1836 | Amphicyon Lartet |
| 1875 | Amphicyon Bourguignat |
| 1876 | Amphicyon Lydekker |
| 1914 | Amphicyon Rovereto p. 150 |
| 1965 | Amphicyon Kuss p. 22 |
| 1988 | Amphicyon Carroll |
| 1998 | Amphicyon Hunt, Jr. p. 213 |
| 2001 | Amphicyon Sach and Heizmann p. 28 |
| 2010 | Amphicyon Werdelin and Peigne p. 605 |
| 2021 | Amphicyon Morales et al. |
| 2022 | Amphicyon van der Hoek et al. |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
G. †Amphicyon Lartet 1836
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Subg. †Amphicyon (Euroamphicyon) Ginsburg 1999
†Amphicyon ambiguus Filhol 1877
†Amphicyon argentinus Ameghino 1904
†Amphicyon frendens Matthew 1924
†Amphicyon galushai Hunt, Jr. 2003
†Amphicyon giganteus Schinz 1825
†Amphicyon gracilis Pomel 1847
†Amphicyon ingens Matthew 1924
†Amphicyon intermedius White 1940
†Amphicyon lathanicus Ginsburg 2000
†Amphicyon laugnacensis Ginsburg 1999
†Amphicyon longiramus White 1942
†Amphicyon major De Blainville 1841
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†Amphicyon major eppelsheimensis Weitzel 1930
Invalid names: Amphicyon cultridens Pomel 1853 [objective synonym]
†Amphicyon major major Blainville 1841
†Amphicyon olisiponensis Antunes and Ginsburg 1977
†Amphicyon palaeindicus Falconer and Lydekker 1876
†Amphicyon pontoni Simpson 1930
†Amphicyon reinheimeri Cook 1926
†Amphicyon riggsi McGrew 1939
†Amphicyon zhanxiangi Jiangzuo et al. 2018
Diagnosis
| Reference | Diagnosis | |
|---|---|---|
| S. E. Kuss 1965 | Caniden mit der Zahnformel 3-2 1 4 3/3-2 1 4 3 ,langem Schadel und schmalem Hinterhaupt. I mit oder ohne Nebenzacken. C stets mit innerer und hinterer Kante. P ± reduziert und durch Diasteme getrennt. p4 etwa so lang wie Mv sein vorderes Inneneck nur maBig betont, Tritoconus schwach bis fehlend. MI-2 groB, querverlangert, M2 nur wenig kleiner als MI, UmriB des MI subtriangular, UmriB des M2 subrectangular. Ma klein und variabel. MI stets mit Metaconid und Entoconid, sein Talonid nimmt tiber ein Drittel der Zahnlange ein. Metaconid des M2 niedriger als das Protoconid. Ma variabel. [Canids with the dental formula 3-2 1 4 3/3-2 1 4 3, long skull and narrow occiput. I with or without side points. C always with inner and rear edge. P ± reduced and separated by diastemas. p4 about as long as Mv, its anterior inner corner only moderately emphasized, tritoconus weak to absent. MI-2 large, transversely elongated, M2 only slightly smaller than MI, outline of MI subtriangular, outline of M2 subrectangular. Ma small and variable. MI always with metaconid and entoconid, its talonid takes up over a third of the tooth length. Metaconid of M2 lower than the protoconid. Ma variable.] | |
| J. van der Hoek et al. 2022 | Based on the robust dental elements, the diastemata between the premolars and the presence of an entoconid on the m1 (Viranta 1996), the Karacalar specimen can safely be attributed to the genus Amphicyon. |
Measurements
No measurements are available
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| Source: f = family, subc = subclass, subp = subphylum, p = phylum | |||||
| References: Lillegraven 1979, Ji et al. 2002, Kiessling 2004, Carroll 1988, Hunt 1998 | |||||
Collections (120 total)
| Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
|---|---|---|---|
| Chattian | Switzerland (Canton Solothurn) | A. sp. (182805) | |
| Late/Upper Oligocene | Georgia | A. sp. (182744) | |
| MP 30 | Germany (North Rhine-Westfalia) | A. sp. (84606) | |
| Early/Lower Miocene | Germany | A. major (70338) | |
| Early/Lower Miocene - Middle Miocene | Spain (Castile-La Mancha) | A. major (136269) | |
| Miocene | USA (Montana) | A. riggsi (19012) | |
| Miocene | India (Madhya Pradesh) | A. palaeindicus (232179) | |
| Miocene | USA (Colorado) | A. major (19008) | |
| Miocene | Pakistan | A. palaeindicus (232178) | |
| Miocene | USA (Texas) | A. pontoni (18702) | |
| Burdigalian | Spain (Toledo) | A. mayor (40721) | |
| Burdigalian | USA (Delaware) | A. intermedius (18579) | |
| Burdigalian | Germany (Baden-Württemberg) | A. major (49102) A. sp., A. giganteus (69098) | |
| Burdigalian | Spain (Valencia) | A. major (40031) | |
| Burdigalian | China (Shandong) | A. confucianus (41810 43398) | |
| Burdigalian | France (Loiret) | A. gigateum (181641) A. lathanicus (181642 181675) | |
| Burdigalian | Portugal (Lisbon) | A. major (36632) | |
| Burdigalian | Saudi Arabia | A. sp. (47097) | |
| Burdigalian | China (Jiangsu) | A. sp. (41813 42067) | |
| Burdigalian | France (Maine-et-Loire) | A. bohemicus (48069) | |
| Burdigalian - Langhian | Germany (Baden-Wurttemberg) | A. major (106003) | |
| Burdigalian - Tortonian | France | A. giganteus (187580) A. lathanicus (187579) | |
| MN 3 | Germany (Bavaria) | A. socialis, A. helbingi, A. dietrichi, A. crassidens, A. giganteus (68040) | |
| MN 3 | Pakistan (Balochistan) | A. cooperi (77779) | |
| Orleanian | France | A. lathanicus (142146) | |
| Early/Lower Hemingfordian | USA (Oregon) | A. sp. (167866) | |
| Early/Lower Hemingfordian | USA (Colorado) | A. galushai (35608) | |
| Early/Lower Hemingfordian | USA (Nebraska) | A. galushai (17891 17923 17937 17942 35606 35607) A. sp. (17898 17934 17940 17954 17963) | |
| Hemingfordian | USA (Florida) | A. longiramus (18597) A. pontoni (18561) | |
| Hemingfordian | USA (Texas) | A. sp. (18626) | |
| Hemingfordian | USA (Oregon) | A. frendens (212622) | |
| Hemingfordian | USA (Nebraska) | A. frendens (18001) A. sp. (17920 17961 18000) | |
| MN 4 | France (Alsac) | A. giganteus (69106) | |
| MN 4 | France (Gers) | A. giganteus (69099) | |
| MN 4 | France (Centre) | A. giganteus (69116) | |
| MN 4 | Egypt | A. giganteus (53970) | |
| MN 4 | Pakistan (Balochistan) | A. cooperi (69540) | |
| MN 4 | France (Midi-Pyrénées) | A. steinheimensis, A. iactorensis, A. major, A. giganteus (71873) | |
| Barstovian | USA (Colorado) | A. ingens (18203) | |
| Barstovian | USA (California) | A. ingens (19472 19557 19581 19616) A. sp. (19548 19598) | |
| Barstovian | USA (Oregon) | A. frendens (18809 19017 19056) | |
| Barstovian | USA (Texas) | A. longiramus (18637 18705) | |
| Early/Lower Barstovian | USA (New Mexico) | A. ingens (19547) | |
| Early/Lower Barstovian | USA (Nebraska) | A. ingens (17880) A. sp. (17905 17919 17955 17971 17983) Amphicyonidae indet. (17985) | |
| Early/Lower Barstovian | USA (Texas) | A. sp. (18665) | |
| Early/Lower Barstovian - early Late Barstovian | USA (California) | A. ingens (156738) | |
| Langhian | France | A. bohemicus (148395) A. giganteus (90354) | |
| Langhian | France (Maine-et-Loire) | A. bohemicus (148396) | |
| Langhian | Pakistan (Sind) | A. sp. (71444) | |
| Langhian | USA (Maryland) | A. sp. (48884) | |
| Langhian | France (Region Centre) | A. giganteus (35441) | |
| Langhian | USA (Virginia) | A. frendens (79793) | |
| MN 5 | France (Midi-Pyrenees Region) | A. steinheimensis (32072) | |
| MN 5 | Türkiye (Bursa) | A. major (68547) | |
| MN 5 | France (Midi-Pyrenees region) | A. steinheimensis (32073) | |
| MN 5 - MN 6 | Portugal | A. major (65912) | |
| MN 5 - MN 6 | Bosnia and Herzegovina | A. giganteus (198251) | |
| Astaracian | Türkiye (Afyonkarahisar) | A. giganteus (235538) | |
| Langhian - Serravallian | France (Midi-Pyrenees) | A. major (32191) | |
| Langhian - Serravallian | Spain | A. sp. (187347) | |
| Middle Miocene | Namibia | A. giganteus (21855) | |
| Middle Miocene | Spain (Madrid) | A. major (197673) A. sp. (197674) | |
| Middle Miocene | Nepal | A. palaeindicus (48701) | |
| Middle Miocene | Pakistan (Punjab) | A. palaeindicus (13472) | |
| Middle Miocene | France (Gers) | A. major (143472) | |
| Middle Miocene | India (Jammu and Kashmir) | A. sp. (11797) | |
| Langhian - Tortonian | France (Maine-et-Loire) | A. sp., A. lathanicus (142149) | |
| Langhian - Tortonian | France (Midi-Pyrenees Region) | A. major (31775) | |
| Middle Miocene - Late/Upper Miocene | China (Nei Mongol) | A. tairumensis (28781) | |
| MN 6 | Portugal (Santarém) | A. major (38139) | |
| MN 6 | China (Gansu) | A. tairumensis, A. zhanxiangi (71105) | |
| MN 6 | Slovakia (Bratislava) | A. steinheimensis, A. major (69711) | |
| Serravallian | Pakistan (Sind) | A. sp. (71449 71451) | |
| MN 6 - MN 7 + 8 | Slovakia | A. sp. (69712) | |
| Serravallian - Tortonian | France (Maine-et-Loire) | A. major (54136) | |
| Clarendonian | USA (Texas) | A. sp. (18645 207489) | |
| Vallesian | Spain (Segovia) | A. major (40768) | |
| Tortonian | Germany (Bavaria) | A. sp. (206345) | |
| Tortonian | Austria (Niederösterreich) | A. sp. (45043) | |
| Late/Upper Miocene | Pakistan (Punjab) | A. palaeindicus (13473) | |
| Late/Upper Miocene | Nepal (Dang Valley) | A. palaeindicus (201837) | |
| Pliocene | Russian Federation (Stavropol'skaya) | A. sp. (76537) |