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Chalicotheriidae (chalicothere)
Taxonomy
Chalicotheriidae was named by Gill (1872). It is not extant.
It was assigned to Perissodactyla by Cope (1881); to Ancylopoda by Cope (1889) and Cope (1889); to Perissodactyla by Flower and Lydekker (1891); to Ancylopoda by Lambe (1908) and Scott (1913); and to Chalicotherioidea by Hay (1902), Colbert (1935), Hough (1955), Carroll (1988), Prothero and Schoch (1989), Holbrook (1999), Hooker and Dashzeveg (2004) and Geraads et al. (2007).
It was assigned to Perissodactyla by Cope (1881); to Ancylopoda by Cope (1889) and Cope (1889); to Perissodactyla by Flower and Lydekker (1891); to Ancylopoda by Lambe (1908) and Scott (1913); and to Chalicotherioidea by Hay (1902), Colbert (1935), Hough (1955), Carroll (1988), Prothero and Schoch (1989), Holbrook (1999), Hooker and Dashzeveg (2004) and Geraads et al. (2007).
Synonymy list
| Year | Name and author |
|---|---|
| 1872 | Chalicotheriidae Gill |
| 1881 | Chalicotheriidae Cope p. 395 |
| 1889 | Chalicotheriidae Cope p. 153 |
| 1891 | Chalicotheriidae Flower and Lydekker p. 90 |
| 1902 | Chalicotheriidae Hay p. 690 |
| 1908 | Chalicotheriidae Lambe |
| 1913 | Chalicotheriidae Scott p. 291 |
| 1935 | Chalicotheriidae Colbert p. 10 |
| 1955 | Chalicotheriidae Hough p. 34 |
| 1988 | Chalicotheriidae Carroll |
| 1989 | Chalicotheriidae Prothero and Schoch p. 533 |
| 1999 | Chalicotheriidae Holbrook p. 346 |
| 2004 | Chalicotheriidae Hooker and Dashzeveg p. 1375 |
| 2007 | Chalicotheriidae Geraads et al. p. 461 |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
Fm. †Chalicotheriidae Gill 1872 [chalicothere]
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Subfm. †Chalicotheriinae
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G. †Anisodon Lartet 1851
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†Anisodon grande de Blainville 1849
†Anisodon macedonicus de Bonis et al. 1995
G. †Chalicotherium Kaup 1833
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†Chalicotherium brevirostris Colbert 1934
†Chalicotherium grande de Blainville 1849
†Chalicotherium grande rhodanicum Depéret 1892
†Chalicotherium pilgrimi Forster cooper 1920
†Chalicotherium rusingense Butler 1965
†Chalicotherium salinum Forster Cooper 1922
†Chalicotherium sinense Owen 1870
†Chalicotherium styriacum Bach 1913
†Chalicotherium wetzleri Kowalewsky 1873
G. †Nestoritherium Kaup 1859
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†Nestoritherium sindiense Lyddeker 1876
†Nestoritherium sinense Owen 1870
G. †Eomoropus Osborn 1913
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†Eomoropus anarsius Gazin 1956
†Eomoropus major Zdansky 1930
†Eomoropus meridiorientalis Ducrocq et al. 2021
†Eomoropus minimus Zdansky 1930
†Eomoropus pawnyunti Remy et al. 2005
†Eomoropus quadridentatus Zdansky 1930
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Invalid names: Eomoropus zhanggouensis Cheng and Ma 1990 [synonym]
†Eomoropus ulterior Chow 1962
G. †Limognitherium Filhol 1880
Subfm. †Macrotheriinae Holland and Peterson 1913
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G. †Moropus Marsh 1877
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†Moropus betpakdalensis Flerov 1938
†Moropus distans Marsh 1877
†Moropus elatus Marsh 1877
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Invalid names: Moropus cooki Barbour 1908 [synonym], Moropus parvus Barbour 1909 [synonym], Moropus petersoni Holland 1908 [synonym]
†Moropus hollandi Peterson 1913
†Moropus matthewi Holland and Peterson 1913
†Moropus maximus Holland and Peterson 1914
†Moropus merriami Holland and Peterson 1913
†Moropus oregonensis Leidy 1873
†Moropus senex Marsh 1877
Subfm. †Schizotheriinae Holland and Peterson 1913
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G. †Ancylotherium Gaudry 1863
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†Ancylotherium hellenicum Koufos 2012
†Ancylotherium pentelicum Gaudry and Lartet 1856
Invalid names: Chemositia Pickford 1979 [synonym], Gansuodon Wu and Chen 1976 [synonym], Hoangkotherium Unknown [synonym]
G. †Borissiakia Butler 1965
G. †Macrotherium Lartet 1837
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†Macrotherium giganteum Pictet 1844
†Macrotherium magnum Lartet 1837
†Macrotherium minus Lartet 1837
†Macrotherium rhodanicum Deperet 1892
†Macrotherium sansaniense Lartet 1837
†Macrotherium secundarium Filhol 1890
†Macrotherium turgaicum Borissiak 1921
G. †Phyllotillon Pilgrim 1910
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†Phyllotillon huangheensis Qiu et al. 1998
†Phyllotillon naricus Filhol 1879
G. †Schizotherium Gervais 1876
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†Schizotherium avitum Matthew and Granger 1923
†Schizotherium bilobatum Cope 1889
†Schizotherium chucuae Gabunia 1951
†Schizotherium modicum Gaudry 1875
†Schizotherium nabanensis Zhang 1976
†Schizotherium ordosium Hu 1959
†Schizotherium priscum Gervais 1876
Invalid names: Moropodinae Marsh 1877 [empty]
Diagnosis
| Reference | Diagnosis | |
|---|---|---|
| E. H. Colbert 1935 | Cheek teeth bunoselenodont; last upper premolars with two outer and one inner cusp, last lower premolars with double crescents; upper molars with W-shaped ectoloph, with protoloph connecting protocone and paracone, and metaloph connecting metacone and hypocone; lower molars doubly crescentic with a separate metastylid, and the third lower molar without a talonid except in the primitive genera. Auditory bulla large; orbit open behind; strong postglenoid and paroccipital processes; foramen lacerum anterius and foramen rotundum enclosed in a common vestibule; alisphenoid canal present; mandible with a broad ascendingramus. Cervical vertebrae keeled. Pelvis elongated; femur with or without third trochanter. Distal face of the astragalus articulating with the navicular and cuboid or with the navicular only. Manus either tetradactyl or tridactyl; pes tridactyl; distal ends of metapodials with convex articulating surfaces; terminal phalanges deeply bifid, except (?) in the primitive genera. |
Measurements
No measurements are available
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| Source: superf = superfamily, subc = subclass, c = class, subp = subphylum | |||||
| References: Lillegraven 1979, Ji et al. 2002, Carroll 1988, Coombs 1998, Hendy et al. 2009 | |||||
Age range: base of the Early/Lower Eocene to the top of the Gelasian or 55.80000 to 1.80600 Ma
Collections (215 total)
Oldest occurrences | |||
| Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sharamurunian | China (Henan) | Eomoropus quadridentatus, Eomoropus major, Eomoropus minimus (41120) | |
| Early/Lower Eocene | China (Hubei) | Eomoropus zhanggouensis (175808) | |
| Middle Eocene | China (Nei Mongol) | Chalicotheriidae indet. (28779 28786) | |
| Middle Eocene | China (Shanxi) | Eomoropus minimus (174907 175227) | |
| Middle Eocene | China (Shandong) | Eomoropus quadridentatus, Eomoropus minimus (175281) | |
| Middle Eocene | China (Henan) | Eomoropus sp. (46193) | |
| Middle Eocene | China (Yunnan) | Eomoropus ulterior (180770) | |
| Uintan | USA (Utah) | Eomoropus amarorum (16656) Eomoropus annectens (16646) Grangeria anarsius (16548) | |
| Uintan | USA (Wyoming) | Eomoropus amarorum (16648) Eomoropus anarsius (16552) | |
| Bartonian - Rupelian | Mexico (Oaxaca) | Chalicotheriidae indet. (166797) | |
Youngest occurrences |
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| Time interval | Ma | Country or state | PBDB collection number |
| Zanclean - Pliocene | Kenya | Ancylotherium hennigi (22267) | |
| Piacenzian | Tanzania | Ancylotherium hennigi (21790 21796 21802) | |
| Late/Upper Pliocene - Early/Lower Pleistocene | Myanmar (Magway Division) | Nestoritherium sp. (75078) | |
| Late/Upper Pliocene - Early/Lower Pleistocene | China (Hebei) | Chalicotheriidae indet., Circotherium sp. (231023) | |
| Late/Upper Pliocene - Middle Pleistocene | India (Punjab) | Chalicotherium sivalense (203109) | |
| Gelasian | Ethiopia | Ancylotherium hennigi (21559 21632 21680 21683 22014) | |
| Early/Lower Pleistocene | China (Anhui) | Nestoritherium sp. (68380) | |
| Gelasian - Calabrian | Ethiopia (Ethiopian Rift) | Ancylotherium hennigi (22491 22492 22494) | |
| Early/Lower Pleistocene - Middle Pleistocene | China (Sichuan) | Chalicotherium sinense (226365) | |
| Pleistocene | China (Yunnan) | Nestoritherium sp. (36587) | |