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Rhinoceros (one-horned rhinoceros)
Taxonomy
Rhinoceros was named by Linnaeus (1758). It is extant. Its type is Rhinoceros unicornis.
It was assigned to Glires by Linnaeus (1758); to Rhinocerotina by Gray (1825); to Pachydermata by Owen (1844); to Perissodactyla by Owen (1848), Lydekker (1876); to Rhinoceridae by Cope (1881), Stefani (1916); to Rhinocerotidae by Leidy (1873), Carroll (1988); to Rhinocerotinae by Hay (1902), Tong (2001); to Rhinocerotina by Prothero and Schoch (1989), Antoine et al. (2010); and to Rhinocerotini by Deng (2003), Deng et al. (2011), Pandolfi and Maiorino (2016).
It was assigned to Glires by Linnaeus (1758); to Rhinocerotina by Gray (1825); to Pachydermata by Owen (1844); to Perissodactyla by Owen (1848), Lydekker (1876); to Rhinoceridae by Cope (1881), Stefani (1916); to Rhinocerotidae by Leidy (1873), Carroll (1988); to Rhinocerotinae by Hay (1902), Tong (2001); to Rhinocerotina by Prothero and Schoch (1989), Antoine et al. (2010); and to Rhinocerotini by Deng (2003), Deng et al. (2011), Pandolfi and Maiorino (2016).
Species
Species lacking formal opinion data
Synonyms
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Synonymy list
| Year | Name and author |
|---|---|
| 1758 | Rhinoceros Linnaeus p. 56 |
| 1825 | Rhinoceros Gray p. 342 |
| 1828 | Rhinoceros elatus Croizet and Jobert |
| 1844 | Rhinoceros Owen p. 220 |
| 1848 | Rhinoceros Owen p. 139 |
| 1873 | Rhinoceros Leidy p. 328 |
| 1876 | Rhinoceros Lydekker |
| 1881 | Rhinocerus Cope p. 393 |
| 1902 | Rhinoceros Hay p. 647 |
| 1916 | Rhinoceros Stefani p. 11 |
| 1988 | Rhinoceros Carroll |
| 1989 | Rhinoceros Prothero and Schoch p. 536 |
| 2001 | Rhinoceros Tong |
| 2003 | Rhinoceros Deng p. 148 |
| 2010 | Rhinoceros Antoine et al. |
| 2011 | Rhinoceros Deng et al. p. 1287 |
| 2016 | Rhinoceros Pandolfi and Maiorino |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
G. Rhinoceros Linnaeus 1758 [one-horned rhinoceros]
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Subg. †Rhinoceros (Ceratorhinus)
†Rhinoceros deccanensis Foote 1874
†Rhinoceros goldfussii Kaup 1834
†Rhinoceros habereri Schlosser 1903
†Rhinoceros iravadicus Lydekker 1876
†Rhinoceros leptodon Kaup 1834
†Rhinoceros leptorhinus Cuvier 1822
†Rhinoceros minutus Cuvier 1830
†Rhinoceros namadicus Falconer and Cautley 1847
†Rhinoceros palaeindicus Falconer and Cautley 1847
†Rhinoceros philippinensis von Koenigswald 1956
†Rhinoceros planidens Lydekker 1876
†Rhinoceros platyrhinus Falconer and Cautley 1847
†Rhinoceros plicidens Koken 1885
†Rhinoceros sinensis Owen 1870
†Rhinoceros sivalensis Falconer and Cautley 1847
Rhinoceros sondaicus Desmarest 1822 [Javan rhinoceros]
Rhinoceros unicornis Linnaeus 1758 [Indian rhinoceros]
Invalid names: Rhinoceros elatus Croizet and Jobert 1828 [nomen oblitum]
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Body mass estimates
| estimate | equation | reference |
|---|---|---|
| 539.7 kg | Mammalia femur diameter | Gingerich 1990 |
| 534.9 kg | Mammalia humerus diameter | Gingerich 1990 |
| 648.9 kg | Mammalia tibia diameter | Gingerich 1990 |
| mean: 572.2 kg | ||
Measurements
| part | N | mean | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| femur diameter | 1 | 50.0 | |||||
| humerus diameter | 1 | 55.0 | |||||
| radius diameter | 1 | 37.0 | |||||
| tibia diameter | 1 | 52.7 |
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| Source: g = genus, subc = subclass, c = class, subp = subphylum | |||||
| References: Nowak 1999, Hendy et al. 2009, Ji et al. 2002, Lillegraven 1979, Carroll 1988 | |||||
Age range
Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Rupelian to the top of the Holocene or 33.90000 to 0.00000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 27.3 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 27.3 Ma
Collections (116 total)
Oldest occurrences | |||
| Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rupelian | Belgium (Antwerpen) | Rhinoceros sp. (52047) | |
| Aquitanian | Italy | Rhinoceros aurelianensis (47623) | |
| Early/Lower Miocene | North Korea (Hamgyeongbuk-do) | Rhinoceros sp. (48623) | |
| Miocene | Austria | Rhinoceros sp. (63085) | |
| Miocene | China (Gansu) | Rhinoceros sp. (42555) | |
| Miocene | Pakistan | Rhinoceros palaeindicus (232183) | |
| Miocene | Serbia (Serbia) | Rhinoceros sp. (39715) | |
| Miocene - Pliocene | India (Punjab) | Rhinoceros sivalensis (232184) | |
| Neogene | Italy | Rhinoceros sp. (96713) | |
| Neogene | Myanmar | Rhinoceros iravadicus (232175 232176) | |
| Neogene | Taiwan | Rhinoceros sp. (76868) | |
| Neogene | Taiwan (Tao-yuan) | Rhinoceros sp. (76856) | |
| Neogene | Kenya (Karungu) | Rhinoceros indet. (241377) | |
| Burdigalian | Portugal (Lisbon) | Ceratorhinus tagicus (36617) | |
| Burdigalian | Slovakia | Rhinoceros sp. (48642) | |
| MN 4 | France (Midi-Pyrénées) | Ceratorhinus tagicus (71873) | |
| MN 5 - MN 6 | Portugal | Ceratorhinus sansaniensis (65912) | |
| Middle Miocene | Pakistan (Punjab) | Rhinoceros browni (13472) | |
| Serravallian | Ukraine (Odessa) | Rhinoceros pachygnathus (75786 75790) | |
| Sarmatian | Russian Federation | Rhinoceros sp. (73903) | |