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Rhinoceros (one-horned rhinoceros)

Mammalia - Perissodactyla - Rhinocerotidae

Synonyms
Synonymy list
YearName and author
1758Rhinoceros Linnaeus p. 56
1825Rhinoceros Gray p. 342
1828Rhinoceros elatus Croizet and Jobert
1848Rhinoceros Owen p. 139
1873Rhinoceros Leidy p. 328
1876Rhinoceros Lydekker
1881Rhinocerus Cope p. 393
1902Rhinoceros Hay p. 647
1916Rhinoceros Stefani p. 11
1988Rhinoceros Carroll
1989Rhinoceros Prothero and Schoch p. 536
2001Rhinoceros Tong
2003Rhinoceros Deng p. 148
2010Rhinoceros Antoine et al.
2011Rhinoceros Deng et al. p. 1287
2016Rhinoceros Pandolfi and Maiorino

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RankNameAuthor
kingdomAnimalia()
—Bilateria
—EubilateriaAx 1987
—Deuterostomia
phylumChordataHaeckel 1874
subphylumVertebrata
superclassGnathostomata
—Osteichthyes()
subclassSarcopterygii()
subclassDipnotetrapodomorpha(Nelson 2006)
subclassTetrapodomorpha()
—Tetrapoda
—Reptiliomorpha
—Anthracosauria
subclassAmphibiosauriaKuhn 1967
—Cotylosauria()
—Amniota
subclassSynapsida
—Therapsida()
infraorderCynodontia()
—Mammaliamorpha
—Mammaliaformes
RankNameAuthor
classMammalia
—Cladotheria
—Zatheria
subclassTribosphenida()
subclassTheria
—Eutheria()
—Placentalia
—Boreoeutheria
—Laurasiatheria
—Scrotifera
—Euungulata
—Panperissodactyla
superorderPerissodactylamorpha
orderPerissodactyla()
—Tapiromorpha(Haeckel 1873)
—Ceratomorpha(Wood 1937)
superfamilyRhinocerotoidea
familyRhinocerotidae
subfamilyRhinocerotinae
tribeRhinocerotini
genusRhinoceros

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

G. Rhinoceros Linnaeus 1758 [one-horned rhinoceros]
show all | hide all
†Rhinoceros deccanensis Foote 1874
†Rhinoceros goldfussii Kaup 1834
†Rhinoceros habereri Schlosser 1903
†Rhinoceros iravadicus Lydekker 1876
†Rhinoceros leptodon Kaup 1834
†Rhinoceros leptorhinus Cuvier 1822
†Rhinoceros minutus Cuvier 1830
†Rhinoceros namadicus Falconer and Cautley 1847
†Rhinoceros palaeindicus Falconer and Cautley 1847
†Rhinoceros philippinensis von Koenigswald 1956
†Rhinoceros planidens Lydekker 1876
†Rhinoceros platyrhinus Falconer and Cautley 1847
†Rhinoceros plicidens Koken 1885
†Rhinoceros sinensis Owen 1870
†Rhinoceros sivalensis Falconer and Cautley 1847
Rhinoceros sondaicus Desmarest 1822 [Javan rhinoceros]
Rhinoceros unicornis Linnaeus 1758 [Indian rhinoceros]
Invalid names: Rhinoceros elatus Croizet and Jobert 1828 [nomen oblitum]
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Body mass estimates
estimateequationreference
 539.7 kg Mammalia femur diameterGingerich 1990
 534.9 kg Mammalia humerus diameterGingerich 1990
 648.9 kg Mammalia tibia diameterGingerich 1990
mean: 572.2 kg
Measurements
partNmean
femur diameter150.0
humerus diameter155.0
radius diameter137.0
tibia diameter152.7

Composition: phosphaticsubp
Environment: terrestrialsubc
Locomotion: actively mobilec
Life habit: ground dwellingg
Diet: browserg
Reproduction: viviparoussubc
Comments: life habit and diet based on Nowak 1999g
Created: 2005-08-31 15:10:07
Modified: 2005-08-31 17:10:41
Source: g = genus, subc = subclass, c = class, subp = subphylum
References: Lillegraven 1979, Carroll 1988, Nowak 1999, Ji et al. 2002, Hendy et al. 2009

Age range

Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Rupelian to the top of the Holocene or 33.90000 to 0.00000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 28.1 Ma

Collections (115 total)


Time interval Ma Country or state Original ID and collection number
Rupelian33.9 - 28.1Belgium (Antwerpen) Rhinoceros sp. (52047)
Aquitanian23.03 - 20.44Italy Rhinoceros aurelianensis (47623)
Early/Lower Miocene23.03 - 15.97North Korea (Hamgyeongbuk-do) Rhinoceros sp. (48623)
Miocene23.03 - 5.333Austria Rhinoceros sp. (63085)
Miocene23.03 - 5.333Pakistan Rhinoceros palaeindicus (232183)
Miocene23.03 - 5.333Serbia and Montenegro (Serbia) Rhinoceros sp. (39715)
Miocene23.03 - 5.333China (Gansu) Rhinoceros sp. (42555)
Miocene - Pliocene23.03 - 2.588India (Punjab) Rhinoceros sivalensis (232184)
Neogene23.03 - 2.58Myanmar Rhinoceros iravadicus (232175 232176)
Neogene23.03 - 2.58Taiwan Rhinoceros sp. (76868)
Neogene23.03 - 2.58Italy Rhinoceros sp. (96713)
Neogene23.03 - 2.58Taiwan (Tao-yuan) Rhinoceros sp. (76856)
Burdigalian20.44 - 15.97Portugal (Lisbon) Ceratorhinus tagicus (36617)
Burdigalian20.44 - 15.97Slovakia Rhinoceros sp. (48642)
MN 416.9 - 15.97France (Midi-Pyrénées) Ceratorhinus tagicus (71873)
MN 5 - MN 615.97 - 12.75Portugal Ceratorhinus sansaniensis (65912)
Middle Miocene15.97 - 11.608Pakistan (Punjab) Rhinoceros browni (13472)
Serravallian13.82 - 11.62Ukraine (Odessa) Rhinoceros pachygnathus (75786 75790)
MN 7 + 812.75 - 11.1Switzerland (Baselland) Rhinoceros sp. (49421)
Sarmatian12.7 - 11.608Russian Federation Rhinoceros sp. (73903)
Tortonian11.62 - 7.246Moldova Rhinoceros pachyganthus (75802) Rhinoceros pachygnathus (75803)
Tortonian11.62 - 7.246Ukraine (Odessa) Rhinoceros pachygnathus (75794)
Vallesian11.608 - 8.7Spain (Catalonia) Rhinoceros sp. (176268)
Late/Upper Miocene11.608 - 5.333Greece (Chalkidona) Rhinoceros pachygnathus (182745) Rhinocerus pachygnathus (182750)
Late/Upper Miocene11.608 - 5.333Greece (Attica) Rhinoceros pachygnathus, Rhinoceros sp. (182754)
Late/Upper Miocene11.608 - 5.333Turkey (Mugla) Rhinoceros pachygnathus (13998)
Late/Upper Miocene11.608 - 5.333Greece (Aegean) Rhinoceros pachygnathus (202120)
Late/Upper Miocene11.608 - 5.333Pakistan (Punjab) Rhinoceros sivalensis (13474) Rhinoceros vidali (13473)
Late/Upper Miocene - Early/Lower Pliocene11.608 - 3.6Turkey Rhinoceros sp. (11799)
Late/Upper Miocene - Pliocene11.608 - 2.588Kyrgyzstan Rhinoceros sp. (76287)
Turolian8.7 - 5.333Greece (Euboea) Rhinoceros sp. (214079)
Messinian7.246 - 5.333Ukraine (Odessa) Rhinoceros pachygnathus (76292)
Early/Lower Pliocene5.333 - 3.6Kazakhstan Rhinoceros sp. (76289)
Early/Lower Pliocene5.333 - 3.6Ukraine (Izmail) Rhinoceros sp. (76311)
Zanclean5.333 - 3.6France Rhinoceros leptorhinus (56693)
Pliocene5.333 - 2.588Russian Federation (Stavropol'skaya) Rhinoceros sp. (76537)
Pliocene5.333 - 2.588Kazakhstan Rhinoceros sp. (76536)
Pliocene5.333 - 2.588Ukraine (Odessa) Rhinoceros sp. (76502)
Pliocene - Pleistocene5.333 - 0.0117India (Uttar Pradesh) Rhinoceros sp. (37751)
Pliocene - Pleistocene5.333 - 0.0117France (Haute-Loire) Rhinoceros sp. (48989)
Pliocene - Pleistocene5.333 - 0.0117Taiwan (N/A) Rhinoceros sinensis (208877)
Late/Upper Pliocene3.6 - 2.588Russian Federation Rhinoceros sp. (76530)
Late/Upper Pliocene3.6 - 2.588India (Jammu) Rhinoceros sp. (51102)
Late/Upper Pliocene3.6 - 2.588India Rhinoceros palaeindicus, Rhinoceros sivalensis (39209)
Late/Upper Pliocene3.6 - 2.588India (Panjab) Rhinoceros palaeindicus, Rhinoceros sivalensis (51106)
Piacenzian3.6 - 2.588Belgium (Antwerpen) Rhinoceros leptorhinus (66958)
Late/Upper Pliocene - Early/Lower Pleistocene3.6 - 0.781Myanmar Rhinoceros sivalensis (41237)
Late/Upper Pliocene - Early/Lower Pleistocene3.6 - 0.781China (Hebei) Rhinoceros sinensis (231023)
Late/Upper Pliocene - Middle Pleistocene3.6 - 0.129India (Punjab) Rhinoceros platyrhinus, Rhinoceros palaeindicus, Rhinoceros sivalensis, Rhinoceros planidens (203109)
Gelasian2.588 - 1.806United Kingdom (England) Rhinoceros sp. (48093)
Early/Lower Pleistocene2.588 - 0.781Sri Lanka (Sabaragamuva) Rhinoceros sivalensis (14150)
Early/Lower Pleistocene2.588 - 0.781China (Anhui) Rhinoceros sinensis (68380)
Early/Lower Pleistocene2.588 - 0.781Indonesia Rhinoceros sondaicus (93522)
Early/Lower Pleistocene2.588 - 0.781China (Guangxi) Rhinoceros unicornis (230325)
Early/Lower Pleistocene2.588 - 0.781China (Guanxi) Rhinoceros chiai (230994)
Early/Lower Pleistocene2.588 - 0.781Pakistan (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) Rhinoceros sivalensis (188674) Rhinoceros sp. (189786)
Early/Lower Pleistocene2.588 - 0.781Hungary (Borsodabaujzemplen) Rhinoceros sp. (35428)
Early/Lower Pleistocene2.588 - 0.781China ( Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region) Rhinoceros sinensis (214689)
Early/Lower Pleistocene2.588 - 0.781China (Hunan) Rhinoceros sinensis (36819)
Early/Lower Pleistocene2.588 - 0.781China (Yunnan) Rhinoceros sp. (71055)
Early/Lower Pleistocene - Middle Pleistocene2.588 - 0.129China (Sichuan) Rhinoceros sinensis (226365)
Pleistocene2.588 - 0.0117Sri Lanka Rhinoceros sp. (238030)
Pleistocene2.588 - 0.0117India Rhinoceros deccanensis (238017) Rhinoceros unicornis (237975 237977)
Pleistocene2.588 - 0.0117Italy Rhinoceros sp. (96717)
Pleistocene2.588 - 0.0117France Rhinoceros sp. (22651)
Pleistocene2.588 - 0.0117Indonesia (Java) Rhinoceros sivasondaicus (213296)
Pleistocene2.588 - 0.0117India (Karnataka) Rhinoceros deccanensis (232127)
Pleistocene2.588 - 0.0117Pakistan (Pabbi Hills) Rhinocerus sivalensis (189000)
Pleistocene2.588 - 0.0117Belgium Rhinoceros tichorinus, Rhinoceros sp. (89536)
Pleistocene2.588 - 0.0117India (Uttar Pradesh) Rhinoceros sp. (237974)
Pleistocene2.588 - 0.0117Philippines (Cagayan) Rhinoceros philippinensis (94609)
Pleistocene2.588 - 0.0117China (Jiangxi) Rhinoceros sinensis (35923)
Pleistocene2.588 - 0.0117China (Yunnan) Rhinoceros sinensis (36586 36587) Rhinoceros sp. (36583)
Pleistocene2.588 - 0.0117Italy (Puglia) Rhinoceros sp. (44091)
Middle Pleistocene0.774 - 0.129France Rhinoceros sp. (49092)
Middle Pleistocene0.774 - 0.129China (Hubei) Rhinoceros sinensis (234753)
Middle Pleistocene0.774 - 0.129Italy Rhinoceros hemithecus (96723)
Middle Pleistocene0.774 - 0.129Indonesia (Jawa Timur) Rhinoceros sondaicus (93521)
Middle Pleistocene0.774 - 0.129Thailand (Chaiyaphum) Rhinoceros sondaicus (237787)
Middle Pleistocene0.774 - 0.129China (Guangxi) Rhinoceros sinensis (38649 235739 235740)
Middle Pleistocene0.774 - 0.129China (Guizhou) Rhinoceros sinensis (51100)
Middle Pleistocene0.774 - 0.129Vietnam (Lang Son) Rhinoceros sinensis (92781)
Middle Pleistocene0.774 - 0.129Thailand (Nakhon Ratchasima) Rhinoceros unicornis, Rhinoceros sondaicus (143885)
Middle Pleistocene0.774 - 0.129Laos (Hua Pan) Rhinoceros unicornis, Rhinoceros sondaicus (235746)
Middle Pleistocene0.774 - 0.129China (Guangdong) Rhinoceros sinensis (40341 120834)
Middle Pleistocene0.774 - 0.129Vietnam Rhinoceros sinensis (108001)
Middle Pleistocene0.774 - 0.129Malaysia (Perak) Rhinoceros sp. (235742)
Middle Pleistocene0.774 - 0.129Taiwan (Tainan) Rhinoceros sp. (76844)
Middle Pleistocene - Late/Upper Pleistocene0.774 - 0.0117China (Anhui) Rhinoceros sinensis (36868)
Middle Pleistocene - Late/Upper Pleistocene0.774 - 0.0117China (Guangdong) Rhinoceros sinensis (13293)
Middle Pleistocene - Late/Upper Pleistocene0.774 - 0.0117China (Guangxi) Rhinoceros sinensis (235737)
Middle Pleistocene - Late/Upper Pleistocene0.774 - 0.0117India (Gujarat) Rhinoceros unicornis (173345)
Late/Upper Pleistocene0.129 - 0.0117Indonesia Rhinoceros sondaicus (93524)
Late/Upper Pleistocene (high glacial)0.129 - 0.0117China (Hubei) Rhinoceros sinensis (92787)
Late/Upper Pleistocene0.129 - 0.0117China (Hunan) Rhinoceros sinensis (36729 36730)
Late/Upper Pleistocene0.129 - 0.0117Thailand (Chaiyaphum) Rhinoceros sondaicus (237788)
Late/Upper Pleistocene0.129 - 0.0117China (Sichuan) Rhinoceros sp. (34679)
Late/Upper Pleistocene0.129 - 0.0117India Rhinoceros sp., Rhinoceros unicornis (224310)
Late/Upper Pleistocene0.129 - 0.0117China (Hubei) Rhinoceros sinensis (38707)
Late/Upper Pleistocene0.129 - 0.0117Vietnam Rhinoceros sinensis (107996)
Holocene0.0117 - 0.0Vietnam Rhinoceros sp. (32904)