PBDB Taxon

Basic info	Taxonomic history	Classification	Included Taxa
Morphology	Ecology and taphonomy	External Literature Search	Age range and collections

Hoplophoneus primaevus

Mammalia - Carnivora - Nimravidae

Taxonomy

Machairodus primaevus was named by Leidy and Owen (1851) [in Leidy; sometimes attributed to Leidy alone].

It was recombined as Drepanodon primaevus by Leidy (1869); it was recombined as Hoplophoneus primaevus by Cope (1874), Cope (1880), Adams (1896), Hay (1902), Matthew (1910), Thorpe (1920), Scott and Jepsen (1936), Simpson (1941), Hough (1949), Galbreath (1953), Bryant (1996) and Barrett (2016).

Synonyms

Hoplophoneus insolens was named by Adams (1896). Its type specimen is PU 11022 or 11372, a skeleton, and it is a 3D body fossil.

It was synonymized subjectively with Drepanodon occidentalis by Scott and Jepsen (1936); it was synonymized subjectively with Hoplophoneus primaevus by Simpson (1941), Hough (1949), Bryant (1996) and Barrett (2016).
Hoplophoneus latidens was named by Thorpe (1920). Its type locality is Pine Bluffs, which is in an Orellan terrestrial horizon in Wyoming.

It was synonymized subjectively with Hoplophoneus primaevus by Simpson (1941), Hough (1949), Bryant (1996) and Barrett (2016).
Hoplophoneus marshi was named by Thorpe (1920).

It was synonymized subjectively with Hoplophoneus primaevus by Simpson (1941), Hough (1949), Bryant (1996) and Barrett (2016).
Hoplophoneus mentalis was named by Sinclair (1921). Its type specimen is P.U. No. 12515, a mandible (left ramus of the lower jaw), and it is not a trace fossil.

It was recombined as Drepanodon mentalis by Scott and Jepsen (1936); it was synonymized subjectively with Hoplophoneus primaevus by Barrett (2016).
Hoplophoneus molossus was named by Thorpe (1920).

It was recombined as Drepanodon molossus by Scott and Jepsen (1936); it was synonymized subjectively with Hoplophoneus primaevus by Hough (1949), Bryant (1996) and Barrett (2016).
Hoplophoneus robustus was named by Adams (1896). Its type specimen is AMNH 650, a skeleton, and it is a 3D body fossil.

It was synonymized subjectively with Drepanodon occidentalis by Scott and Jepsen (1936); it was synonymized subjectively with Hoplophoneus primaevus by Simpson (1941), Hough (1949), Bryant (1996) and Barrett (2016).
Machaerodus oreodontis was named by Cope (1873).

It was recombined as Hoplophoneus oreodontis by Cope (1874), Cope (1880), Adams (1896) and Hay (1902); it was recombined as Drepanodon oreodontis by Scott and Jepsen (1936); it was considered a nomen vanum by Martin (1992); it was synonymized subjectively with Hoplophoneus primaevus by Simpson (1941), Hough (1949), Bryant (1996) and Barrett (2016).

Synonymy list

Year	Name and author
1851	Machairodus primaevus Leidy and Owen
1853	Machairodus primaevus Leidy
1857	Machairodus primaevus Leidy
1869	Drepanodon primaevus Leidy
1873	Machaerodus oreodontis Cope p. 9
1874	Hoplophoneus oreodontis Cope
1874	Hoplophoneus primaevus Cope
1880	Hoplophoneus oreodontis Cope p. 850
1880	Hoplophoneus primaevus Cope p. 850
1896	Hoplophoneus insolens Adams p. 48
1896	Hoplophoneus primaevus Adams p. 49
1896	Hoplophoneus robustus Adams p. 49
1896	Hoplophoneus oreodontis Adams p. 50
1902	Hoplophoneus insolens Hay p. 778
1902	Hoplophoneus oreodontis Hay p. 779
1902	Hoplophoneus primaevus Hay p. 779
1902	Hoplophoneus robustus Hay p. 779
1910	Hoplophoneus primaevus Matthew
1920	Hoplophoneus latidens Thorpe
1920	Hoplophoneus marshi Thorpe
1920	Hoplophoneus molossus Thorpe
1920	Hoplophoneus primaevus Thorpe
1921	Hoplophoneus mentalis Sinclair
1927	Hoplophoneus mentalis Wood p. 296
1936	Drepanodon mentalis Scott and Jepsen
1936	Drepanodon molossus Scott and Jepsen
1936	Drepanodon oreodontis Scott and Jepsen
1936	Hoplophoneus primaevus Scott and Jepsen
1941	Hoplophoneus mentalis Simpson
1941	Hoplophoneus primaevus Simpson
1949	Hoplophoneus mentalis Hough
1949	Hoplophoneus primaevus Hough
1953	Hoplophoneus primaevus Galbreath
1996	Hoplophoneus mentalis Bryant
1996	Hoplophoneus primaevus Bryant
2016	Hoplophoneus primaevus Barrett p. 50

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Rank	Name	Author
kingdom	Animalia	()
—	Bilateria
—	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
—	Deuterostomia
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1874
subphylum	Vertebrata
superclass	Gnathostomata
—	Osteichthyes	()
subclass	Sarcopterygii	()
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha	(Nelson 2006)
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha	()
—	Tetrapoda
—	Reptiliomorpha
—	Anthracosauria
subclass	Amphibiosauria	Kuhn 1967
—	Cotylosauria	()
—	Amniota
subclass	Synapsida
—	Therapsida	()
infraorder	Cynodontia	()
—	Mammaliamorpha

Rank	Name	Author
—	Mammaliaformes
class	Mammalia
—	Cladotheria
—	Zatheria
subclass	Tribosphenida	()
subclass	Theria
—	Eutheria	()
—	Placentalia
—	Boreoeutheria
—	Laurasiatheria
—	Scrotifera
—	Ferae	()
—	Carnivoramorpha	Wyss and Flynn 1993
—	Carnivoraformes	Flynn et al.
order	Carnivora
suborder	Feliformia	Kretzoi 1945
family	Nimravidae	Cope 1880
tribe	Hoplophoneini	Kretzoi 1929
genus	Hoplophoneus	Cope 1874
species	primaevus	(Leidy and Owen 1851)

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

†Hoplophoneus primaevus Leidy and Owen 1851

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Invalid names: Hoplophoneus insolens Adams 1896 [synonym], Hoplophoneus latidens Thorpe 1920 [synonym], Hoplophoneus marshi Thorpe 1920 [synonym], Hoplophoneus mentalis Sinclair 1921 [synonym], Hoplophoneus molossus Thorpe 1920 [synonym], Hoplophoneus oreodontis Cope 1873 [synonym], Hoplophoneus robustus Adams 1896 [synonym]

Diagnosis

Reference	Diagnosis
G. I. Adams 1896 (Hoplophoneus insolens)	The skull of H. insolentis long and low, the postorbitalconstriction very marked,sagittal crest slightlyconcave, the occiput overhanging and concave from side to side, the posttympanicprocess is long and massiveapproachingthepostgleuoidprocessand beingproducedas far inferiorly. The limb bones have stoutshaftsand relativelysmall ex- treinities
G. I. Adams 1896 (Hoplophoneus robustus)	The skull is relativelylarge comparedwiththe skeleton. The limb bones are rugoseand have stoutshafts,beingverysimilartothoseofDinictis fortis,1and are thus very differenftromthoseof H. primnaevus.Denti- tition:I 3 C {,Pm2,MD.
P. Z. Barrett 2016	Characters of Hoplophoneus plus: sutural contact absent between the lacrimal and jugal; medial ridge of palate present; postglenoid foramen present; posterior lip of the glenoid socket projects more ventrally than the anterior lip; oblique angle between the braincase, disregarding the sagittal crest, and axial plane of the cranium; anterior dentary position elevate above cheek tooth row; vertically orientated posterior border of coronoid process; deep genial flange between 32 and 50% of total dentary length; mesial-distal length of C1 less than that of P4; ratio of height between P3 and P4 0.50 to 0.70; p3 lower than p4; trigonid proportion of m1, 88% or greater.

Measurements

No measurements are available

Composition:

phosphaticsubp

Environment:

terrestrialsubc

Locomotion:

actively mobilec

Life habit:

ground dwellingf

Diet:

carnivoreg

Reproduction:

viviparoussubc

Created:

2009-01-04 14:30:41

Modified:

2009-01-04 16:32:12

Source: g = genus, f = family, subc = subclass, c = class, subp = subphylum

References: Ji et al. 2002, Carroll 1988, Hendy et al. 2009, Lillegraven 1979, Van Valkenburgh 1988, Martin 1998

Age range: base of the Chadronian to the top of the Orellan or 37.20000 to 33.30000 Ma

Collections (17 total)

Time interval	Ma	Country or state	Original ID and collection number
Chadronian	37.2 - 33.9	USA (Nebraska)	Hoplophoneus mentalis (16929 16930)
Chadronian	37.2 - 33.9	USA (South Dakota)	Hoplophoneus mentalis (83881) Hoplophoneus oharrai (16938)
Chadronian	37.2 - 33.9	USA (Wyoming)	Hoplophoneus oharrai (16963 16966)
Orellan	33.9 - 33.3	USA (Nebraska)	Hoplophoneus primaevus (17098)
Orellan	33.9 - 33.3	USA (Wyoming)	Hoplophoneus latidens (17157) Hoplophoneus primaevus (17131)
Orellan	33.9 - 33.3	USA (South Dakota)	Hoplophoneus insolens (17084) Hoplophoneus primaevus (17067 17077 17133 17141 17153 17295) Hoplophoneus robustus (17092)