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Ichthyornithes
Taxonomy
Ichthyornithes was named by Marsh (1873).
It was reranked as the suborder Ichthyornithes by Jaekel (1911); it was reranked as the suborder Ichthyornithiformes by Hay (1930); it was corrected as Ichthyornithiformes by Wetmore (1940), Wetmore (1956), Martin (1984), Chatterjee (1991), Elzanowski et al. (2001), Padian (2004), Clarke et al. (2005), Livezey and Zusi (2007); it was reranked as the superorder Ichthyornithes by Wetmore (1960); it was misspelled as Ichthornithiformes by Sepkoski (2002), Clarke (2004); it was reranked as the unranked clade Ichthyornithes by Benito et al. (2022), Benito et al. (2022).
It was assigned to Odontornithes by Marsh (1873), Marsh (1873), Marsh (1875); to Carinatae by Gadow (1898); to Colymbomorphae by Jaekel (1911); to Carinatae by Hay (1930); to Neornithes by Wetmore (1956), Wetmore (1960); to Neornithes by Martin (1984); to Ornithurae by Chatterjee (1991); to Odontognathae by Wetmore (1940), Elzanowski et al. (2001); to Aves by Sepkoski (2002); to Odontoholomorphae by Livezey and Zusi (2007); and to Ornithurae by Clarke (2004), Padian (2004), Clarke et al. (2005), Benito et al. (2022), Benito et al. (2022).
It was reranked as the suborder Ichthyornithes by Jaekel (1911); it was reranked as the suborder Ichthyornithiformes by Hay (1930); it was corrected as Ichthyornithiformes by Wetmore (1940), Wetmore (1956), Martin (1984), Chatterjee (1991), Elzanowski et al. (2001), Padian (2004), Clarke et al. (2005), Livezey and Zusi (2007); it was reranked as the superorder Ichthyornithes by Wetmore (1960); it was misspelled as Ichthornithiformes by Sepkoski (2002), Clarke (2004); it was reranked as the unranked clade Ichthyornithes by Benito et al. (2022), Benito et al. (2022).
It was assigned to Odontornithes by Marsh (1873), Marsh (1873), Marsh (1875); to Carinatae by Gadow (1898); to Colymbomorphae by Jaekel (1911); to Carinatae by Hay (1930); to Neornithes by Wetmore (1956), Wetmore (1960); to Neornithes by Martin (1984); to Ornithurae by Chatterjee (1991); to Odontognathae by Wetmore (1940), Elzanowski et al. (2001); to Aves by Sepkoski (2002); to Odontoholomorphae by Livezey and Zusi (2007); and to Ornithurae by Clarke (2004), Padian (2004), Clarke et al. (2005), Benito et al. (2022), Benito et al. (2022).
Synonymy list
| Year | Name and author |
|---|---|
| 1873 | Ichthyornithes Marsh p. 117 |
| 1875 | Ichthyornithes Marsh p. 407 |
| 1898 | Ichthyornithes Gadow p. 31 |
| 1911 | Ichthyornithes Jaekel p. 179 |
| 1930 | Ichthyornithiformes Hay p. 281 |
| 1940 | Ichthyornithiformes Wetmore p. 4 |
| 1956 | Ichthyornithiformes Wetmore p. 5 |
| 1960 | Ichthyornithes Wetmore p. 23 |
| 1984 | Ichthyornithiformes Martin p. 146 |
| 1991 | Ichthyornithiformes Chatterjee p. 328 |
| 2001 | Ichthyornithiformes Elzanowski et al. p. 718 |
| 2002 | Ichthornithiformes Sepkoski |
| 2004 | Ichthyornithes Clarke p. 20 |
| 2004 | Ichthyornithiformes Padian p. 214 |
| 2005 | Ichthyornithiformes Clarke et al. p. 307 |
| 2007 | Ichthyornithiformes Livezey and Zusi p. 89 |
| 2022 | Ichthyornithes Benito et al. |
| 2022 | Ichthyornithes Benito et al. |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
Unr. †Ichthyornithes Marsh 1873
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G. †Ichthyornis Marsh 1872
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†Ichthyornis dispar Marsh 1872
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Invalid names: Colonosaurus mudgei Marsh 1872 [objective synonym], Ichthyornis agilis Marsh 1873 [synonym], Ichthyornis anceps Marsh 1872 [synonym], Ichthyornis antecessor Wetmore 1962 [synonym], Ichthyornis validus Marsh 1880 [synonym], Ichthyornis victor Marsh 1876 [synonym]
†Ichthyornis minusculus Nessov 1990
Invalid names: Angelinornis Kashin 1972 [synonym], Colonosaurus Marsh 1872 [synonym], Plegadornis Wetmore 1962 [synonym]
Fm. †Ichthyornithidae Marsh 1873
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Invalid names: Angelinornithidae Kashin 1972 [synonym], Plegadornithidae Wetmore 1962 [synonym]
Invalid names: Apatornithidae Fürbringer 1888 [empty]
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
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| Source: subo = suborder, o = order | |||||
| References: Marsh 1875, Benton 1983, Bush and Bambach 2015 | |||||
Age range: base of the Middle Cenomanian to the top of the Late/Upper Maastrichtian or 100.50000 to 66.00000 Ma
Collections (34 total)
| Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
|---|---|---|---|
| Middle Cenomanian | USA (Kansas) | Ichthyornithes indet. (94538) | |
| Middle Cenomanian | Canada (Saskatchewan) | Ichthyornis sp. (22731) Ichthyornis sp. B, Ichthyornis sp. (52997) | |
| Early/Lower Turonian | Canada (Alberta) | Ichthyornis sp. (136242) | |
| Late/Upper Turonian | USA (New Mexico) | Ichthyornis sp. (84547) | |
| Middle Turonian - Late/Upper Turonian | Uzbekistan (Navoi) | Ichthyornis minusculus (58168) | |
| Early/Lower Coniacian | USA (Texas) | Dinosauria indet. (34755) | |
| Early/Lower Coniacian - Santonian | USA (Kansas) | Ichthyornis dispar (13301) | |
| Late/Upper Coniacian - Early/Lower Campanian | Mexico (Coahuila) | Ichthyornis dispar (160666) | |
| Middle Santonian | USA (Kansas) | Ichthyornis dispar (231052 231053 231054 231055 231056 231057 231058 231059) | |
| Santonian | USA (Kansas) | Ichthyornis dispar, Colonosaurus mudgei (85276) | |
| Late/Upper Santonian - Early/Lower Campanian | USA (Alabama) | Plegadornis antecessor (81932) | |
| Campanian | USA (California) | Ichthyornis sp. (94632) | |
| Early/Lower Campanian | USA (Texas) | Ichthyornis antecessor (34756 34757) | |
| Early/Lower Campanian | USA (Alabama) | Ichthyornis dispar (197308 197312 197314 197316 231048 231049 231050 231051) Ichthyornis sp. (82635) | |
| Early/Lower Campanian | Canada (Manitoba) | Ichthyornithiformes indet. (23307) | |
| Early/Lower Campanian - Middle Campanian | USA (Alabama) | Ichthyornis dispar (80890) | |
| Late/Upper Maastrichtian | Belgium (Liège) | Ornithurae indet. (84446) |