PBDB Taxon

Basic info	Taxonomic history	Classification	Included Taxa
Morphology	Ecology and taphonomy	External Literature Search	Age range and collections

Arthrodira

Placodermi

Taxonomy

Arthrodira was named by Woodward (1891).

It was reranked as the subclass Arthrodira by Obruchev (1964); it was reranked as the unranked clade Arthrodira by van der Laan (2019), Jobbins et al. (2022).

It was assigned to Dipnoi by Gadow (1898); to Placodermi by Hay (1902); to Placodermi by Bryant (1932), Denison (1975); to Placodermi by Obruchev (1964), Straka and Semken (1969), Denison (1978), Dineley and Metcalf (1999), Young (2010), Young and Long (2014), van der Laan (2019); and to Placodermi by Jobbins et al. (2022).

Subtaxa

Acanthaspida, Actinolepidiformes, Actinolepidoidei, Actinolepina, Africanaspis, Antarctolepis, Arctonema, Arenipiscis, Aspidichthys, Atlantidosteus, Brachydeirina, Brachythoracoidei, Bruntonichthys, Bullerichthys, Callognathus, Coccosteina, Copanognathus, Cosmacanthus, Cravenaspis, Diplognathus, Erikaspis, Errolosteus, Eskimaspis, Euarthrodira, Eubrachythoraci, Glyptaspis, Grazosteus, Harrytoombsia, Heintzosteus, Heterostiina, Hollardosteus, Holonematina, Huaningichthys, Incisoscutoidea, Kimberleyichthys (syn. Kimberia), Kueichowlepis, Latocamurus, Laurentaspis, Lurapullaspis, Machaerognathus, Mcnamaraspis, Mediaspidae, Murmur, Operchallosteus, Overtonaspis, Pachyosteidae, Pachyosteina, Parawilliamsaspis, Phlyctaeniiformes, Phlyctaenina, Pholidosteidae, Phylctaeniida, Phyllolepida, Phyllolepidoidei, Platyaspis, Prescottaspidae, Qataraspis, Rolfosteus, Squamatognathus, Stegophthalami, Taemasosteus, Taunaspis, Temnothoraci, Timanosteus, Toombalepis, Toombsosteus, Tubonasus, Tyriolepis, Wheathillaspis, Wuttagoonaspina, Yinosteus

Sister taxa

Actinolepidiformes, Coccosteina, Phlyctaeniiformes, Stegophthalami, Temnothoraci

Synonyms

Arthrodiriformes was named by Grande and Eastman (1986) [Named as a subjective synonym of Arthrodira]. It is not extant.

It was synonymized subjectively with Arthrodira by Grande and Eastman (1986).

It was assigned to Placodermi by Long (2011), Nelson et al. (2016).

Synonymy list

Year	Name and author
1891	Arthrodira Woodward
1898	Arthrodira Gadow p. 11
1902	Arthrodira Hay p. 344
1932	Arthrodira Bryant p. 232
1964	Arthrodira Obruchev p. 180
1969	Arthrodira Straka and Semken p. 1424
1975	Arthrodira Denison p. 23
1978	Arthrodira Denison
1986	Arthrodiriformes Grande and Eastman
1999	Arthrodira Dineley and Metcalf p. 11
2010	Arthrodira Young p. 527
2011	Arthrodiriformes Long p. 242
2014	Arthrodira Young and Long p. 242
2016	Arthrodiriformes Nelson et al. p. 39
2019	Arthrodira van der Laan p. 29
2022	Arthrodira Jobbins et al. p. 4

Is something missing? Join the Paleobiology Database and enter the data

Rank	Name	Author
kingdom	Animalia	()
—	Bilateria
—	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
—	Deuterostomia
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1874

Rank	Name	Author
subphylum	Vertebrata
superclass	Gnathostomata
class	Placodermi	M'Coy 1848
—	Arthrodira	(Woodward 1891)
—	Arthrodira	(Woodward 1891)

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Unr. †Arthrodira Woodward 1891

show all | hide all

Fm. †Acanthaspida Heintz 1921

G. †Euryaspis Bryant 1932

†Euryaspis brachycephalus Bryant 1932

G. †Svalbardaspis Heintz 1929

†Svalbardaspis montanus Bryant 1932

Or. †Actinolepidiformes

Fm. †Actinolepididae Gross 1940

G. †Actinolepis Agassiz 1845

†Actinolepis magna Mark-Kurik 1973

†Actinolepis spinosa Mark-Kurik 1985

†Actinolepis tuberculata Agassiz 1845

†Actinolepis zaikai Plax and Newman 2020

G. †Aethaspis Denison 1958

†Aethaspis major Denison 1958

†Aethaspis utahensis Denison 1958

G. †Ailuracantha White 1969

†Ailuracantha dorsifelis White 1969

G. †Aleosteus Johnson et al. 2000

†Aleosteus eganensis Johnson et al. 2000

G. †Anarthraspis Bryant 1934

†Anarthraspis chamberlini Bryant 1932

†Anarthraspis montanus Bryant and Ruedemann 1934

G. †Baringaspis Miles 1973

†Baringaspis dineleyi Miles 1973

G. †Bollandaspis Schmidt 1976

†Bollandaspis woschmidti Schmidt 1976

G. †Bryantolepis Denison 1958

†Bryantolepis brachycephala Bryant 1932

†Bryantolepis cristata Bryant 1934

†Bryantolepis williamsi Elliott and Carr 2010

G. †Heightingtonaspis White 1969

†Heightingtonaspis anglica Traquair 1890

†Heightingtonaspis clarkei Eastman 1907

†Heightingtonaspis willsi White 1961

G. †Lataspis Strand 1932

†Lataspis brevicornis Heintz 1929

†Lataspis rotundicomis Heintz 1929

G. †Lehmanosteus Goujet 1984

†Lehmanosteus hyperboreus Goujet 1984

G. †Proaethaspis Denison 1978

†Proaethaspis ohioensis Denison 1960

G. †Sigaspis Goujet 1973

†Sigaspis lepidophora Goujet 1973

G. †Simblaspis Denison 1958

†Simblaspis cachensis Denison 1958

G. †Stuertzaspis Westoll and Miles 1963

†Stuertzaspis germanica Traquair 1903

G. †Szelepis Liu 1979

†Szelepis yunnanensis Liu 1979

Fm. †Antarctaspididae White 1968

G. †Antarctaspis White 1968

†Antarctaspis mcmurdoensis White 1968

G. †Potangaspis Zhu et al. 2010

†Potangaspis parvoculatus Zhu et al. 2010

G. †Yujiangolepis Wang and Wang 1998

†Yujiangolepis liujingensis Wang and Wang 1998

Fm. †Gavinaspididae Dupret and Zhu 2008

G. †Gavinaspis Dupret and Zhu 2008

†Gavinaspis convergens Dupret and Zhu 2008

Fm. †Kujdanowiaspididae Berg 1955

G. †Kujdanowiaspis Stensio 1942

†Kujdanowiaspis buczacziensis Brotzen 1934

†Kujdanowiaspis podolica Brotzen 1934

Invalid names: Kujdanowiaspis rectiformis Brotzen 1934 [synonym]

Fm. †Phyllolepidae Woodward 1891

G. †Austrophyllolepis Long 1984

†Austrophyllolepis dulciensis Young 2005

†Austrophyllolepis quiltyi Young 2005

†Austrophyllolepis ritchiei Long 1984

†Austrophyllolepis youngi Long 1984

G. †Cowralepis Ritchie 2005

†Cowralepis mclachlani Ritchie 2005

G. †Pentagonolepis Lohest 1890

G. †Phyllolepis Agassiz 1843

†Phyllolepis concentrica Agassiz 1844

†Phyllolepis delicatula Newberry 1889

†Phyllolepis konincki Lohest 1888

†Phyllolepis nielseni Stensio 1939

†Phyllolepis orvini Heintz 1930

†Phyllolepis rossimontina Lane 2005

†Phyllolepis tolli Vasiliauskas 1963

†Phyllolepis undulata Lohest 1888

†Phyllolepis woodwardi Stensio 1939

G. †Placolepis Ritchie 1984

†Placolepis budawangensis Ritchie 1984

†Placolepis harajica Young 2005

†Placolepis tingeyi Young 2005

Fm. †Wuttagoonaspididae Ritchie 1973

G. †Wuttagoonaspis Ritchie 1973

†Wuttagoonaspis fletcheri Ritchie 1973

†Wuttagoonaspis milligani Young and Goujet 2003

G. †Yiminaspis Dupret 2008

†Yiminaspis shenme Dupret 2008

G. †Africanaspis Long et al. 1997

†Africanaspis doryssa Long et al. 1997

†Africanaspis edmountaini Gess and Trinajstic 2017

G. †Antarctolepis White 1968

†Antarctolepis gunni White 1968

G. †Arctonema Orvig 1969

†Arctonema crassum Orvig 1969

G. †Arenipiscis Young 1981

†Arenipiscis westolli Young 1981

G. †Aspidichthys Newberry 1873

†Aspidichthys clavatus Newberry 1873

†Aspidichthys ingens Koenen 1883

†Aspidichthys notabilis Whiteaves 1892

G. †Atlantidosteus Lelievre 1984

G. †Bruntonichthys Dennis and Miles 1980

†Bruntonichthys multidens Dennis and Miles 1980

G. †Bullerichthys Dennis and Miles 1980

†Bullerichthys fascidens Dennis and Miles 1980

G. †Callognathus Newberry 1890

†Callognathus regularis Newberry 1889

†Callognathus serratus Newberry 1889

Or. †Coccosteina Heintz 1932

Invalid names: Euleptaspididae Obruchev 1964 [empty], Gemuendenaspoidea Denison 1978 [empty]

G. †Copanognathus Hussakof and Bryant 1920

†Copanognathus crassus Hussakof and Bryant 1919

G. †Cosmacanthus Agassiz 1845

†Cosmacanthus bullatus Saint John and Worthen 1875

†Cosmacanthus carinatus Davis 1883

†Cosmacanthus malcolmsoni Agassiz 1844

†Cosmacanthus marginalis Davis 1883

†Cosmacanthus priscus Mcoy 1848

†Cosmacanthus stellatus Saint John and Worthen 1875

G. †Cravenaspis Young and Goujet 2003

†Cravenaspis trematosus Young and Goujet 2003

G. †Diplognathus Newberry 1878

†Diplognathus mirabilis Newberry 1878

G. †Erikaspis Dupret et al. 2007

†Erikaspis zychi Dupret et al. 2007

G. †Errolosteus Young 1981

G. †Eskimaspis Dineley and Yuhai 1984

†Eskimaspis heintzi Dineley and Yuhai 1984

Superor. †Euarthrodira

Invalid names: Arctolepidida Obruchev 1964 [empty]

Unr. †Eubrachythoraci Miles 1971

Fm. †Selenosteidae Dean 1901

G. †Alienacanthus Kulczycki 1957

†Alienacanthus malkowskii Kulczycki 1957

G. †Amazichthys Jobbins et al. 2022

†Amazichthys trinajsticae Jobbins et al. 2022

G. †Draconichthys Rücklin 2011

†Draconichthys elegans Rücklin 2011

G. †Driscollaspis Rucklin et al. 2015

†Driscollaspis pankowskiorum Rucklin et al. 2015

G. †Enseosteus Jaeckel 1919

†Enseosteus hermanni Stensiö 1959

†Enseosteus jaekeli Gross 1932

†Enseosteus marocanensis Rücklin 2011

†Enseosteus pachyostoides Stensiö 1959

G. †Gymnotrachelus Dunkle and Bongert 1939

†Gymnotrachelus hydei Dunkle and Bungart 1939

G. †Melanomontanosteus Prokofiev 2023

†Melanomontanosteus occitanus Prokofiev 2023

Invalid names: Melanosteus occitanus Lelièvre et al. 1987 [replaced]

Invalid names: Melanosteus Lelievre and Goujet 1987 [replaced]

G. †Microsteus Gross 1932

†Microsteus angusticeps Stensio 1963

†Microsteus dubius Gross 1932

G. †Pachyosteus Jaeckel 1903

†Pachyosteus bulla Jaekel 1903

G. †Paramylostoma

†Paramylostoma arcualis Dunkle and Bungart 1945

G. †Rhinosteus Jaeckel 1911

†Rhinosteus parvulus Gross 1932

†Rhinosteus traquairi Jaekel 1911

†Rhinosteus tuberculatus Gross 1932

G. †Selenosteus Dean 1901

†Selenosteus brevis Claypole 1869

G. †Stenosteus Dean 1901

†Stenosteus angustopectus Carr 1996

†Stenosteus glaber Dean 1901

†Stenosteus pertenuis Branson 1911

G. †Walterosteus Stensiö 1959

†Walterosteus grossi Rücklin 2011

†Walterosteus lelievrei Rücklin 2011

†Walterosteus pachyostoides Stensiö 1959

G. †Glyptaspis Newberry 1890

†Glyptaspis verrucosa Newberry 1889

G. †Grazosteus Gross 1958

†Grazosteus hoernesi Gross 1958

G. †Harrytoombsia MILES and DENNIS 1979

†Harrytoombsia elegans MILES and DENNIS 1979

G. †Heintzosteus Goujet 1984

†Heintzosteus brevis Goujet 1984

G. †Hollardosteus

†Hollardosteus marocanus Lehman 1976

G. †Huaningichthys Wang 1979

Superfm. †Incisoscutoidea Long 1994

Fm. †Plourdosteidae Vézina 1990

G. †Compagopiscis GARDINER and MILES 1994

†Compagopiscis croucheri GARDINER and MILES 1994

G. †Protitanichthys Eastman 1908

†Protitanichthys fossatus Eastman 1908

†Protitanichthys rockportensis Case 1931

Invalid names: Incisoscutidae Denison 1984 [empty]

G. †Kimberleyichthys Dennis-Bryan and Miles 1983

Invalid names: Kimberia Dennis-Bryan and Miles 1983 [replaced]

G. †Kueichowlepis Pan and Wang 1975

G. †Latocamurus LONG 1988

†Latocamurus coulthardi LONG 1988

G. †Laurentaspis Pageau 1969

†Laurentaspis splendida Pageau 1969

G. †Lurapullaspis Young and Goujet 2003

†Lurapullaspis johannseni Young and Goujet 2003

G. †Machaerognathus Hussakof and Bryant 1919

†Machaerognathus woodwardi Hussakof and Bryant 1919

G. †Mcnamaraspis Long 1995

†Mcnamaraspis kaprios Long 1995

Fm. †Mediaspidae Heintz 1929

G. †Mediaspis Heintz 1929

†Mediaspis problematica Heintz 1929

G. †Murmur Whitley 1951

†Murmur arcuatus Bryant 1935

G. †Operchallosteus Kulczycki 1957

†Operchallosteus vialowi Kulczycki 1957

G. †Overtonaspis White 1961

†Overtonaspis billballi White 1961

Subor. †Pachyosteina Obruchev 1964

Invalid names: Erromenosteidae Obruchev 1964 [empty], Hussakofiidae Obruchev 1964 [empty]

G. †Parawilliamsaspis Liu 1980

Or. †Phlyctaeniiformes

Fm. †Arctaspididae Goujet 1984

G. †Arctaspis Heintz 1929

†Arctaspis hoegi Heintz 1929

†Arctaspis hoeli Heintz 1929

†Arctaspis holtedahli Heintz 1929

†Arctaspis kiaeri Heintz 1929

†Arctaspis maxima Heintz 1929

†Arctaspis minor Heintz 1929

Fm. †Arctolepididae Heintz 1937

G. †Arctolepis Eastman 1908

†Arctolepis brevis Heintz 1929

†Arctolepis decipiens Woodward 1891

†Arctolepis lata Heintz 1929

†Arctolepis lewini Heintz 1929

†Arctolepis longicornis Heintz 1929

†Arctolepis solnoerdali Heintz 1929

G. †Plataspis Westwood 1837

Subor. †Brachythoraci Gross 1932

Unr. †Aspinothoracidi Miles and Dennis 1979

Fm. †Brachydeiridae Gross 1932

G. †Auchenosteus Jaekel 1919

G. †Brachydeirus Koenen 1880

Fm. †Braunosteidae Stensio 1963

G. †Braunosteus Stensiö 1959

Fm. †Bulbocanthidae Young and Goujet 2003

G. †Bulbocanthus Bryant 1932

Fm. †Dinichthyidae Newberry 1888

G. †Brachygnathus Agassiz 1843

G. †Brontichthys Claypole 1894

G. †Dinichthys Newberry 1868

G. †Eastmanosteus Obruchev 1964

G. †Holdenius Dunkle and Bungart 1942

G. †Perissognathus Hussakof and Bryant

G. †Stenognathus Newberry 1889

G. †Westralichthys Long 1987

G. †Gorgonichthys Claypole 1892

†Gorgonichthys clarki Claypole 1892

Fm. †Hadrosteidae Gross 1932

G. †Hadrosteus Gross 1932

G. †Heintzichthys Whitley 1933

†Heintzichthys denticulatus Hussakof and Bryant 1919

†Heintzichthys dolichocephalus Eastman 1907

†Heintzichthys gouldii Newberry 1885

†Heintzichthys insignis Hussakof and Bryant 1919

†Heintzichthys mixeri Hussakof and Bryant 1919

†Heintzichthys ringuebergi Newberry 1889

Fm. †Leiosteidae Stensiö 1963

G. †Erromenosteus Jaeckel 1919

G. †Leiosteus Gross 1932

Fm. †Leptosteidae Jaekel 1911

G. †Leptosteus Jaeckel 1919

Fm. †Titanichthyidae Dean 1901

G. †Holopetalichthys Koenen 1895

G. †Oxyosteus Jaeckel 1911

G. †Synauchenia Jaeckel 1919

G. †Titanichthys Newberry 1885

Fm. †Buchanosteidae White 1952

G. †Buchanosteus Stensiö 1945

†Buchanosteus confertituberculatus Chapman 1916

G. †Richardosteus Long et al. 2014

Superfm. †Buchanosteoidea Denison 1978

G. †Exutaspis Liu and Wang 1981

†Exutaspis megista Liu and Wang 1981

Fm. †Williamsaspidae White 1952

G. †Elvaspis Young 2009

Unr. †Coccosteomorphi

Fm. †Bungartiidae Denison 1975

G. †Bungartius Dunkle 1947

Fm. †Camuropiscidae Dennis and Miles 1979

G. †Camuropiscis Dennis and Miles 1979

G. †Fallacosteus Long 1990

G. †Incisoscutum Dennis and Miles 1981

Invalid names: Gogosteus Long 1994 [synonym]

Fm. †Coccosteidae Asmuss 1856

G. †Agassichthys Newberry 1857

G. †Anomalichthys Koenen 1883

G. †Aspidophorus Newberry 1870

G. †Asteroplax Woodward 1891

G. †Belgiosteus Lehman 1973

G. †Brachydirus Koenen 1880

G. †Clarkeosteus Obruchev 1964

G. †Coccosteus Agassiz 1843

G. †Dickosteus Miles and Westoll 1962

G. †Eldenosteus Hussakof 1942

G. †Lispognathus Miller 1892

G. †Livosteus Obrucheva 1962

G. †Millerosteus Stensio 1959

G. †Physichthys Meyer 1855

G. †Ponerichthys Miller 1892

G. †Siphonodus Fischer von Waldheim 1852

G. †Watsonosteus Miles and Westoll 1963

G. †Woodwardosteus White and Moy-Thomas 1940

Invalid names: Coccosteinae Hay 1902 [empty]

Fm. †Mylostomatidae Woodward 1891

G. †Dinomylostoma Eastman 1906

G. †Kendrickichthys Dennis and Miles 1980

G. †Mylostoma Newberry 1883

G. †Tafilalichthys Lehman 1956

G. †Trachosteus Newberry 1890

Fm. †Torosteidae Gardiner and Miles 1990

G. †Torosteus Gardiner and Miles 1990

Fm. †Trematosteidae Gross 1932

G. †Belosteus Jaeckel 1927

G. †Brachyosteus Jaeckel 1927

G. †Cyrtosteus Gross 1932

G. †Parabelosteus

G. †Trematosteus Jaeckel 1927

G. †Doseyosteus Young 2004

†Doseyosteus talenti Young 2004

Fm. †Gemuendenaspidae Miles 1962

G. †Gemuendenaspis Miles 1962

†Gemuendenaspis angusta Traquair 1903

Superfm. †Heterosteoidea Denison 1984

Fm. †Heterosteidae Jaekel 1903

G. †Herasmius Orvig 1969

Fm. †Homostiidae Jaekel 1903

G. †Angarichthys Obruchev 1927

†Angarichthys hyperboreus Obruchev 1927

G. †Antineosteus Lelievre 1984

†Antineosteus lehmani Ruecklin et al. 2018

†Antineosteus rufus Vaškaninová and Kraft 2014

G. †Burrinjucosteus White 1978

†Burrinjucosteus asymmetricus White 1978

G. †Cavanosteus Young 2004

†Cavanosteus australis McCoy 1876

G. †Dhanguura Young 2004

†Dhanguura johnstoni Young 2004

G. †Euleptaspis White and Moy-Thomas 1940

†Euleptaspis depressa Gross 1933

G. †Goodradigbeeon White 1978

†Goodradigbeeon australianum White 1978

G. †Homostius Asmuss 1840

†Homosteus milleri Traquair 1849

†Homostius arcticus Heintz 1934

†Homostius formosissimus Asmuss 1856

†Homostius kochi Stensio 1938

†Homostius latus Asmuss 1856

†Homostius manitobensis Okulitch 1944

†Homostius sulcatus Kutorga 1837

G. †Lophostracon Lankester 1884

†Lophostracon spitzbergense Lankester 1884

G. †Luetkeichthys Bystrow 1957

†Luetkeichthys borealis Bystrow 1957

G. †Tityosteus Gross 1960

†Tityosteus rieversi Gross 1960

G. †Maideria Lelievre 1995

†Maideria falipoui Lelievre 1995

Unr. †Pachyosteomorphi Stensiö 1944

Fm. †Dunkleosteidae Stensiö 1963

G. †Dunkleosteus Newberry 1874

G. †Golshanichthys Lelievre et al. 1981

G. †Heterostius Asmuss 1856

G. †Hussakofia Cossman 1910

G. †Ichthyosauroides Kutorga 1837

G. †Xiangshuiosteus Wang 1992

G. †Kiangyousteus Liu 1955

†Kiangyousteus yohii Liu 1955

Fm. †Panxiosteidae Wang 1979

G. †Janiosteus Ivanov 1989

G. †Panxiosteus Wang 1979

G. †Plourdosteus Orvig 1951

Invalid names: Tomaiosteus Kulczycki 1957 [synonym]

Fm. †Rhachiosteidae Stensiö 1963

G. †Rachiosteus Gross 1938

Invalid names: Dunkleosteoidea Vézina 1990 [empty]

Fm. †Parabuchanosteidae Long et al. 2014

G. †Parabuchanosteus Young 1979

†Parabuchanosteus murrumbidgeensis Young 1979

Invalid names: Brachydeiroidea Denison 1978 [empty], Coccosteoidea Denison 1978 [empty], Dinichthyoidea Denison 1978 [empty], Homosteoidea Denison 1978 [empty]

Fm. †Gronlandaspididae Obruchev 1964

G. †Boomeraspis Long 1995

†Boomeraspis goujeti Long 1995

G. †Gronlandaspis Heintz 1932

†Groenlandaspis antarctica Ritchie 1975

†Groenlandaspis disjectus Woodward 1891

†Groenlandaspis howittensis Fitzpatrick et al. 2024

†Groenlandaspis mirabilis Heintz 1932

†Groenlandaspis pennsylvanica Daeschler et al. 2003

†Groenlandaspis potyi Olive et al. 2015

†Groenlandaspis riniensis Long et al. 1997

†Groenlandaspis seni Janvier and Ritchie 1977

†Groenlandaspis silva Deschenes 2019

†Groenlandaspis theroni Chaloner et al. 1980

†Groenlandaspis thorezi Janvier and Clement 2005

G. †Mulgaspis Ritchie 2004

†Mulgaspis altus Ritchie 2004

†Mulgaspis evansorum Ritchie 2004

G. †Turrisaspis Daeschler et al. 2003

†Turrisaspis elektor Daeschler et al. 2003

†Turrisaspis strudensis Olive et al. 2016

Fm. †Holonematidae Obruchev 1932

G. †Belemnacanthus Eastman 1898

†Belemnacanthus giganteus Eastman 1898

G. †Deirosteus Wells 1942

†Deirosteus abbreviatus Eastman 1907

†Deirosteus angustatus Obruchev 1961

†Deirosteus omaliusii Agassiz 1844

G. †Deveonema Kulczycki 1957

†Deveonema obrucevi Kulczycki 1957

G. †Gyroplacosteus Obrutschev 1930

†Gyroplacosteus butovi Obruchev 1932

†Gyroplacosteus panderi Obruchev 1932

†Gyroplacosteus vialowi Kulczycki 1957

G. †Holonema Newberry 1890

†Holonema arcticum Mark-Kurik 1975

†Holonema farrowi Stevens 1964

†Holonema haiti Denison 1968

†Holonema harmae Mark 1953

†Holonema horrida Cope 1892

†Holonema obrutshevi Mark 1953

†Holonema ornatum Traquair 1908

†Holonema radiatum Obruchev 1932

†Holonema rugosa Claypole 1883

†Holonema westolli Miles 1971

G. †Megaloplax Obrutschev 1933

†Megaloplax marginalis Eichwald 1871

G. †Rhenonema Obruchev 1964

†Rhenonema eifeliense Kayser 1880

G. †Tiaraspis Gross 1962

†Tiaraspis barbarae Bardenheuer 1990

†Tiaraspis subtilis Gross 1962

G. †Tropidosteus Gross 1933

†Tropidosteus curvatus Gross 1933

Fm. †Phlyctaeniidae Fowler 1947

G. †Aggeraspis Gross 1962

†Aggeraspis heintzi Gross 1933

G. †Barwickosteus Young and Long 2014

†Barwickosteus antarcticus Young and Long 2014

G. †Cartieraspis Pageau 1969

†Cartieraspis nigra Pageau 1969

G. †Diadsomaspis Gross 1937

†Diadsomaspis elongata Gross 1933

†Diadsomaspis remscheidensis Gross 1937

G. †Dicksonosteus Goujet 1975

†Dicksonosteus arcticus Goujet 1975

G. †Gaspeaspis Pageau 1969

†Gaspeaspis atholi Pageau 1969

†Gaspeaspis cassivii Pageau 1969

G. †Grifftaylor Young and Long 2014

†Grifftaylor antarcticus Young and Long 2014

G. †Heterogaspis Strand 1932

†Heterogaspis acuticornis Heintz 1929

†Heterogaspis borealis Heintz 1929

†Heterogaspis gigantea Heintz 1929

†Heterogaspis hornsundi Heintz 1929

†Heterogaspis minuta Heintz 1929

G. †Huginaspis Heintz 1929

†Huginaspis broeggeri Heintz 1929

†Huginaspis vogti Heintz 1929

G. †Jaekelaspis Heintz 1929

G. †Kolpaspis Pageau 1969

†Kolpaspis beaudryi Pageau 1969

G. †Neophlyctaenius White 1969

†Neophlyctaenius sherwoodi Denison 1950

G. †Pageauaspis Denison 1978

†Pageauaspis russelli Pageau 1969

Invalid names: Quebecaspis russelli Pageau 1969 [replaced]

G. †Phlyctaenaspis Traquair 1890

†Phlyctaenaspis anglica Traquair 1870

G. †Phlyctaenius Traquair 1890

†Phlyctaenius acadica Traquair 1890

†Phlyctaenius fulgens Pageau 1969

G. †Prosphymaspis Gross 1937

†Prosphymaspis constricta Gross 1933

†Prosphymaspis corneti Leriche 1948

G. †Williamsaspis White 1952

†Williamsaspis bedfordi White 1952

Subor. †Phlyctaenioidei

Invalid names: Phlyctaenii Miles 1973 [empty]

Fm. †Pholidosteidae Gross 1932

G. †Malerosteus Kulczycki 1957

†Malerosteus gorizdroae Kulczycki 1957

G. †Pholidosteus Jaeckel 1907

†Pholidosteus bidorsatus Koenen 1880

†Pholidosteus friedeli Jaekel 1907

†Pholidosteus laevior Gross 1932

G. †Tapinosteus Stensio 1963

†Tapinosteus heintzi Stensio 1963

Subor. †Phyllolepida Stensiö 1934

Invalid names: Antarctaspina Denison 1975 [empty], Phyllolepina Denison 1975 [empty]

G. †Platyaspis Koenen 1896

†Platyaspis tenuis Koenen 1895

Fm. †Prescottaspidae White 1961

G. †Prescottaspis

†Prescottaspis dineleyi White 1961

G. †Qataraspis

†Qataraspis deprofundis White 1969

G. †Rolfosteus Dennis and Miles 1979

†Rolfosteus canningensis Dennis and Miles 1979

G. †Squamatognathus Hanke et al. 1996

G. †Taemasosteus White 1952

†Taemasosteus maclartiensis Long 1984

†Taemasosteus novaustrocambricus White 1952

G. †Taunaspis Schmidt 1933

†Taunaspis eurystethes Schmidt 1933

Or. †Temnothoraci

Fm. †Chelonichthyidae

G. †Chelonichthys Agassiz 1843

G. †Timanosteus Obrucheva 1962

†Timanosteus tchernychevi Rohon 1900

G. †Toombalepis Young and Goujet 2003

†Toombalepis tuberculata Young and Goujet 2003

G. †Toombsosteus White 1978

†Toombsosteus denisoni White 1978

G. †Tubonasus Dennis and Miles 1979

†Tubonasus lennardensis Dennis and Miles 1979

G. †Tyriolepis Karatajute-Talimaa 1968

G. †Wheathillaspis White 1961

†Wheathillaspis wickhamkingi White 1961

G. †Yinosteus Wang and Wang 1984

†Yinosteus major Wang and Wang 1984

Invalid names: Actinolepina Miles 1973 [empty], Arthrodiriformes Grande and Eastman 1986 [synonym], Brachydeirina Denison 1975 [empty], Heterostiina Denison 1975 [empty], Holonematina Denison 1975 [empty], Pachyosteidae Gross 1932 [empty], Phlyctaenina Miles 1973 [empty], Phylctaeniida [empty], Stegophthalami [empty], Wuttagoonaspina Ritchie 1973 [empty]

Diagnosis

No diagnoses are available

Measurements

No measurements are available

Composition:

phosphaticsubp

Environment:

marinesubp

Locomotion:

actively mobileo

Life habit:

nektonico

Diet:

carnivoreo

Created:

2004-08-17 14:23:32

Modified:

2004-08-17 16:33:26

Source: o = order, subp = subphylum

Reference: Carroll 1988

Age range: base of the Ludfordian to the top of the Tournaisian or 425.00000 to 346.70000 Ma

Collections (257 total)

Time interval	Ma	Country or state	Original ID and collection number
Oldest occurrences
Ludfordian	425.0 - 422.7	China (Junnan)	A. sp. (182558)
Lochkovian	419.62 - 413.02	United Kingdom (England)	Arthrodira indet. (90351) Plataspis sp., Heightingtonaspis anglica, Heightingtonaspis willsi, Wheathillaspis wickhamkingi (90352)
Lochkovian	419.62 - 413.02	Czechia	Holopetalichthys kosorensis (231818)
Lochkovian	419.62 - 413.02	USA (Maine)	Heightingtonaspis clarkei (238354)
Lochkovian	419.62 - 413.02	United Kingdom	Overtonaspis billballi, Prescottaspis dineleyi (233164)
Lochkovian	419.62 - 413.02	USA (Wyoming)	Aethaspis sp., Simblaspis sp. (153534)
Lochkovian	419.62 - 413.02	Canada (Nunavut)	Baringaspis dineleyi (238128) Baringaspis dineleyi, Eskimaspis heintzi (238034 238035) Eskimaspis heintzi (238036)
Lochkovian	419.62 - 413.02	Ukraine	Erikaspis zychi (233554 239224) Kujdanowiaspis podolica (239217 239250 239253 239254) Kujdanowiaspis podolica, Erikaspis zychi, Tyriolepis radiata (239221) Tyriolepis radiata (239220 239230 239235)
Lochkovian	419.62 - 413.02	China (Yunnan)	Gavinaspis convergens, Parawilliamsaspis yujiangensis, Szelepis yunnanensis (162781)
Lochkovian - Pragian	419.62 - 410.62	Ukraine	Kujdanowiaspis buczacziensis (239243) Kujdanowiaspis podolica (239241)
Youngest occurrences
Time interval	Ma	Country or state	PBDB collection number
Late/Upper Famennian	365.2 - 358.86	USA (ohio)	Heintzichthys gouldi, Holdenius holdeni, Hussakofia minor, Gymnotrachelus hydei, Paramylostoma arcualis, Selenosteus brevis, Stenosteus glaber, Stenosteus pertenuis, Bungartius perissus, Stenosteus angustopectus (233183)
Late/Upper Famennian	365.2 - 358.86	USA (Missouri)	Dinichthys sp. (6026)
Late/Upper Famennian	365.2 - 358.86	USA (Pennsylvania)	Groenlandaspididae indet., Phyllolepidae indet. (238265) Phyllolepis rossimontina, Turrisaspis elektor, Groenlandaspis pennsylvanica (35044)
Late/Upper Famennian	365.2 - 358.86	Belgium (Liege)	Groenlandaspis potyi (208029)
Late/Upper Famennian	365.2 - 358.86	Russian Federation (Lipetsk)	Arthrodira indet. (225665)
Late/Upper Famennian	365.2 - 358.86	Australia (New South Wales)	Groenlandaspis sp. (235656)
Late/Upper Famennian	365.2 - 358.86	Ireland	Coccosteus decipiens (32230) Groenlandaspis disjectus (32228)
Late/Upper Famennian	365.2 - 358.86	Belgium (Namur)	Groenlandaspis thorezi (32234 32235)
Tournaisian	358.86 - 346.7	Greenland	Groenlandaspis mirabilis (238312)
Mississippian	358.86 - 323.4	United Kingdom	Coccosteus carbonarius (132781) Cosmacanthus marginalis, Cosmacanthus carinatus, Nemacanthus priscus (137333)