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Squalomorphi

Chondrichthyes

Taxonomy
Squalomorphii was named by Compagno (1973). It is extant.

It was reranked as the superorder Squalomorphii by Cappetta (1987), Long (1992), Duffin and Ward (1993), Biddle (1993), Johns (1997), Ginter et al. (2010), Engelbrecht et al. (2017); it was reranked as the superorder Squalomorphi by van der Laan (2019).

It was assigned to Euselachii by Cappetta (1987); to Chondrichthyes by Sepkoski (2002); to Elasmobranchii by van der Laan (2019); and to Neoselachii by Long (1992), Duffin and Ward (1993), Biddle (1993), Johns (1997), Yamagishi (2004), Cahuzac et al. (2007), Ginter et al. (2010), Engelbrecht et al. (2017), Stumpf and Kriwet (2019).

Subtaxa
Echinorhiniformes, Hexanchida, Hexanchiformes, Pristiophoriformes, Protospinaciformes, Squaliformes, Squatiniformes
Sister taxa
Echinorhiniformes, Hexanchiformes, Pristiophoriformes, Protospinaciformes, Squaliformes, Squatiniformes

Synonymy list
YearName and author
1973Squalomorphii Compagno
1987Squalomorphii Cappetta
1992Squalomorphii Long p. 14
1993Squalomorphii Biddle p. 198
1993Squalomorphii Duffin and Ward p. 56
1997Squalomorphii Johns p. 33
2002Squalomorphii Sepkoski
2004Squalomorphii Yamagishi p. 570
2007Squalomorphii Cahuzac et al. p. 12
2010Squalomorphii Ginter et al. p. 105
2017Squalomorphii Engelbrecht et al. p. 843
2019Squalomorphii Stumpf and Kriwet p. 648
2019Squalomorphi van der Laan p. 43

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RankNameAuthor
kingdomAnimalia()
—Bilateria
—EubilateriaAx 1987
—Deuterostomia
phylumChordataHaeckel 1874
subphylumVertebrata
RankNameAuthor
superclassGnathostomata
classChondrichthyes
infraclassElasmobranchii(Bonaparte 1838)
superorderSqualomorphi(Compagno 1973)
superorderSqualomorphi(Compagno 1973)

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Superor. Squalomorphi Compagno 1973
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†Echinorhinus australis Chapman 1909
†Echinorhinus blakei Agassiz 1856
†Echinorhinus lapaoi Antunes and Cappetta 2002
†Echinorhinus maremagnum Bogan et al. 2017
†Echinorhinus pozzii Ameghino 1906
†Echinorhinus richiardii Lawley 1876
†Echinorhinus spinosus Gmelin 1789
†Echinorhinus vielhus Guinot et al. 2014
G. †Gibbechinorhinus Cappetta 1990
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†Gibbechinorhinus lewyi Cappetta 1990
Fm. †Orthechinorhinidae Herman and van Waes 2014
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G. †Orthechinorhinus Adnet 2006
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†Orthechinorhinus davidae Welton 2016
Fm. †Pseudoechinorhinidae Herman and van Waes 2014
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G. †Pseudoechinorhinus Pfeil 1983
Or. Hexanchiformes de Buen 1926
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G. Chlamydoselachus Garman 1884
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Chlamydoselachus anguineus Garman 1884 [frilled shark]
†Chlamydoselachus balli Cappetta et al. 2019
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Invalid names: Glyphis subulata Gibbes 1847 [synonym]
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Invalid names: Thrinax baumgartneri Pfeil 1983 [synonym]
†Chlamydoselachus gracilis Antunes and Cappetta 2002
†Chlamydoselachus kamchaticus Malyshkina and Nazarkin 2024
Invalid names: Thrinax [synonym]
G. †Dykeius Cappetta et al. 2019
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†Dykeius garethi Cappetta et al. 2019
G. †Rolfodon Cappetta et al. 2019
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†Rolfodon bracheri Pfeil 1983
†Rolfodon goliath Antunes and Cappetta 2002
†Rolfodon keyesi Mannering and Hiller 2008
†Rolfodon landinii Carillo-Briceño et al. 2014
†Rolfodon ludvigseni Cappetta et al. 2019
†Rolfodon tatere Consoli 2008
†Rolfodon thomsoni Richter and Ward 1990
Fm. †Crassonotidae Kriwet and Klug 2012
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G. †Pachyhexanchus Cappetta 1990
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†Pachyhexanchus pockrandti Ward and Thies 1987
Fm. Heptranchidae Barnard 1925
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G. Heptranchias Rafinesque 1810 [sevengill shark]
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†Heptranchias howellii Reed 1946
Heptranchias perlo Bonnaterre 1788 [sharpnose sevengill shark]
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Invalid names: Squalus cinereus Gmelin 1789 [synonym]
†Heptranchias tenuidens Leriche 1938
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Invalid names: Heptranchias ezoensis Applegate and Uyeno 1968 [synonym], Heptranchias karagalensis Kozlov 1999 [synonym]
Fm. Hexanchidae Gray 1851 [cow shark]
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G. †Eonotidanus Pfeil 1893
G. †Gladioserratus Underwood et al. 2011
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†Gladioserratus aptiensis Pictet 1865
†Gladioserratus dentatus Guinot et al. 2014
†Gladioserratus magnus Underwood et al. 2011
G. Hexanchus Rafinesque 1810 [sixgill shark]
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†Hexanchus agassizi Cappetta 1976
†Hexanchus andersoni Jordan 1907
†Hexanchus casieri Kozlov 1999
†Hexanchus gigas Sismonda 1857
†Hexanchus gracilis Davis 1887
Hexanchus griseus Bonaterre 1788 [bluntnose sixgill shark]
†Hexanchus hookeri Ward 1979
†Hexanchus microdon Agassiz 1835
†Hexanchus tusbairicus Kozlov 1999
G. †Monopterhinus Blainville 1816
G. †Notidanion Jordan 1923
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†Notidanion boreale Jordan and Hanibal 1923
G. †Notidanodon Cappetta 1975
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†Notidanodon dentatus Woodward 1886
†Notidanodon lanceolatus Woodward 1886
†Notidanodon pectinatus Agassiz 1843
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Invalid names: Notidanodon antarcti Grande and Chatterjee 1987 [synonym]
G. Notidanus Cuvier 1817
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†Notidanus gracilis Davis 1887
†Notidanus jenningsi Chapman and Pritchard 1904
†Notidanus marginalis Davis 1888
†Notidanus munsteri Agassiz 1843
†Notidanus recurvus Agassiz 1843
†Notidanus ultra Ameghino 1901
G. Notorhynchus Ayres 1855 [sevengill shark]
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†Notorhynchus lerichei Kozlov 1999
†Notorhynchus primigenius Agassiz 1835
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Invalid names: Notidanus thevenardi Delfortrie 1878 [synonym]
G. Notorynchus Ayers 1855
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Invalid names: Notidanus plectrodon Cope 1867 [synonym], Notorhynchus maculatus Ayres 1855 [synonym], Notorynchus maculatus Ayers 1855 [synonym]
†Notorynchus kempi Ward 1979
†Notorynchus serratissimus Agassiz 1843
G. †Protoheptranchias Cappetta et al. 2019
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†Protoheptranchias lowei Cappetta et al. 2019
G. †Xampylodon Cappetta et al. 2019
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†Xampylodon brotzeni Siverson 1995
†Xampylodon dentatus Woodward 1886
†Xampylodon diastemacron dos Santos et al. 2024
†Xampylodon loozi Vincent 1876
Invalid names: Eonotidanidae Pfiel 1983 [synonym]
Subor. †Hexanchoidei Hay 1902
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Fm. †Crassodontidanidae Kriwet and Klug 2016
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G. †Crassodontidanus Kriwet and Klug 2011
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G. †Notidanoides Maisey 1986
Fm. †Komoksodontidae Cappetta et al. 2019
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G. †Komoksodon Cappetta et al. 2019
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†Komoksodon kwutchakuth Cappetta et al. 2019
Fm. †Orthacodidae Glikman 1957
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G. †Archaeogracilidens Villalobos-Segura et al. 2025
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†Archaeogracilidens macer Quenstedt 1851
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Invalid names: Oxyrhina ornati Quenstedt 1851 [synonym], Sphenodus nitidus Wagner 1862 [synonym]
G. †Occitanodus Guinot et al. 2014
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†Occitanodus sudrei Guinot et al. 2014
Invalid names: Orthacodontidae de Beaumont 1960 [objective synonym]
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†Paraheptranchias repens Probst 1879
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Invalid names: Notidanus avenionensis Joleaud 1912 [synonym]
G. †Paranotidanus Ward and Thies 1987
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†Paranotidanus serratus Fraas 1855
G. †Weltonia
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†Weltonia ancistrodon Arambourg 1952
Or. Pristiophoriformes Berg 1958 [saw shark]
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G. †Ikamuius Keyes 1979
Fm. Pristiophoridae Bleeker 1859
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Subfm. †Pliotrematinae Fowler 1947
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G. †Ikamauius Keyes 1979
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†Ikamauius ensiler Davis 1888
G. †Pochitaserra Villafaña et al. 2025
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†Pochitaserra patriciacanalae Villafaña et al. 2025
G. Pristiophorus Bleeker 1859
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†Pristiophorus humboldti Villafaña et al. 2019
†Pristiophorus laevis Engelbrecht et al. 2017
†Pristiophorus lineatus Applegate and Uyeno 1968
†Pristiophorus napierensis Chapman 1918
†Pristiophorus pricei Cappetta et al. 2019
†Pristiophorus rupeliensis Steurbaut and Herman 1978
Pristiophorus schroederi Springer and Bullis 1960 [Bahamas sawshark]
†Pristiophorus smithi Cappetta et al. 2019
†Pristiophorus striatus Underwood and Schlogl 2013
†Pristiophorus tumidens Woodward 1932
Invalid names: Propristiophorus Woodward 1932 [synonym]
Invalid names: Pristiophorinae Bleeker 1859 [empty]
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Fm. †Protospinacidae Woodward 1919
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G. †Breviacanthus Maisey 1976
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†Breviacanthus brevis Philips 1871
G. †Protospinax Woodward 1919
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†Protospinax annectans Woodward 1919
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Invalid names: Squalogaleus woodwardi Maisey 1976 [synonym]
†Protospinax carvalhoi Underwood and Ward 2004
†Protospinax planus Underwood 2002
Or. Squaliformes Goodrich 1909
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Fm. Centrophoridae Bleeker 1859 [gulper shark]
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G. †Centrodeania Feichtinger et al. 2024
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†Centrodeania annae Feichtinger et al. 2024
†Centrodeania perchensis Feichtinger et al. 2025
†Centrodeania rugosa Feichtinger et al. 2024
G. Centrophorus Müller and Henle 1837
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Centrophorus granulosus Bloch and Schneider 1801 [gulper shark]
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Invalid names: Acanthias radicans Probst 1879 [synonym], Acanthias serratus Probst 1879 [synonym]
Centrophorus squamosus Bonnaterre 1788 [leafscale gulper shark]
Invalid names: Atractophorus Gilchrist 1922 [synonym], Entoxychirus Gill 1863 [synonym], Lepidorhinus Bonaparte 1838 [synonym], Machephilus Johnson 1868 [synonym]
G. Deania Jordan and Snyder 1902
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†Deania angoumeensis Adnet 2006
Deania calcea Lowe 1839 [birdbeak dogfish]
Invalid names: Nasisqualus Smith 1912 [synonym]
G. †Centropterus Costa 1856
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†Centropterus lividus Costa 1856
Fm. Dalatiidae Gray 1851
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G. †Acrosqualiolus Adnet 2006
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†Acrosqualiolus mirus Adnet 2006
G. †Angoumeius Adnet et al. 2006
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†Angoumeius paradoxus Adnet et al. 2006
G. Dalatias Rafinesque 1810
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Dalatias licha Bonnaterre 1788 [kitefin shark]
†Dalatias orientalis Malyshkina 2023
Invalid names: Scymnorhinus Bonaparte 1846 [objective synonym]
G. †Eosqualiolus Adnet 2006
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†Eosqualiolus aturensis Adnet 2006
†Eosqualiolus skrovinai Underwood and Schlogl 2013
G. Euprotomicroides Hulley and Penrith 1966
G. Euprotomicrus Gill 1864
G. †Hessinodon Cappetta et al. 2019
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†Hessinodon wardi Cappetta et al. 2019
G. Isistius Gill 1864
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†Isistius triangulus Probst 1879
†Isistius trituratus Winkler 1874
Invalid names: Leius Kner 1865 [synonym]
G. †Oligodalatias Welton 2016
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†Oligodalatias jordani Welton 2016
G. †Squaliodalatias Adnet et al. 2006
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†Squaliodalatias savoiei Cappetta et al. 2019
†Squaliodalatias weltoni Adnet et al. 2006
G. Squaliolus Smith and Radcliffe 1912
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†Squaliolus gasconensis Adnet 2006
Squaliolus laticaudus Smith and Radcliffe 1912 [spined pygmy shark]
†Squaliolus schaubi Casier 1958
G. †Squaliomicrus Suzuki 2015
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Invalid names: Scymnorhinidae [synonym]
Fm. †Eoscymnidae Herman and van den Eeckhaut 2010
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G. †Eoscymnus Herman and van den Eeckhaut 2010
Fm. Etmopteridae Fowler 1941
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G. Aculeola de Buen 1959
G. Centroscyllium Müller and Henle 1838
G. †Eoetmopterus Muller and Schollmann 1989
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†Eoetmopterus davidi Feichtinger et al. 2022
†Eoetmopterus supracretaceus Müller and Schöllmann 1989
G. Etmopterus Rafinesque 1810
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†Etmopterus acutidens Casier 1966
†Etmopterus cahuzaci Adnet 2006
Etmopterus spinax Linnaeus 1758 [velvet belly lanternshark]
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Invalid names: Etmopterus aculeatus Rafinesque 1810 [synonym]
Invalid names: Acanthidium Lowe 1839 [synonym]
G. †Incognitorapax Feichtinger et al. 2024
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†Incognitorapax fernsebneri Feichtinger et al. 2024
G. Miroscyllium Shirai and Nakaya 1990
G. †Paraetmopterus Adnet 2006
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†Paraetmopterus horvathi Underwood and Schlogl 2013
†Paraetmopterus nolfi Adnet 2006
G. †Proetmopterus Siverson 1993
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†Proetmopterus lukasi Feichtinger et al. 2022
G. Trigonognathus Mochizuki and Ohe 1990
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Trigonognathus kabeyai Mochizuki and Ohe 1990 [viper dogfish]
†Trigonognathus virginiae Cappetta and Adnet 2001
Invalid names: Aculeolidae Herman and van Waes 2012 [synonym]
G. †Fredipristis Feichtinger et al. 2022
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†Fredipristis eximia Feichtinger et al. 2022
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G. Oxynotus Rafinesque 1810
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Oxynotus centrina Linnaeus 1758 [angular roughshark]
Invalid names: Centrina Cuvier 1817 [synonym]
Fm. Somniosidae Jordan 1888 [sleeper shark]
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G. Centroscymnus Barbosa du Bocage and Brito Capello 1864
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Centroscymnus owstonii Garman 1906 [roughskin dogfish]
†Centroscymnus praecursor Muller and Schollmann 1989
†Centroscymnus schmidi Herman 1982
G. Centroselachus Garman 1913
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Centroselachus crepidater Bocage and Capello 1864 [longnose velvet dogfish]
G. †Cretascymnus Cappetta 1980
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†Cretascymnus adonis Signeux 1950
†Cretascymnus beauryi Feichtinger et al. 2022
†Cretascymnus quimbalaensis Antunes and Cappetta 2002
†Cretascymnus westfalicus Muller and Schollmann 1989
G. †Palaeocentroscymnus Pollerspöck 2018
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†Palaeocentroscymnus bavaricus Feichtinger et al. 2025
G. †Protoxynotus Herman 1975
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†Protoxynotus mayrmelnhofi Feichtinger et al. 2022
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Invalid names: Palaeomicroides ursulae Thies and Müller 1993 [synonym]
Invalid names: Paraphorosoides Kriwet et al. 2006 [synonym]
G. Rhinoscymnus Gill 1864
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†Rhinoscymnus clarki Cappetta et al. 2019
†Rhinoscymnus viridiadamas Welton and Goedert 2016
Invalid names: Heteroscymnus Tanaka 1912 [synonym]
G. Scymnodalatias Garrick 1956
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Scymnodalatias garricki Kukuev and Kovalenko 1988 [Azores dogfish]
†Scymnodalatias kazenobon Nishimatsu and Ujihara 2019
G. Scymnodon Bocage and Capello 1864
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Scymnodon ringens Bocage and Capello 1864 [knifetooth dogfish]
G. Somniosus Le Sueur 1818 [sleeper shark]
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†Somniosus gonzalezi Welton and Goedert 2016
Somniosus microcephalus Bloch and Schneider 1801 [Greenland shark]
Invalid names: Laemargus Müller and Henle 1838 [synonym], Leiodon Wood 1846 [synonym]
G. Zameus Jordan and Fowler 1903
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Zameus squamulosus Günther 1877 [velvet dogfish]
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Invalid names: Scymnodon obscurus Vaillant 1888 [synonym]
Fm. Squalidae Bonaparte 1834 [dogfish shark]
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G. †Centrophoroides Davis 1887
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†Centrophoroides volgensis Averianov and Glickman 1996
G. †Centrosqualus Signeux 1950
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Invalid names: Acanthias muensteri Daimeries 1888 [synonym]
†Centrosqualus mustardi Cappetta et al. 2019
†Centrosqualus primaevus Pictet 1850
G. Cirrhigaleus Tanaka 1912
G. †Megasqualus Herman 1982
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†Megasqualus occidentalis Agassiz 1856
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Invalid names: Squalus serriculus Jordan and Hanibal 1923 [synonym]
†Megasqualus orpiensis Winkler 1874
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Invalid names: Acanthias crepini Daimeries 1888 [objective synonym], Biforisodus major Daimeries 1888 [synonym], Ginglymostoma trilobata Leriche 1902 [synonym]
G. †Microetmopterus Siverson 1993
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†Microetmopterus wardi Siverson 1993
G. †Paracentroscyllium Alcock 1899
G. †Protocentrophorus Adnet et al. 2008
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†Protocentrophorus balticus Dalinkevičius 1935
†Protocentrophorus steviae Cappetta et al. 2019
G. †Protosqualus Cappetta 1977
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†Protosqualus albertsae Thies 1981
†Protosqualus barringtonensis Guinot et al. 2013
†Protosqualus glickmani Averianov 1997
†Protosqualus pachyrhiza Underwood and Mitchell 1999
†Protosqualus sigei Cappetta 1977
G. †Spinax Agassiz 1837
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†Spinax ellipticus Henry 1876
†Spinax laevis Henry 1876
†Spinax major Agassiz 1837
G. Squalus Linnaeus 1758
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Squalus acanthias Linnaeus 1758 [spiny dogfish]
†Squalus alsaticus Andreae 1892
†Squalus argentinensis Bogan et al. 2016
†Squalus ballingsloevensis Siverson 1993
†Squalus balsvikensis Siverson 1993
Squalus blainvillei Risso 1826 [longnose spurdog]
†Squalus chiconis Jordan 1907
†Squalus crenatidens Arambourg 1952
†Squalus gabrielsoni Siverson 1993
†Squalus huntensis Case and Cappetta 1997
Squalus megalops Macleay 1881 [shortnose spurdog]
†Squalus minor Leriche 1902
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Invalid names: Acanthias hennequini Daimeries 1888 [replaced]
†Squalus nicholsae Cappetta et al. 2019
Squalus perlo Bonnaterre 1788 [sharpnose sevengill shark]
†Squalus smithi Herman 1982
†Squalus stehlini Leriche 1938
Squalus suckleyi Girard 1854 [Pacific spiny dogfish]
†Squalus vondermarcki Müller and Schöllmann 1989
†Squalus weltoni Long 1992
†Squalus woodburnei Long 1992
†Squalus worlandensis Case 1987
Invalid names: Acanthias Leach 1818 [objective synonym], Acanthorhinus Blainville 1816 [objective synonym], Squalus sorrakowah Cuvier 1829 [nomen nudum]
Invalid names: Dalatiinae Gray 1851 [empty], Spinacidae [synonym], Squalinae Bonaparte 1834 [empty]
G. †Squalogaleus Maisey 1976
Invalid names: Dalatioidea Carvalho 1996 [invalid subgroup]
Or. Squatiniformes Buen 1926
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Fm. †Pseudorhinidae Klug and Kriwet 2012
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G. †Pseudorhina Jaekel 1898
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†Pseudorhina alifera Münster 1842
†Pseudorhina crocheti Guinot et al. 2014
Fm. Squatinidae Bonaparte 1838 [angel shark]
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G. †Cretasquatina Maisey et al. 2020
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†Cretasquatina americana Maisey et al. 2020
G. †Squalraia De la Pylaie 1835
G. Squatina Dumeril 1806 [angel shark]
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Subg. †Squatina (Cretascyllium) Müller and Diedrich 1991
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Invalid names: Cretascyllium expansum Müller and Diedrich 1991 [synonym], Squatina decipiens Dalinkevičius 1935 [synonym]
Subg. Squatina (Squatina) Dumeril 1805
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†Squatina (Squatina) fortemordeo Siversson et al. 2015
†Squatina (Squatina) lundegreni Siversson et al. 2015
†Squatina baumbergensis von der Marck 1885
†Squatina biforis Le Hon 1871
Squatina californica Ayres 1859 [Pacific angelshark]
†Squatina crassa Daimeries 1889
†Squatina crassidens Woodward 1889
Squatina dumeril Lesueur 1818
†Squatina frequens Underwood 2002
†Squatina gippslandicus Chapman and Cudmore 1924
†Squatina lerichei Jordan and Beal 1910
†Squatina muelleri Reuss 1846
†Squatina occidentalis Eastman 1904
†Squatina prima Winkler 1874
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Invalid names: Rhina winkleri Daimeries 1888 [synonym], Squatina gaudryi Priem 1902 [synonym]
†Squatina speciosa von Meyer 1856
†Squatina squatina Linnaeus 1758
†Squatina subserrata Münster 1846
Invalid names: Squatina angeloides Van Beneden 1873 [nomen nudum], Squatina beyrichi Noetling 1885 [nomen dubium], Squatina rupeliensis Daimeries 1889 [nomen nudum]
Invalid names: Hexanchida [empty]
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
Composition: phosphaticsubp
Environment: marinesubp
Locomotion: actively mobilec
Life habit: nektonicc
Diet: carnivorec
Created: 2004-08-17 13:49:23
Modified: 2009-12-13 03:31:01
Source: c = class, subp = subphylum
References: Carroll 1988, Wagner 2023

Age range

Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Wordian to the top of the Holocene or 266.90000 to 0.00000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 264.28 Ma

Collections (1051 total)

Oldest occurrences

Time interval Ma Country or state Original ID and collection number
Wordian266.9 - 264.28Japan Hexanchidae indet. (133500)
Rhaetian205.7 - 201.4France (Franche-Comté) Spinax ellipticus, Spinax laevis (149396)
Rhaetian205.7 - 201.4France (Bourgogne-Franche-Comté) Spinax sp. (90876)
Jurassic - Early/Lower Cretaceous201.4 - 100.5United Kingdom (England) Pseudorhina sp. (241465 241466) Squatina sp. A, Protospinax annectans (241438)
Late/Upper Pliensbachian192.9 - 184.2Sweden (Scania) Hexanchidae indet. (90692)
Margaritatus192.9 - 184.2France Hexanchidae indet. (149432)
Pliensbachian192.9 - 184.2Germany Hexanchus wiedenrothi (137184)
Spinatum192.9 - 184.2France (Ardennes) Hexanchidae indet. (149428)
Spinatum192.9 - 184.2Germany (Mecklenburg-Vorpommern) Notidanoides sp. (189042 206457)
Toarcian184.2 - 174.7Germany Protospinax sp. (148936)
Levesquei182.9 - 174.7Luxembourg Protospinax sp. (148935)
Variabilis182.9 - 174.7Luxembourg Protospinax sp. (141383 141384)
Late/Upper Toarcian180.4 - 174.7Germany Protospinax sp. (139230)
Thouarsense180.4 - 174.7Luxembourg Protospinax sp. (141386 141387 141389)
Laeviuscula170.9 - 168.2France Protospinax carvalhoi (179497)
Bathonian168.2 - 165.3United Kingdom Nemacanthus brevis (131844)
Bathonian168.2 - 165.3United Kingdom (England) Paranotidanus sp. (91450)
Late/Upper Bathonian168.2 - 165.3United Kingdom (England) Breviacanthus brevis (91449)
Middle Bathonian - Late/Upper Bathonian168.2 - 165.3Poland Protospinax sp. 1 (141283) Protospinax sp. 2 (141286)
Callovian165.3 - 161.5United Kingdom Protospinax annectans (137185)