PBDB Taxon

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Morphology	Ecology and taphonomy	External Literature Search	Age range and collections

Thyreophora

Osteichthyes

Taxonomy

Thyreophora was named by Nopcsa (1915). It was considered monophyletic by Butler et al. (2008), Butler and Sullivan (2009).

It was reranked as the unranked clade Thyreophora by Sereno (1986), Bakker (1986), Sereno (1997), Sereno (1998), Sereno (1999), Norman et al. (2004), Weishampel (2004), Sánchez-Hernández et al. (2007), Butler et al. (2007), Butler et al. (2008), Butler and Sullivan (2009), Han et al. (2012), Yang et al. (2013), Arbour et al. (2014), Leahey et al. (2015), Arbour and Evans (2017), Madzia et al. (2018), Zheng et al. (2018), Murray et al. (2019), Herne et al. (2019), Dieudonné et al. (2020), Rozadilla et al. (2021), Riguetti et al. (2022), Fonseca et al. (2024), Álvarez Nogueira et al. (2025).

It was assigned to Orthopoda by Nopcsa (1923), Huene (1929); to Orthopoda by Casamiquela (1964); to Neornithischia by Cooper (1985); to Predentata by Bakker (1986); to Ornithischia by Huene (1927), Huene (1948), Huene (1954), Huene (1958), Norman (1984), de Valais et al. (2003), Ulansky (2014); to Genasauria by Sereno (1986), Benton (1990), Sereno (1997), Sereno (1998), Sereno (1999), Norman et al. (2004), Weishampel (2004), Butler et al. (2007), Butler et al. (2008), Butler and Sullivan (2009), Madzia et al. (2018), Dieudonné et al. (2020), Fonseca et al. (2024); and to Ornithischia by Rauhut (2003), Sánchez-Hernández et al. (2007), Han et al. (2012), Yang et al. (2013), Arbour et al. (2014), Leahey et al. (2015), Arbour and Evans (2017), Zheng et al. (2018), Murray et al. (2019), Herne et al. (2019), Rozadilla et al. (2021), Riguetti et al. (2022), Álvarez Nogueira et al. (2025).

Subtaxa

Andhrasaurus, Bienosaurus, Bienosaurus lufengensis, Laquintasaura, Lesothosaurus, Lusitanosaurus, Lusitanosaurus liasicus, Omosaurus hastiger, Peishansaurus, Scelidosauria, Scelidosaurus arizonensis, Scutellosaurus, Sinopeltosaurus (syn. Sinopelta), Stegosaurides, Stegosauromorpha, Tatisaurus, Taveirosaurus, Thyreophoroidea

Synonyms

Scelidosaurus arizonensis was named by Ulansky (2014). Its type specimen is MNA V96, MNA V136, UCMP 130056, an osteoderm, and it is a 3D body fossil.

It was considered a nomen dubium by Galton and Carpenter (2016).
Sinopeltosaurus was named by Ulansky (2014). Its type is Sinopelta minima.

It was considered a nomen dubium by Galton and Carpenter (2016).

It was assigned to Thyreophora by Ulansky (2014).
Sinopelta was named by Ulansky (2014). Its type is Sinopelta minima.

It was replaced with Sinopeltosaurus by Ulansky (2014).

It was assigned to Scelidosauridae by Ulansky (2014).
Sinopelta minima was named by Ulansky (2014). Its type specimen is FMNH CUP 2338, a set of limb elements, and it is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is Hei Koa Peng, Lufeng (CUP, IVPP), which is in a Sinemurian terrestrial horizon in the Lufeng Formation of China. It is the type species of Sinopeltosaurus, Sinopelta.

It was recombined as Sinopeltosaurus minimus by Ulansky (2014); it was considered a nomen dubium by Galton and Carpenter (2016).
Andhrasaurus was named by Ulansky (2014). Its type is Andhrasaurus indicus.

It was considered a nomen dubium by Galton and Carpenter (2016), Galton (2019).

It was assigned to Scelidosauridae by Ulansky (2014), Ulansky (2014).
Andhrasaurus indicus was named by Ulansky (2014). Its type specimen is GSI, a partial skeleton, and it is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is 1 km south of Bodepalli, which is in a Sinemurian/Aalenian terrestrial claystone in the Kota Formation of India. It is the type species of Andhrasaurus.

It was considered a nomen dubium by Galton and Carpenter (2016), Galton (2019).
Lusitanosaurus was named by Lapparent and Zbyszewski (1957). Its type is Lusitanosaurus liasicus.

It was considered a nomen dubium by Pereda Suberbiola and Galton (2001); it was considered a nomen dubium by Norman et al. (2004).

It was assigned to Stegosauria by Lapparent and Zbyszewski (1957); to Iguanodontidae by Kuhn (1964); to Scelidosaurinae by Zhou (1986); and to Scelidosauridae by Tatarinov (1964), Ginsburg (1964), Romer (1966), Charig (1967), Thulborn (1974), Thulborn (1975), Galton (1985), Carroll (1988), Dong (2001), Ulansky (2014).
Stegosaurides was named by Bohlin (1953) [often spelled Stegosauroides (sic)]. Its type is Stegosaurides excavatus.

It was considered a nomen dubium by Maryanska (1977); it was considered a nomen dubium by Ford (2000), Carpenter (2001), Vickaryous et al. (2004), Arbour and Currie (2016), You et al. (2019).

It was assigned to Thyreophora by Huene (1958); to Stegosauridae by Bohlin (1953), Young (1959); to Acanthopholinae by Huene (1959); to Nodosauridae by Romer (1956), Tatarinov (1964), Kuhn (1964), Romer (1966) and Coombs (1978); and to Ankylosauridae by Coombs (1978), Carroll (1988), Dong (1992).
Tatisaurus was named by Simmons (1965). Its type is Tatisaurus oehleri.

It was synonymized subjectively with Scelidosaurus by Lucas (1996); it was considered a nomen dubium by Norman et al. (2007), Irmis and Knoll (2008); it was considered a nomen dubium by Yao et al. (2022).

It was assigned to Fabrosauridae by Thulborn (1971); to Hypsilophodontidae by Simmons (1965), Romer (1966), Thulborn (1970), Galton (1972), Thulborn (1972), Colbert (1981); to Ornithopoda by Zhao (1983); to Ornithischia by Weishampel and Weishampel (1983); to Heterodontosauridae by Rozhdestvensky (1977), Anderson and Cruickshank (1978), Battail (1986); to Huayangosaurinae by Dong (1990), Dong (1992); to Thyreophora by Norman et al. (2004), Irmis (2004); and to Scelidosauridae by Ulansky (2014).
Tatisaurus oehleri was named by Simmons (1965). Its type specimen is FMNH CUP 2088, a mandible, and it is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is Tati, Lufeng (CUP), which is in a Sinemurian terrestrial horizon in the Lufeng Formation of China. It is the type species of Tatisaurus.

It was recombined as Scelidosaurus oehleri by Lucas (1996); it was considered a nomen dubium by Norman et al. (2007), Irmis and Knoll (2008), Butler et al. (2008); it was considered a nomen dubium by Langer et al. (2010); it was considered a nomen dubium by Yao et al. (2022).
Omosaurus hastiger was named by Owen (1877). Its type specimen is BMNH 46321, an osteoderm (pair of dermal spines), and it is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is Great Western Railway cutting, Wootton Bassett (BMNH), which is in a Kimmeridgian marine claystone in the Kimmeridge Clay Formation of the United Kingdom.

It was recombined as Stegosaurus hastiger by Lydekker (1890); it was recombined as Dacentrurus hastiger by Hennig (1915), Delair (1973); it was considered a nomen dubium by Maidment et al. (2008), Ruiz-Omeñaca et al. (2013); it was synonymized subjectively with Dacentrurus armatus by Kuhn (1964), Galton (1985), Galton (1990), Galton (1991), Blows (2001), Galton and Upchurch (2004), Ulansky (2014).
Stegosaurides excavatus was named by Bohlin (1953). Its type specimen is none provided, a set of postcrania (fragmentary vertebrae and the base of a large osteoderm), and it is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is Hui-Hui-P'u (SSE), which is in a Barremian/Aptian terrestrial conglomerate/claystone in China. It is the type species of Stegosaurides.

It was considered a nomen dubium by Maryanska (1977), Dong (1992); it was considered a nomen dubium by Ford (2000), Carpenter (2001), Vickaryous et al. (2004), Arbour and Currie (2016).
Lusitanosaurus liasicus was named by Lapparent and Zbyszewski (1957). Its type specimen is MH-NUL ##, a mandible, and it is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is São Pedro de Muel, Beira Litoral (PROXY), which is in a Sinemurian terrestrial limestone in Portugal. It is the type species of Lusitanosaurus.

It was considered a nomen dubium by Norman et al. (2004).
Taveirosaurus was named by Antunes and Sigogneau-Russell (1991). Its type is Taveirosaurus costai.

It was considered a nomen dubium by Le Loeuff (1998), Pereda Suberbiola and Galton (2001), Norman et al. (2004).

It was assigned to Homalocephalosauridae by Antunes and Sigogneau-Russell (1991); to Pachycephalosauridae by Antunes and Sigogneau (1992); and to Fabrosauridae by Galton (1996).
Taveirosaurus costai was named by Antunes and Sigogneau-Russell (1991). Its type specimen is CEGUNL-TV 10, a tooth, and it is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is "Cerâmica do Mondego" quarry, Taveiro, which is in a Maastrichtian coarse channel fill conglomerate/lime mudstone in the Argilas de Aveiro Formation of Portugal. It is the type species of Taveirosaurus.

It was considered a nomen dubium by Le Loeuff (1998), Pereda Suberbiola and Galton (2001), Norman et al. (2004).
Peishansaurus was named by Bohlin (1953). Its type is Peishansaurus philemys.

It was considered a nomen dubium by Maryanska (1977); it was considered a nomen dubium by Carpenter (2001), Vickaryous et al. (2004), Arbour and Currie (2016), You et al. (2019).

It was assigned to Thyreophora by Huene (1958); to Nodosaurinae by Huene (1959); to Nodosauridae by Bohlin (1953), Romer (1956), Kuhn (1964), Romer (1966); and to Ankylosauridae by Coombs (1978), Dong (1992).
Peishansaurus philemys was named by Bohlin (1953). Its type specimen is IVPP (disintegrated), a mandible (fragment of right lower mandible), and it is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is Ehr-chi-wu-t'ung, Pei-shan (SSE), which is in a Campanian/Maastrichtian terrestrial conglomerate/sandstone in the Minhe Formation of China. It is the type species of Peishansaurus.

It was considered a nomen dubium by Maryanska (1977), Dong (1992); it was considered a nomen dubium by Carpenter (2001), Vickaryous et al. (2004), Arbour and Currie (2016).
Bienosaurus was named by Dong (2001). Its type is Bienosaurus lufengensis.

It was considered a nomen dubium by Irmis and Knoll (2008); it was considered a nomen dubium by Yao et al. (2022).

It was assigned to Thyreophora by Norman et al. (2004); and to Scelidosauridae by Dong (2001), Ulansky (2014).
Bienosaurus lufengensis was named by Dong (2001). Its type specimen is IVPP V9612 and is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is Bienosaurus, Lufeng Basin (PROXY), which is in a Sinemurian terrestrial siltstone/mudstone in the Lufeng Formation of China. It is the type species of Bienosaurus.

It was considered a nomen dubium by Irmis and Knoll (2008); it was considered a nomen dubium by Langer et al. (2010); it was considered a nomen dubium by Yao et al. (2022).

Synonymy list

Year	Name and author
1877	Omosaurus hastiger Owen p. 95 figs. 23-24
1888	Omosaurus hastiger Lydekker p. 179
1890	Stegosaurus hastiger Lydekker p. 252
1890	Omosaurus hastiger Woodward and Sherborn p. 253
1901	Omosaurus hastiger Nopcsa p. 214
1902	Omosaurus hastiger Sauvage p. 408
1915	Dacentrurus hastiger Hennig p. 11
1915	Thyreophora Nopcsa p. 13
1923	Thyreophora Nopcsa p. 126
1927	Thyreophora Huene p. 256
1929	Thyreophora Huene p. 155
1939	Omosaurus hastiger Kuhn p. 113
1948	Thyreophora Huene p. 95
1953	Stegosaurides Bohlin p. 66
1953	Stegosaurides excavatus Bohlin p. 66 fig. 41
1953	Peishansaurus Bohlin p. 67
1953	Peishansaurus philemys Bohlin p. 67
1954	Thyreophora Huene p. 51
1956	Peishansaurus Romer p. 636
1956	Stegosaurides Romer p. 636
1957	Lusitanosaurus liasicus Lapparent and Zbyszewski
1957	Lusitanosaurus Lapparent and Zbyszewski p. 21
1957	Lusitanosaurus liasicus Lapparent and Zbyszewski pp. 47-48
1958	Peishanosaurus Huene p. 206
1958	Stegosaurides Huene p. 206
1958	Thyreophora Huene p. 206
1959	Peishansaurus Huene p. 122
1959	Stegosaurides Huene p. 122
1959	Stegosaurides Young p. 8
1959	Stegosaurides excavatus Young p. 8
1964	Thyreophora Casamiquela
1964	Lusitanosaurus Ginsburg p. 2367
1964	Lusitanosaurus liasicus Ginsburg p. 2367
1964	Lusitanosaurus Kuhn p. 11
1964	Lusitanosaurus liasicus Kuhn p. 11
1964	Peishansaurus Kuhn p. 50
1964	Peishansaurus philemys Kuhn p. 50
1964	Stegosaurides Kuhn p. 52
1964	Stegosaurides excavatus Kuhn p. 52
1964	Lusitanosaurus Tatarinov p. 572
1964	Stegosaurides Tatarinov p. 577
1965	Tatisaurus Simmons p. 65
1965	Tatisaurus oehleri Simmons p. 65 fig. 11
1966	Lusitanosaurus Romer p. 370
1966	Peishansaurus Romer p. 370
1966	Stegosaurides Romer p. 370
1966	Tatisaurus Romer p. 370
1967	Lusitanosaurus Charig p. 715
1967	Lusitanosaurus liasicus Charig p. 715
1970	Tatisaurus Thulborn p. 428 fig. 9
1971	Tatisaurus Thulborn p. 77
1972	Tatisaurus Galton p. 465
1972	Tatisaurus Thulborn p. 57
1973	Dacentrurus hastiger Delair p. 6
1974	Lusitanosaurus Thulborn p. 172
1975	Lusitanosaurus Thulborn p. 134
1975	Lusitanosaurus liasicus Thulborn p. 134
1977	Tatisaurus Rozhdestvensky p. 113
1977	Tatisaurus oehleri Rozhdestvensky p. 113
1978	Tatisaurus Anderson and Cruickshank p. 31
1978	Stegosaurides Coombs
1978	Peishansaurus Coombs p. 144
1978	Stegosaurides Coombs p. 144
1981	Tatisaurus Colbert p. 50
1983	Tatisaurus Weishampel and Weishampel p. 44
1983	Tatisaurus oehleri Weishampel and Weishampel p. 44
1983	Tatisaurus Zhao p. 302
1984	Thyreophora Norman p. 160 fig. 2
1985	Thyreophorina Cooper p. 287
1985	Lusitanosaurus Galton p. 251
1985	Lusitanosaurus liasicus Galton p. 251
1986	Thyreophora Bakker p. 461
1986	Tatisaurus Battail p. 50
1986	Thyreophora Sereno
1986	Lusitanosaurus Zhou p. 35
1988	Lusitanosaurus Carroll
1988	Stegosaurides Carroll
1990	Thyreophora Benton p. 19
1990	Tatisaurus Dong p. 257
1990	Tatisaurus oehleri Dong p. 257
1991	Taveirosaurus Antunes and Sigogneau-Russell p. 116
1991	Taveirosaurus costai Antunes and Sigogneau-Russell p. 116
1992	Taveirosaurus Antunes and Sigogneau p. 56
1992	Taveirosaurus costai Antunes and Sigogneau p. 56
1992	Peishansaurus Dong p. 166
1992	Stegosaurides Dong p. 166
1992	Tatisaurus Dong p. 166
1992	Tatisaurus oehleri Dong p. 166
1994	Stegosaurides excavatus Dong p. 2098
1996	Taveirosaurus Galton pp. 88-89
1996	Taveirosaurus costai Galton pp. 88-89
1996	Scelidosaurus oehleri Lucas
1997	Peishansaurus philemys Mateer p. 662
1997	Thyreophora Sereno p. 443
1998	Thyreophora Sereno p. 61
1999	Thyreophora Sereno p. 2138 fig. 2
2001	Bienosaurus Dong p. 238
2001	Bienosaurus lufengensis Dong p. 238 figs. 17.1-17.2
2001	Lusitanosaurus Dong p. 241
2001	Lusitanosaurus liasicus Pereda Suberbiola and Galton p. 150
2003	Thyreophora Rauhut p. 16
2003	Thyreophora de Valais et al. p. 631
2004	Tatisaurus Irmis p. 16
2004	Tatisaurus oehleri Irmis p. 16
2004	Bienosaurus Norman et al. p. 337
2004	Bienosaurus lufengensis Norman et al. p. 337
2004	Tatisaurus Norman et al. p. 337
2004	Tatisaurus oehleri Norman et al. p. 337
2004	Thyreophora Norman et al. p. 342 fig. 15.6
2004	Thyreophora Weishampel p. 323
2007	Thyreophora Butler et al. p. 2044
2007	Thyreophora Sánchez-Hernández et al. p. 204
2008	Thyreophora Butler et al. pp. 13-16 figs. 2-4
2009	Thyreophora Butler and Sullivan p. 22
2009	Bienosaurus lufengensis Xing et al. p. 17
2009	Tatisaurus oehleri Xing et al. p. 17
2012	Thyreophora Han et al. p. 1391 fig. 14
2013	Thyreophora Yang et al. p. 268
2014	Thyreophora Arbour et al.
2014	Bienosaurus lufengensis Han et al. p. 1
2014	Sinopelta Ulansky
2014	Sinopelta minima Ulansky
2014	Andhrasaurus Ulansky p. 4
2014	Andhrasaurus indicus Ulansky p. 4
2014	Bienosaurus Ulansky p. 4
2014	Bienosaurus lufengensis Ulansky p. 4
2014	Lusitanosaurus Ulansky p. 4
2014	Lusitanosaurus liasicus Ulansky p. 4
2014	Scelidosaurus arizonensis Ulansky p. 4
2014	Sinopelta Ulansky p. 4
2014	Sinopelta minima Ulansky p. 4
2014	Tatisaurus Ulansky p. 4
2014	Tatisaurus oehleri Ulansky p. 4
2014	Thyreophora Ulansky p. 4
2014	Lusitanosaurus liasicus Ulansky p. 8
2014	Scelidosaurus arizonensis Ulansky p. 8
2014	Andhrasaurus Ulansky p. 9
2014	Andhrasaurus indicus Ulansky p. 9
2014	Bienosaurus lufengensis Ulansky p. 9
2014	Sinopeltosaurus Ulansky p. 9
2014	Sinopeltosaurus minimus Ulansky p. 9
2014	Tatisaurus oehleri Ulansky p. 9
2015	Thyreophora Leahey et al.
2016	Bienosaurus lufengensis Xing et al. p. 730
2016	Tatisaurus oehleri Xing et al. p. 730
2017	Thyreophora Arbour and Evans p. 7
2017	Bienosaurus lufengensis Xing et al. p. 8
2017	Tatisaurus oehleri Xing et al. p. 8
2018	Thyreophora Madzia et al. p. 973 fig. 4
2018	Thyreophora Zheng et al.
2019	Lusitanosaurus liasicus Costa and Mateus p. 5
2019	Thyreophora Herne et al. p. 574 fig. 25
2019	Thyreophora Murray et al.
2020	Thyreophora Dieudonné et al.
2021	Thyreophora Rozadilla et al. p. 2
2022	Thyreophora Riguetti et al. p. 2
2024	Thyreophora Fonseca et al.
2025	Thyreophora Álvarez Nogueira et al. p. 3

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Rank	Name	Author
kingdom	Animalia	()
—	Bilateria
—	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
—	Deuterostomia
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1874
subphylum	Vertebrata
superclass	Gnathostomata
class	Osteichthyes
subclass	Sarcopterygii	()
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha	(Nelson 2006)
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha	()
—	Tetrapoda
—	Reptiliomorpha
—	Anthracosauria
subclass	Amphibiosauria	Kuhn 1967
—	Cotylosauria	()
—	Amniota
—	Sauropsida
class	Reptilia
subclass	Eureptilia	()

Rank	Name	Author
—	Romeriida
—	Diapsida	()
—	Archosauromorpha	(Huene 1946)
—	Crocopoda
—	Archosauriformes	Gauthier 1986
—	Eucrocopoda
—	Archosauria	()
informal	Avemetatarsalia
—	Ornithodira
—	Dinosauromorpha
—	Dinosauriformes
—	Dinosauria	()
—	Ornithischia	()
—	Parapredentata	Norman 2022
—	Saphornithischia	Madzia et al. 2001
—	Prionodontia	Owen 1874
—	Genasauria
—	Thyreophora	()
—	Thyreophora	()

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Unr. †Thyreophora Nopcsa 1915

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G. †Laquintasaura Barrett et al. 2014

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†Laquintasaura venezuelae Barrett et al. 2014

G. †Lesothosaurus Galton 1978

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†Lesothosaurus diagnosticus Galton 1978

Invalid names: Stormbergia dangershoeki Butler 2005 [synonym]

G. †Scutellosaurus Colbert 1981

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†Scutellosaurus lawleri Colbert 1981

Infraor. †Stegosauromorpha Cooper 1985

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Invalid names: Ankylosauroidea Huene 1914 [empty]

Superfm. †Thyreophoroidea Nopcsa 1928

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Unr. †Eurypoda Sereno 1986

Unr. †Ankylosauria Osborn 1923 [ankylosaur]

G. †Dracopelta Galton 1980

†Dracopelta zbyszewskii Galton 1980

Unr. †Euankylosauria Soto-Acuna et al. 2021

Fm. †Ankylosauridae Brown 1908 [ankylosaurid]

Invalid names: Syrmosauridae Maleev 1952 [synonym]

Fm. †Nodosauridae Marsh 1890

Invalid names: Acanthopholinae Nopcsa 1902 [synonym], Hylaeosauridae Nopcsa 1902 [synonym], Palaeoscincidae Nopcsa 1918 [synonym]

G. †Metatetrapous Ballerstedt 1922

†Metatetrapous valdensis Nopcsa 1923

Invalid names: Metatetrapous valdense Ballerstedt 1922 [synonym]

G. †Mymoorapelta Kirkland and Carpenter 1994

†Mymoorapelta maysi Kirkland and Carpenter 1994

Superfm. †Nodosauroidea Bakker 1988

Invalid names: Edmontoniidae Bakker 1988 [empty]

Unr. †Parankylosauria Soto-Acuña et al. 2021

G. †Antarctopelta Salgado and Gasparini 2006

G. †Kunbarrasaurus Leahey et al. 2015

G. †Stegouros Soto-Acuña et al. 2021

G. †Qijiangpus Xing et al. 2007

†Qijiangpus sinensis Xing et al. 2007

G. †Sarcolestes Lydekker 1893

†Sarcolestes leedsi Lydekker 1893

G. †Sinankylosaurus Wang et al. 2020

†Sinankylosaurus zhuchengensis Wang et al. 2020

G. †Spicomellus Maidment et al. 2021

†Spicomellus afer Maidment et al. 2021

G. †Vectipelta Pond et al. 2023

†Vectipelta barretti Pond et al. 2023

Invalid names: Acanthopholis Huxley 1867 [nomen dubium], Acanthopholis eucercus Seeley 1879 [nomen dubium], Acanthopholis macrocercus Seeley 1869 [nomen dubium], Apraedentalia Huene 1948 [synonym], Brachypodosaurus Chakravarti 1934 [nomen dubium], Crichtonsaurus Dong 2002 [nomen dubium], Cryptodraco Lydekker 1889 [nomen dubium], Cryptosaurus Seeley 1875 [nomen dubium], Heishansaurus Bohlin 1953 [nomen dubium], Hierosaurus Wieland 1909 [nomen dubium], Palaeoscincus Leidy 1856 [nomen dubium], Palaeoscincus costatus Leidy 1856 [nomen dubium], Polacanthidae Wieland 1911 [empty], Polacanthoides Nopcsa 1928 [nomen dubium], Priconodon Marsh 1888 [nomen dubium], Priodontognathus Seeley 1875 [nomen dubium], Rhadinosaurus Seeley 1881 [nomen dubium], Rhodanosaurus Nopcsa 1929 [nomen dubium], Stegosaurus madagascariensis Piveteau 1926 [nomen dubium], Tianchiasaurus Dong 1993 [nomen dubium], Zhejiangosaurus Lü et al. 2007 [nomen dubium]

Unr. †Stegosauria Marsh 1877

G. †Deltapodus Whyte and Romano 1995

†Deltapodus brodricki Whyte and Romano 1995

†Deltapodus curriei Xing et al. 2013

†Deltapodus ibericus Cobos and Royo-Torres 2010

G. †Euskelesaurus Huxley 1866

G. †Garbina Salisbury et al. 2016

†Garbina roeorum Salisbury et al. 2016

Fm. †Huayangosauridae Dong et al. 1982

G. †Baiyinosaurus Li et al. 2024

G. †Bashanosaurus Hui et al. 2022

G. †Gigantspinosaurus Ouyang 1992

G. †Huayangosaurus Dong et al. 1982

G. †Isaberrysaura Salgado et al. 2017

G. †Luluichnus Salisbury et al. 2016

†Luluichnus mueckei Salisbury et al. 2016

G. †Stegopodus Lockley and Hunt 1998

†Stegopodus czerkasi Lockley and Hunt 1998

Fm. †Stegosauridae Marsh 1880

G. †Changdusaurus Zhao 1985

G. †Chungkingosaurus Dong et al. 1983

G. †Mongolostegus Tumanova and Alifanov 2018

Unr. †Neostegosauria Sánchez-Fenollosa and Cobos 2025

G. †Paranthodon Nopcsa 1929

G. †Priodontosaurus Romer 1966

G. †Sauraechmodon

G. †Tuojiangosaurus Dong et al. 1977

G. †Yingshanosaurus Zhou 1986

Invalid names: Huayangosaurinae Dong et al. 1982 [empty], Hypsirhophidae Cope 1891 [synonym], Kentrosaurinae Nopcsa 1923 [empty], Kentrurosaurinae Nopcsa 1923 [empty], Lexovisaurus Hoffstetter 1957 [nomen dubium], Omosauridae Lydekker 1888 [synonym], Scelidosaurinae Nopcsa 1923 [empty], Siamodracon Ulansky 2014 [nomen dubium], Wuerhosaurus mongoliensis Ulansky 2014 [nomen dubium]

Invalid names: Amargastegos Ulansky 2014 [nomen dubium], Chialingosaurus Young 1959 [nomen dubium], Chialingosaurus kuani Young 1959 [nomen dubium], Craterosaurus Seeley 1874 [nomen dubium], Dravidosaurus Yadagiri and Ayyasami 1979 [nomen dubium], Eoplophysis Ulansky 2014 [nomen dubium], Ferganastegos Ulansky 2014 [nomen dubium], Lexovisaurus durobrivensis Hulke 1887 [nomen dubium], Monkonosaurus Zhao 1986 [nomen dubium], Omosaurus leedsi Seeley 1901 [nomen dubium], Regnosaurus Mantell 1848 [nomen dubium], Rigalitidae Kuhn 1961 [empty], Saldamosaurus Ulansky 2014 [nomen dubium], Wuerhosaurus ordosensis Dong 1994 [nomen dubium]

Invalid names: Ankylosauromorpha Carpenter 2001 [empty]

G. †Jakapil Riguetti et al. 2022

†Jakapil kaniukura Riguetti et al. 2022

Fm. †Scelidosauridae Cope 1869

G. †Emausaurus Haubold 1990

†Emausaurus ernsti Haubold 1990

G. †Scelidosaurus Owen 1859

†Scelidosaurus harrisonii Owen 1861

G. †Yuxisaurus Yao et al. 2022

†Yuxisaurus kopchicki Yao et al. 2022

Invalid names: Andhrasaurus Ulansky 2014 [nomen dubium], Bienosaurus Dong 2001 [nomen dubium], Bienosaurus lufengensis Dong 2001 [nomen dubium], Lusitanosaurus Lapparent and Zbyszewski 1957 [nomen dubium], Lusitanosaurus liasicus Lapparent and Zbyszewski 1957 [nomen dubium], Omosaurus hastiger Owen 1877 [nomen dubium], Peishansaurus Bohlin 1953 [nomen dubium], Scelidosauria Seeley 1892 [empty], Scelidosaurus arizonensis Ulansky 2014 [nomen dubium], Sinopeltosaurus Ulansky 2014 [nomen dubium], Stegosaurides Bohlin 1953 [nomen dubium], Tatisaurus Simmons 1965 [nomen dubium], Taveirosaurus Antunes and Sigogneau-Russell 1991 [nomen dubium]

Diagnosis

Reference	Diagnosis
F. v. Huene 1948	Secondary quadrupedous. Broad upper process in mandible in distinction to the narrow high one in the other Ornithischia. Upper Triassic to Upper Cretaceous.

Measurements

No measurements are available

Composition:

hydroxyapatiteo

Entire body:

yeso

Adult length:

10 to < 100o

Adult width:

1.0 to < 10o

Adult height:

1.0 to < 10o

Maximum body mass:

10000 kgg

Minimum body mass:

3 kgg

Architecture:

compact or denseo

Ontogeny:

accretion, modification of partso

Grouping:

gregariouso

Environment:

terrestrialo

Locomotion:

actively mobileo

Life habit:

ground dwellingo

Diet:

herbivoreo

Reproduction:

oviparouso

Dispersal:

direct/internalo

Dispersal 2:

mobileo

Created:

2004-12-14 12:50:52

Modified:

2004-12-14 20:50:52

Source: g = genus, o = order

References: Kiessling 2004, Marsh 1875, Peczkis 1995

Age range: base of the Alaunian to the top of the Maastrichtian or 215.38000 to 66.00000 Ma

Collections (1094 total)

Time interval	Ma	Country or state	Original ID and collection number
Oldest occurrences
Alaunian	215.38 - 211.18	Luxembourg (Diekirch)	Thyreophora indet. (56047)
Rhaetian - Sinemurian	205.7 - 192.9	United Kingdom (England)	Scelidosaurus sp. (25838)
Hettangian	201.4 - 199.5	United Kingdom (Northern Ireland)	Thyreophora indet. (139588)
Hettangian	201.4 - 199.5	France (Aquitaine)	Thyreophora indet. (48852)
Hettangian	201.4 - 199.5	Venezuela (Táchira)	Lesothosaurus sp. (55294)
Hettangian - Sinemurian	201.4 - 192.9	USA (Arizona)	Scutellosaurus lawleri (216632 216633 216634 216635) Scutellosaurus sp., Scutellosaurus lawleri (214349)
Hettangian - Sinemurian	201.4 - 192.9	South Africa (Eastern Cape)	Fabrosauridae indet. (45796)
Hettangian - Sinemurian	201.4 - 192.9	South Africa (Free State)	Lesothosaurus diagnosticus (48391 232311) Thyreophora indet. (47031)
Hettangian - Sinemurian	201.4 - 192.9	Lesotho (Mafeteng)	Fabrosaurus australis (28570) Lesothosaurus sp. (55339)
Hettangian - Sinemurian	201.4 - 192.9	Lesotho (Quthing)	Fabrosaurus australis (28613) Heterodontosaurus sp. (55340) Lesothosaurus diagnosticus (55343) Lesothosaurus sp. (55342)
Youngest occurrences
Time interval	Ma	Country or state	PBDB collection number
Maastrichtian	72.2 - 66.0	China (Heilongjiang)	Ankylosauria indet. (37811)
Maastrichtian	72.2 - 66.0	USA (Wyoming)	Edmontonia sp. (225939) Nodosauridae indet. (165881)
Maastrichtian	72.2 - 66.0	Madagascar (Mahajanga)	Nodosauridae indet. (70075) Stegosaurus madagascariensis (70246)
Maastrichtian	72.2 - 66.0	USA (Montana)	Ankylosauridae indet. (85498 85499)
Maastrichtian	72.2 - 66.0	Canada (Alberta)	Ankylosauridae indet. (45678)
Maastrichtian	72.2 - 66.0	USA (New Jersey)	Ankylosauria indet. (57915 167743)
Maastrichtian	72.2 - 66.0	Mongolia	Ankylosauridae indet. (206055)
Maastrichtian	72.2 - 66.0	Bolivia (Chuquisaca)	Ankylosauria indet. (219487) Ankylosauridae indet. (36234)
Maastrichtian	72.2 - 66.0	Argentina (Río Negro)	Ankylosauria indet. (28459 222575)
Maastrichtian - Early/Lower Maastrichtian	72.2 - 66.0	Argentina (Río Negro)	Ankylosauria indet. (49557) Nodosauridae indet. (32370)