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Macaca (macaque)
Taxonomy
Macaca was named by Lacépède (1799). It is extant.
It was corrected as Macacus by Gray (1825), Schlosser (1877), Pilgrim (1915), Zhang et al. (1980).
It was assigned to Cercopithecini by Gray (1825); to Cynopithecinae by Schlosser (1877); to Primates by Zhang et al. (1980); to Cercopithecidae by Pilgrim (1915), Hooijer (1962), Kurten (1968), McKenna and Bell (1997); to Macacina by Jablonski (2002); to Papionini by Xing et al. (2005); and to Cercopithecinae by Wilson and Reeder (2005).
It was corrected as Macacus by Gray (1825), Schlosser (1877), Pilgrim (1915), Zhang et al. (1980).
It was assigned to Cercopithecini by Gray (1825); to Cynopithecinae by Schlosser (1877); to Primates by Zhang et al. (1980); to Cercopithecidae by Pilgrim (1915), Hooijer (1962), Kurten (1968), McKenna and Bell (1997); to Macacina by Jablonski (2002); to Papionini by Xing et al. (2005); and to Cercopithecinae by Wilson and Reeder (2005).
Species
M. anderssoni, M. arctoides, M. assamensis (syn. Macacus problematicus, Macacus rhesosimilis, Macacus (Pithex) pelops), M. cyclopis, M. fascicularis (syn. Macacus irus), M. florentina, M. fuscata, M. hecki, M. jiangchuanensis, M. leonina, M. leucogenys, M. libyca, M. maura, M. mordax, M. mulatta (syn. Macacus (Pithex) oinops, Simia (Cercopithecus) fulvus, Simia erythraea, Simia rhesus), M. munzala, M. nemestrina, M. nigra, M. nigrescens, M. ochreata, M. pagensis, M. phaeura, M. prisca, M. radiata, M. siberu, M. silenus, M. sinica (syn. Cynomolgus (Zati) audeberti), M. sylvanus (syn. Simia inuus), M. thibetana, M. tonkeana, Macacus (Pithex), Macacus cynomolgus, Macacus eocaenus, Macacus priscus, Macacus robustus, Macacus sivalensus
Species lacking formal opinion data
Synonyms
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Synonymy list
| Year | Name and author |
|---|---|
| 1799 | Macaca Lacépède |
| 1825 | Macacus Gray p. 338 |
| 1877 | Macacus Schlosser p. 17 |
| 1915 | Macacus Pilgrim p. 6 |
| 1962 | Macaca Hooijer p. 440 |
| 1968 | Macaca Kurten p. 58 |
| 1980 | Macacus Zhang et al. |
| 1997 | Macaca McKenna and Bell |
| 2002 | Macaca Jablonski |
| 2005 | Macaca Wilson and Reeder |
| 2005 | Macaca Xing et al. |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
G. Macaca Lacépède 1799 [macaque]
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†Macaca anderssoni Schlosser 1924
Macaca arctoides Geoffroy 1831 [stump-tailed macaque]
Macaca assamensis MacClelland 1839
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Invalid names: Macacus (Pithex) pelops Hodgson 1840 [synonym], Macacus problematicus Gray 1870 [synonym], Macacus rhesosimilis Sclater 1872 [synonym]
Macaca cyclopis Swinhoe 1863 [Formosan rock macaque]
Macaca fascicularis Raffles 1822 [crab eating macaque]
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Invalid names: Macacus irus Blanford 1887 [synonym]
†Macaca florentina Cocchi 1872
Macaca fuscata Blyth 1875
Macaca hecki Matschie 1901
†Macaca jiangchuanensis Pan et al. 1992
Macaca leonina Blyth 1863
Macaca leucogenys Li et al. 2015
†Macaca libyca Stromer 1920
Macaca maura Schinz 1825
Macaca mordax Thomas and Wroughton 1909
Macaca mulatta Zimmermann 1780 [rhesus monkey]
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Invalid names: Macacus (Pithex) oinops Hodgson 1840 [synonym], Simia (Cercopithecus) fulvus Kerr 1792 [synonym], Simia erythraea Shaw 1800 [synonym], Simia rhesus Audebert 1798 [synonym]
Macaca munzala Sinha et al. 2005
Macaca nemestrina Linnaeus 1766 [southern pig-tailed macaque]
Macaca nigra Desmarest 1822 [Celebes crested macaque]
Macaca nigrescens Temminck 1849
Macaca ochreata Ogilby 1841
Macaca ochreata brunnescens Matschie 1901
Macaca pagensis Miller 1903
Macaca phaeura Miller 1903
†Macaca prisca Gervais 1859
Macaca radiata Geoffroy 1812 [bonnet macaque]
Macaca siberu Fuentes and Olson 1995
Macaca silenus Linnaeus 1758 [lion-tailed macaque]
Macaca sinica Linnaeus 1771 [toque macaque]
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Invalid names: Cynomolgus (Zati) audeberti Reichenbach 1862 [synonym]
Macaca sylvanus Linnaeus 1758 [Barbary macaque]
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Invalid names: Simia inuus Linnaeus 1766 [synonym]
Macaca thibetana Milne-Edwards 1870 [Tibetan macaque]
Macaca tonkeana Meyer 1899
Subg. Macacus (Pithex) Hodgson 1840
Macacus cynomolgus Schreber 1775
†Macacus eocaenus Owen 1846
†Macacus priscus Gervais 1859
†Macacus robustus Young
†Macacus sivalensus Lydekker 1878
Invalid names: Eopithecus [synonym]
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
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| Source: f = family, subc = subclass, c = class, subp = subphylum | |||||
| References: Ji et al. 2002, Carroll 1988, Lillegraven 1979, Nowak 1991, Hendy et al. 2009 | |||||
Age range
Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Tortonian to the top of the Holocene or 11.63000 to 0.00000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 7.246 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 7.246 Ma
Collections (89 total)
| Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tortonian | China (Yunnan) | Macaca sp. (11798) | |
| Late/Upper Miocene | Algeria (Oran) | Macaca flandrini (136913) | |
| Late/Upper Miocene | Algeria | Macaca sp. (34642) | |
| Tortonian - Zanclean | Ethiopia | Macaca sp. (22139 22179) | |
| Messinian | Italy (Piedmont) | Macaca indet. (199860) | |
| Early/Lower Pliocene | Spain (Murcia) | Macaca sp. (185681) | |
| Pliocene | France | Macaca sp. (68798) | |
| Pliocene - Pleistocene | France (Midi-Pyrenees) | Macaca sp. (35076) | |
| Pliocene - Pleistocene | France (Auvergne-Rhône-Alps) | Macaca florentina (44231) | |
| Pliocene - Pleistocene | Italy (Tuscany) | Macaca sylvana (51812) | |
| Pliocene - Pleistocene | Italy (Sardinia) | Macaca majori (51477 51478 51479) | |
| MN 14 | Ukraine | Macaca sp. (50908 50911) | |
| MN 14 - MN 15 | Ukraine | Macaca sp. (50914) | |
| Ruscinian - Villafranchian | Hungary (Barany) | Macaca sp. (35354) | |
| MN 15 | Moldova | Macaca sp. (50942) | |
| Late/Upper Pliocene | Morocco | Macaca sp. (32052) | |
| Villafranchian | Greece | Macaca majori, Macaca sylvanus, Macaca florentina (34592) | |
| Early/Lower Pleistocene | Italy | Macaca florentina (42867) | |
| Early/Lower Pleistocene | China ( Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region) | Macaca sp. (214689) | |
| Early/Lower Pleistocene | France (Alpes Maritimes) | Macaca sp. (50342) | |
| Early/Lower Pleistocene | Croatia (Istria) | Macaca florentina (40500) | |
| Early/Lower Pleistocene | Hungary (Barany) | Macaca sp. (35457) | |
| Early/Lower Pleistocene | Germany (Rheinland-Pfalz) | Macaca florentina (35905) | |
| Early/Lower Pleistocene | China (Gansu) | Macaca anderssoni (190068) | |
| Early/Lower Pleistocene | Greece | Macaca sp. (34767) | |
| Early/Lower Pleistocene | Türkiye | Macaca sp. (39321) | |
| Early/Lower Pleistocene | China (Hunan) | Macaca sp. (36819) | |
| Early/Lower Pleistocene | China (Guangxi) | Macaca sp. (230325) | |
| Early/Lower Pleistocene | Romania | Macaca sylvana (32145 32195) | |
| Pleistocene | Israel | Macaca sylvana (37026) | |
| Pleistocene | China (Liaoyang) | Macacus robustus (34667) | |
| Pleistocene - Holocene | China (Jiangsu) | Macaca sp. (37064) | |
| MN 17 | Spain (Teruel) | Macaca sp. (36112) | |
| MN 17 | France (Rhone-Alpes) | Macaca florentina (47150) | |
| Calabrian | Spain (Palencia) | Macaca sp. (205225) | |
| Calabrian | Spain (Murcia) | Macaca sylvanus (34128) | |
| Calabrian - Chibanian | Indonesia (Jawa Timur) | Macaca fascicularis (93521) | |
| Calabrian - Middle Pleistocene | Italy (Sardinia) | Macaca majori (51482) | |
| Middle Pleistocene | Thailand (Nakhon Ratchasima) | Macaca sp. (143885) | |
| Middle Pleistocene | Italy (Verona) | Macaca sylvana (43655) | |
| Middle Pleistocene | Laos (Hua Pan) | Macaca sp. (235746) | |
| Middle Pleistocene | Spain (Valencia) | Macaca sylvanus (221421 221424) | |
| Middle Pleistocene | Indonesia (East Java) | Macaca fascicularis (192507) | |
| Middle Pleistocene | United Kingdom (Norfolk) | Macaca sylvanus (49816) | |
| Middle Pleistocene | Vietnam (Lang Son) | Macaca sp., Macaca assamensis (92781) | |
| Middle Pleistocene | China (Guangdong) | Macaca assamensis, Macaca mulatta, Macaca thibetana (40341) Macaca sp. (120834) | |
| Middle Pleistocene | France (Provence) | Macaca florentina (48891 48912) | |
| Middle Pleistocene | Malaysia (Perak) | Macaca nemestrina (235742) | |
| Middle Pleistocene | Italy (Trieste) | Macaca sp. (43700) | |
| Middle Pleistocene | Germany (Sachsen-Anhalt) | Macaca sylvanus (36206) | |
| Middle Pleistocene | China (Guangxi) | Macaca sp. (38649 235739 235740) | |
| Middle Pleistocene | Germany (Baden-Wuerttemberg) | Macaca sylvanus (50259) | |
| Middle Pleistocene | Greece | Macaca sylvanus (199939) | |
| Middle Pleistocene | Thailand (Chaiyaphum) | Macaca nemestrina (237787) | |
| Middle Pleistocene | Germany (Rheinland-Pfalz) | Macaca sp. (50196) | |
| Middle Pleistocene | China (Guizhou) | Macaca sp. (51100) | |
| Middle Pleistocene | Italy (Vicenza) | Macaca sp. (43695) | |
| Middle Pleistocene - Late/Upper Pleistocene | Taiwan | Macaca cyclopis (223322) | |
| Middle Pleistocene - Late/Upper Pleistocene | China (Guangxi) | Macaca sp. (235737) | |
| Middle Pleistocene - Late/Upper Pleistocene | China (Anhui) | Macacus sp. (36868) | |
| Middle Pleistocene - Late/Upper Pleistocene | Taiwan (Tainan) | Macaca cyclopis (209017) | |
| Middle Pleistocene - Late/Upper Pleistocene | China (Guangdong) | Macaca sp., Macaca assamensis, Macaca mulatta, Macaca thibetana (13293) | |
| Middle Pleistocene - Holocene | United Kingdom | Macaca sylvanus (197163) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene (high glacial) | China (Hubei) | Macaca robustus, Macaca mulatta (92787) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | Malaysia (Selangor) | Macaca fascicularis (235743) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | China (Hunan) | Macaca sp. (36729 36730) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | Philippines | Macaca fascicularis (194834 194835 194836) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | Vietnam | Macaca sp. (107997) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | Japan (Aomori) | Macaca fuscata (101899) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | Thailand | Macaca sp. (176213) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | Thailand (Chaiyaphum) | Macaca sp. (237788) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | Spain (Valencia) | Macaca sylvanus (221415) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | Indonesia | Macaca fuscicularis (93523) Macaca nemestriana (93524) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene - Holocene | Malaysia | Macaca nemestrina, Macaca fascicularis (192522) | |
| Holocene | Indonesia (East Nusa Tenggara) | Macaca sp. (68059) |