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Buxales
Taxonomy
Buxales was named by Takhtajan (1996). It is extant.
It was assigned to Dilleniidae by Mabberley (2000); and to Eudicots by The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009), The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2016), Vallati et al. (2020), Vera et al. (2022), Perez Loinaze et al. (2023).
It was assigned to Dilleniidae by Mabberley (2000); and to Eudicots by The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009), The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2016), Vallati et al. (2020), Vera et al. (2022), Perez Loinaze et al. (2023).
Synonymy list
| Year | Name and author |
|---|---|
| 1996 | Buxales Takhtajan |
| 2000 | Buxales Mabberley |
| 2009 | Buxales The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |
| 2016 | Buxales The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |
| 2020 | Buxales Vallati et al. p. 5 |
| 2022 | Buxales Vera et al. |
| 2023 | Buxales Perez Loinaze et al. |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
Or. Buxales Takhtajan 1996
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Fm. Buxaceae Dumortier 1822 [boxwood]
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G. Buxus Linnaeus 1753 [boxwood]
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†Buxus egeriana Kvaček and Bužek 1982
†Buxus ningmingensis Ma and Sun 2015
Buxus papillosa Schneider 1907
†Buxus pliocenica Saporta and Marion 1876
†Buxus pliosinica Huang et al. 2018
†Buxus preaustroyunnanensis Ma and Sun 2015
†Buxus protojaponica Tanai and Onoe 1961
Buxus sempervirens Linnaeus 1753
Buxus wallichiana Baillon 1859
G. †Erdtmanipollis Krutzsch 1962
G. Sarcococca Lindley 1826 [sweet box]
Invalid names: Haptanthaceae Nelson 2002 [synonym]
Fm. †Didymelaceae Leandri
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G. †Hexaporotricolpites Boltenhagen 1967
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†Hexaporotricolpites coronatus Jardiné et al. 1972
†Hexaporotricolpites emelianovi Boltenhagen 1967
†Hexaporotricolpites lamellaferus Jardiné 1972
†Hexaporotricolpites potoniei Boltenhagen 1969
G. †Schizocolpus Stover and Partridge 1973
G. †Polypodiidites Potonié 1966
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†Polypodiidites delicatissimus Ramanujam 1967
†Polypodiidites horridus Blackhouse 1978
†Polypodiidites magniverrucosus Ramanujam 1967
†Polypodiidites ratnamii Ramanujam 1967
†Polypodiidites speciosus Archangelsky 1972
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Invalid names: Verrucatosporites speciosus Harris 1965 [replaced]
G. †Spanomera Drinnan et al. 1991
G. †Tuberculatosporites Imgrund 1952
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†Tuberculatosporites anicystoides Imgrund 1952
†Tuberculatosporites parvus Archangelsky 1972
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
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| Source: p = phylum | |||||
| Reference: Kiessling 2009 | |||||
Age range
Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Middle Pennsylvanian to the top of the Villafranchian or 315.20000 to 1.80000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 307.0 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 307.0 Ma
Collections (233 total)
| Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bashkirian - Gzhelian | USA (Illinois) | Tuberculatosporites robustus (23563 23577 23707) | |
| Middle Pennsylvanian | USA (Missouri) | Tuberculatosporites robustus (127215) | |
| Middle Pennsylvanian | USA (Illinois) | Tuberculatosporites robustus (127303) | |
| Late/Upper Pennsylvanian - Middle Pennsylvanian | USA (Indiana) | Tuberculatosporites robustus (127209) | |
| Late/Upper Pennsylvanian - Middle Pennsylvanian | USA (Ohio) | Tuberculatosporites robustus (126960 126961) | |
| Late/Upper Pennsylvanian - Middle Pennsylvanian | USA (Illinois) | Tuberculatosporites robustus (127217) | |
| Late/Upper Pennsylvanian | USA (Oklahoma) | Tuberculatosporites robustus (127156) | |
| Late/Upper Pennsylvanian | USA (Illinois) | Tuberculatosporites robustus (126968) | |
| Capitanian | USA (Oklahoma) | Tuberculatosporites sp. (24882) | |
| Late/Upper Triassic | Antarctica | Tuberculatosporites aberdarensis (31342) | |
| Aptian | Argentina (Santa Cruz) | Polypodiidites sp. A, Polypodiidites sp. B (150335) Tuberculatosporites sp. A, Polypodiidites sp. A (149982) | |
| Aptian - Albian | Argentina (Santa Cruz) | Polypodiidites sp. (150615) | |
| Late/Upper Aptian | Argentina (Santa Cruz) | Tuberculatosporites sp. A (149927) | |
| Late/Upper Aptian | Brazil (Maranhão) | Tuberculatosporites sp. 1, Tuberculatosporites sp. 2 (150515) | |
| Early/Lower Albian - Middle Albian | Brazil (Maranhao) | Hexaporotricolpites lamellaferus (142284 142285 142286 142287 142288 142289 142290 142291 142292 142293 142294 142295 142296 142297 142298) | |
| Albian - Cenomanian | Nigeria (Maiduguri) | Hexaporotricolpites emelianovi (139254 139255 139256 139257 139258 139259 139260 139263 139265 139266 139267 139268 139269 139271 139272 139273 139275 139277 139278 139279 139280) | |
| Early/Lower Albian - Early/Lower Cenomanian | Argentina (Santa Cruz) | Tuberculatosporites sp. A (149928) | |
| Late/Upper Albian | USA (Maryland) | Spanomera marylandensis (28408) | |
| Late/Upper Albian - Early/Lower Cenomanian | Brazil (Maranhao) | Hexaporotricolpites emelianovi (144218 144219 144220 144221 144223 144226) Hexaporotricolpites emelianovi, Hexaporotricolpites potoniei (144216 144217 144222) Hexaporotricolpites lamellaferus (142277 142278 142279 142280 142281 142282 142283) | |
| Late/Upper Albian - Middle Cenomanian | Nigeria (Gambe) | Hexaporotricolpites potoniei (144198) | |
| Early/Lower Cenomanian | USA (Maryland) | Spanomera mauldinensis sp. nov. (31101) | |
| Late/Upper Cenomanian | Nigeria (Gambe) | Hexaporotricolpites emelionovi (144199) | |
| Late/Upper Cenomanian | South Sudan | Hexaporotricolpites emelianovii (199987 199991) | |
| Late/Upper Cenomanian | Brazil (Barreirinhas) | Hexaporotricolpites emelianovi (144294 144296) | |
| Late/Upper Cenomanian | Brazil (Maranhao) | Hexaporotricolpites lamellaferus (139464 142276) | |
| Cenomanian - Turonian | Brazil (Sergipe) | Hexaporotricolpites emelianovi (144278 144279 144281 144282) | |
| Senonian | Brazil (Alagoas) | Buttinia andreevi (142303 142304 142305) Hexaporotricolpites muellerii (142302) | |
| Turonian | Nigeria (Gambe) | Hexaporotricolpites emelionovi (144201) | |
| Coniacian - Maastrichtian | Argentina (Chubut) | Buttinia andreevi (233992) | |
| Late/Upper Campanian | Canada (Alberta) | Erdtmanipollis procumbentiformis (22659 36264 55352) | |
| Middle Campanian | USA (Montana) | Erdtmanipollis procumbentiformis (73891) | |
| Late/Upper Campanian - Early/Lower Maastrichtian | Antarctica | Schizocolpus sp. (150271) | |
| Late/Upper Campanian - Early/Lower Maastrichtian | Argentina (Mendoza) | Tuberculatosporites parvus (168549) | |
| Late/Upper Campanian - Early/Lower Maastrichtian | Canada (Alberta) | Polypodiidites sp., Erdtmanipollis procumbentiformis (52072) | |
| Early/Lower Maastrichtian | USA (Alaska) | Erdtmanipollis procumbentiformis (51889) | |
| Early/Lower Maastrichtian | Argentina (Santa Cruz) | Polypodiidites sp., Buttinia andreevii (231725) Tuberculatosporites parvus (206968) | |
| Early/Lower Maastrichtian | Romania (Hunedoara) | Polypodiidites sp. (67818) | |
| Late/Upper Maastrichtian | Argentina (Chubut) | Buttinia andreevi (220171) | |
| Late/Upper Maastrichtian | South Sudan | Buttinia andreevi (199947 199948) | |
| Maastrichtian | Argentina (Chubut) | Polypodiidites sp. (168393 168394) Schizocolpus sp. (150882) | |
| Maastrichtian | Argentina (Santa Cruz) | Polypodiidites sp. 1 (149973) | |
| Maastrichtian | USA (North Dakota) | Erdtmanipollis cretaceus (234420 234421 234573 234574 234585 234587 234588 234599 234600 234616 234618 234619 234620) | |
| Maastrichtian | USA (Alaska) | Erdtmanipollis spp. (238299 238301 238303 238304) | |
| Danian | Canada (Manitoba) | Erdtmanipollis procumbentiformis (232096) | |
| Danian | USA (North Dakota) | Erdtmanipollis cretaceus (234594 234610 234624) | |
| Danian | Argentina (Chubut) | Polypodiidites speciosus (151454 151455 151457 172890) Tuberculatosporites parvus (136508 167921 167922) Tuberculatosporites parvus, Polypodiidites sp. (152264) | |
| Paleocene | USA (Alaska) | Erdtmanipollis sp. (238374) Erdtmanipollis spp. (238288) | |
| Paleocene | Venezuela (Zulia) | Verrucatosporites speciosus (151711) | |
| Late/Upper Paleocene | Venezuela (Zulia) | Verrucatosporites speciosus (151742 151758 151764) | |
| Early/Lower Eocene | Australia (Tasmania) | Schizocolpus rarus (166741) | |
| Early/Lower Eocene | Venezuela (Zulia) | Verrucatosporites speciosus (151766 151769 151772 151774 151775 151776 151777 151779 151780 151781 151783 151784 151786 151787 151788 151789 151790 151791 151792 151793 151794 151795 151796 151798 151799 151800 151802 151804 151806 151808 151809 151811 151812 151818 151819 151820 151821 151822 151823 151824 151825 151826 151827 151828 151829 151830 151831 151832 151833 151834) | |
| Ypresian | Canada (British Columbia) | Erdtmanipollis pachysandroides (227994) | |
| Eocene | Argentina (Santa Cruz) | Polypodiidites speciosus (167899) Tuberculatosporites parvus (167896 167897 167902 167903) | |
| Middle Eocene - Late/Upper Eocene | Argentina (Neuquén) | Tuberculatosporites sp. (136911) | |
| Early/Lower Oligocene | Australia (Tasmania) | Polypodiidites sp. (166832) | |
| Rupelian | Germany (Baden-Württemberg) | Buxus egeriana (68021) | |
| Late/Upper Oligocene | Argentina (Santa Cruz) | Polypodiidites inangahuensis (151587) | |
| Late/Upper Oligocene - Early/Lower Miocene | Australia (Tasmania) | Polypodiidites inungahuensis (167314) Polypodiidites perverrucatus (166703) | |
| Late/Upper Oligocene - Middle Miocene | Argentina (Tierra del Fuego) | Tuberculatosporites parvus (169381) | |
| Aquitanian | Azerbaijan | Buxaceae indet. (116623) | |
| Early/Lower Miocene | Argentina (Tierra del Fuego) | Polypodiidites radiatus (144140) | |
| Early/Lower Miocene - Middle Miocene | Argentina (Tierra del Fuego) | Tuberculatosporites parvus (166708) | |
| Miocene | Japan (Gifu) | Buxus protojaponica (222791) | |
| Miocene | China (Hebei) | Buxus sempervirens (223818) | |
| Miocene | India (Tamil Nadu) | Polypodiidites delicatissimus, Polypodiidites magniverrucosus, Polypodiidites ratnamii (224618) | |
| Miocene | China (Zhejiang) | Buxus protojaponica (224041) | |
| Miocene - Pliocene | Japan (Nagano) | Buxus protojaponica (22796) | |
| Langhian - Serravallian | Poland (Silesia) | Buxus sempervirens (28442) Buxus sp. (28443) | |
| Langhian - Messinian | Japan (Hirakata) | Buxus protojaponica (22744) | |
| Late/Upper Miocene | Argentina (Catamarca) | Tuberculatosporites sp., Tuberculatosporites parvus (137142) | |
| Late/Upper Miocene - Early/Lower Pliocene | Japan (Kouwa-cho) | Buxus japonica (22827) | |
| Pliocene | Portugal | Buxus sp. (232125 232126 232144) | |
| Late/Upper Pliocene | China (Yunnan) | Buxus pliosinica (224479) | |
| Villafranchian | Slovakia | Buxus sp. (41029) | |
| Early/Lower Pleistocene - Middle Pleistocene | Australia (Tasmania) | Polypodiidites perverrucatus (166707) | |
| Pleistocene | India (Kashmir) | Buxus papillosa, Buxus wallichiana (224612) Buxus sempervirens, Buxus papillosa, Buxus wallichiana (224613) | |
| Quaternary | India (Tamil Nadu) | Buxus sp. (228792) Sarcococca sp. (228848) | |
| Quaternary | India (Himachal Pradesh) | Buxus sp. (228760 228761) |