PBDB Taxon

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Morphology	Ecology and taphonomy	External Literature Search	Age range and collections

Strobeus

Gastropoda - Murchisoniina - Soleniscidae

Taxonomy

Strobeus was named by de Koninck (1881) [Sepkoski's age data: D Gedi Tr Olen Sepkoski's reference number: 362,785]. It is not extant.

It was synonymized subjectively with Ianthinopsis by Knight et al. (1960), Batten (1966).

It was assigned to Neotaenioglossa by Sepkoski (2002); to Strobeidae by Bandel (2002); to Soleniscidae by Nützel et al. (2000), Kaim et al. (2014), Mazaev (2015); and to Soleniscinae by Nützel and Ketwetsuriya (2016).

Species

Macrocheilus depilis, Macrocheilus pulchella, Macrochilina acuta (syn. Macrochilina curvilinea), Macrochilina brevispira, Macrochilina buccinoides, Macrochilina chattolina, Macrochilina conicus, Macrochilina cyclostoma, Macrochilina decheni, Macrochilina dunkeri, Macrochilina ejecta, Macrochilina elevata, Macrochilina germanica, Macrochilina hospitalis, Macrochilina imbricata, Macrochilina inaequistriata (syn. Melania gracilis, Melania tenuistriata), Macrochilina intermedia, Macrochilina lincta, Macrochilina meridionalis, Macrochilina modesta, Macrochilina naticaeformis (syn. Phasianella ventricosa), Macrochilina neritoides, Macrochilina nitens, Macrochilina orbignyi, Macrochilina ovata, Macrochilina ovatum, Macrochilina piltonensis, Macrochilina pulchella, Macrochilina pusilla, Macrochilina pygmaea, Macrochilina rectinea, Macrochilina sandbergeri, Macrochilina seneca, Macrochilina subimbricata, Macrochilina sublineata, Macrochilina subovata, Macrochilina subtilis, Macrochilina turbinea, Macrochilina turrita, Macrochilina whidborni, Macrochilina winensis, Soleniscus (Macrochilina) humilis, S. alternatus, S. bashkiriensis, S. batteni, S. brancoi, S. brevis, S. delawarensis, S. dongluoensis, S. ferganense, S. gouldiana, S. immanis, S. intercalaris, S. keyesi, S. mucronatus, S. nobilis, S. ovalis, S. pakistanensis, S. paludinaeformis (syn. Soleniscus ventricosus), S. poromus, S. rectilinea (syn. Macrochilina tumida), S. rozeni, S. shigetai, S. stinesvillensis, S. subglobosus, S. tantilla, S. veberi, S. ventricosus, S. welleri

Synonyms

Macrochilina was named by Bayle (1880) [Replacement for Duncania Bayle 1879, which was preoccuppied (which was a replacement for Macrocheilus Phillips 1841, which was preoccuppied, too)].

It was synonymized subjectively with Soleniscus by Keyes (1889), Knight et al. (1960); it was reranked as Holopella (Macrochilina) by Perner (1903); it was reranked as Soleniscus (Macrochilina) by Knight (1931), Elias (1958); it was misspelled as Machrochilina by Manten (1971), Pan and Erwin (2002), Amler and Heidelberger (2003), Heidelberger and Koch (2005); it was synonymized subjectively with Strobeus by Harper (1981), Nützel and Mapes (2001), Wagner (2023).

It was assigned to Holopella by Perner (1903); to Soleniscus by Knight (1931), Elias (1958); to Gastropoda by Manten (1971); to Subulitidae by Amler and Heidelberger (2003); and to Soleniscidae by Pan and Erwin (2002), Heidelberger and Koch (2005).
Macrocheilus was named by Phillips (1841). It is not extant.

It was corrected as Macrochilus by Hall (1859); it was reranked as Soleniscus (Macrocheilus) by White (1884); it was synonymized subjectively with Soleniscus by Knight et al. (1960); it was misspelled as Macrocheilos by Frech (1894); it was replaced with Macrochilina by Knight (1941), Pan and Erwin (2002).

It was assigned to Soleniscus by White (1884); and to Gastropoda by Hall (1859), Frech (1894).

Synonymy list

Year	Name and author
1841	Macrocheilus Phillips p. 103
1859	Macrochilus Hall p. 21
1880	Macrochilina Bayle p. 241
1881	Strobeus de Koninck p. 26 figs. pl. 3 f. 26-27
1884	Soleniscus (Macrocheilus) White p. 184
1894	Macrocheilos Frech
1903	Holopella (Macrochilina) Perner
1931	Soleniscus (Macrochilina) Knight p. 205
1958	Soleniscus (Macrochilina) Elias p. 21
1971	Machrochilina Manten
2000	Strobeus Nützel et al. p. 583
2002	Strobeus Bandel
2002	Macrochilina Pan and Erwin
2002	Strobeus Sepkoski
2003	Macrochilina Amler and Heidelberger p. 1197
2005	Macrochilina Heidelberger and Koch p. 49
2014	Strobeus Kaim et al. p. 183
2015	Strobeus Mazaev p. 971
2016	Strobeus Nützel and Ketwetsuriya p. 506

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Rank	Name	Author
kingdom	Animalia	()
—	Bilateria
—	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
—	Protostomia
—	Spiralia
superphylum	Lophotrochozoa
phylum	Mollusca

Rank	Name	Author
class	Gastropoda
subclass	Orthogastropoda
order	Murchisoniina
superfamily	Loxonematoidea	(Koken 1889)
family	Soleniscidae
subfamily	Soleniscinae
genus	Strobeus

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

G. †Strobeus de Koninck 1881

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†Strobeus alternatus Radabaugh 1942

†Strobeus bashkiriensis Mazaev 2019

†Strobeus batteni Kaim et al. 2013

†Strobeus brancoi Gemmellaro 1889

†Strobeus brevis White 1881

†Strobeus delawarensis Girty 1909

†Strobeus dongluoensis Pan and Yu 1993

†Strobeus ferganense Licharew 1968

†Strobeus gouldiana Girty 1912

†Strobeus immanis Kues and Batten 2001

†Strobeus intercalaris Meek and Worthen 1860

†Strobeus keyesi Rowley 1900

†Strobeus mucronatus Yin 1932

†Strobeus nobilis Sowerby 1826

†Strobeus ovalis Yoo 1994

†Strobeus pakistanensis Kaim et al. 2013

†Strobeus paludinaeformis Hall 1858

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Invalid names: Soleniscus ventricosus Hall 1858 [synonym]

†Strobeus poromus Kues 1990

†Strobeus rectilinea Phillips 1836

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Invalid names: Macrochilina tumida de Koninck 1881 [synonym]

†Strobeus rozeni Mazaev 2015

†Strobeus shigetai Kaim 2009

†Strobeus stinesvillensis Cumings 1906

†Strobeus subglobosus Yin 1932

†Strobeus tantilla Rowley 1900

†Strobeus veberi Licharew 1968

†Strobeus ventricosus de Koninck 1881

†Strobeus welleri Knight 1931

Invalid names: Macrochilina Bayle 1880 [synonym]

Diagnosis

Reference	Diagnosis
J. B. Knight 1931 (Soleniscus (Macrochilina))	Form robust or slender; moderately to strongly developed siphonal fold. Siphonal channel relatively broad; siphonal fold strong within the aperture; posterior fold rudimentary; the inductura moderately to strongly thickened.

Measurements

part	N	mean	minimum	maximum	median	s.d.
shell height	48	9.39	0.760	60.0	9.90	11.0
shell diameter	48	2.78	0.630	10.8	3.40	2.77

Composition:

aragonitef

Locomotion:

actively mobilef

Life habit:

epifaunalf

Diet:

carnivoref

Vision:

limitedo

Created:

2004-08-16 10:05:44

Modified:

2004-08-16 12:05:44

Source: f = family, o = order

References: Wagner 2023, Bambach et al. 2007

Age range: base of the Homerian to the top of the Tuvalian or 430.60000 to 227.30000 Ma

Collections (268 total)

Time interval	Ma	Country or state	Original ID and collection number
Oldest occurrences
Homerian	430.6 - 426.7	USA (New York)	Macrochilina sp. (155562)
Gorstian	426.7 - 425.0	Czechia (Hlavni města Praha)	Macrochilina intermedia (104940)
Pragian	413.02 - 410.62	Australia (Victoria)	Subulites sp. (40360)
Emsian	410.62 - 393.47	France	Macrocheilus ventricosum (154581)
Emsian	410.62 - 393.47	Canada (Northwest Territories)	Macrochilina whidborni (56276 56282)
Eifelian	393.47 - 387.95	USA (Alaska)	Subulites sp. (3639)
Eifelian	393.47 - 387.95	USA (New York)	Macrochilina onondagaensis (83120)
Eifelian	393.47 - 387.95	USA (Michigan)	S. alternatus (128942)
Eifelian	393.47 - 387.95	USA (Nevada)	Subulites sp. A (3828) Subulites sp. A, Subulites sp. B, Subulites sp. C (3830) Subulites sp. B (44137) Subulites sp. D, Bulimorpha sp. (3827)
Middle Devonian	393.47 - 382.31	USA (New York)	Macrocheilus sp. (91240 91248 91249 91250)
Youngest occurrences
Time interval	Ma	Country or state	PBDB collection number
Dienerian	250.5 - 249.9	Pakistan	S. pakistanensis (192907)
Dienerian	250.5 - 249.9	Russian Federation	S. shigetai (90210 90211)
Smithian	249.9 - 248.1	Vietnam	S. sp. (155490)
Smithian	249.9 - 248.1	USA (Utah)	S. batteni (156017 156021 156102) S. paludinaeformis (44283) S. sp. (32988 33208 33211 33213 33215 33229 33233 33237)
Smithian	249.9 - 248.1	Pakistan	S. batteni (139144 140687 140689) S. pakistanensis (140690)
Anisian - Ladinian	246.7 - 237.0	Bosnia and Herzegovina	Macrochilina sp. (203800)
Longobardian	239.48 - 237.0	Italy	S. sp. (236005)
Julian	237.0 - 233.6	Italy	Fusus orbignyanus, Pleurotoma sublineata, Melania inaequistriata, Melania gracilis, Melania tenuistriata (137429) Macrochilina brevispira (69672) Macrochilina sandbergeri, Macrochilina brevispira, Macrochilina inaequistriata, Macrochilina orbignyi (144631)
Carnian	237.0 - 227.3	Hungary (Bakony)	Macrochilina brevispira (203197) Macrochilina inaequistriata (203199)
Tuvalian	233.6 - 227.3	Hungary	Macrochilina brevispira (23870)