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Pycnodontidae

Actinopteri - Pycnodontiformes - Pycnodontidae

Taxonomy
Pycnodontes was named by Agassiz (1833).

It was reranked as the suborder Pycnodontes by Owen (1859); it was corrected as Pycnodontidae by Cope (1877), Cope (1878), Cope (1887), Woodward (1895), Hay (1902), Woodward (1916), Rapp (1946), Arambourg and Bertin (1958), Gardiner (1960), Jordan (1963), Casier (1966), Applegate (1970), Sahni and Mishra (1975), Thurmond and Jones (1981), Kumar and Loyal (1987), Case and Schwimmer (1988), Nursall (1996), Weems (1999), Goodwin et al. (1999), Forey et al. (2003), Shimada et al. (2006), Poyato-Ariza (2010), Carnevale et al. (2014), Bannikov (2014), Ebersole et al. (2019) and Sarr et al. (2024).

It was assigned to Ganoidei by Owen (1859); to Isospondyli by Cope (1877) and Cope (1878); to Merospondyli by Cope (1887); to Protospondyli by Woodward (1895); to Actinopterygii by Woodward (1916); to Semionotiformes by Arambourg and Bertin (1958); to Pycnodontoidea by Gardiner (1960); to Pycnodonti by Hay (1902), Rapp (1946) and Jordan (1963); to Pycnodontoidei by Casier (1966), Nursall (1996) and Forey et al. (2003); and to Pycnodontiformes by Applegate (1970), Sahni and Mishra (1975), Thurmond and Jones (1981), Kumar and Loyal (1987), Case and Schwimmer (1988), Weems (1999), Goodwin et al. (1999), Shimada et al. (2006), Poyato-Ariza (2010), Carnevale et al. (2014), Bannikov (2014), Ebersole et al. (2019) and Sarr et al. (2024).

Synonymy list
YearName and author
1859Pycnodontes Owen p. 126
1877Pycnodontidae Cope p. 62
1878Pycnodontidae Cope p. 298
1887Pycnodontidae Cope p. 1018
1895Pycnodontidae Woodward p. 189
1902Pycnodontidae Hay p. 372
1916Pycnodontidae Woodward p. 47
1946Pycnodontidae Rapp p. 511
1958Pycnodontidae Arambourg and Bertin p. 2176
1960Pycnodontidae Gardiner p. 363
1963Pycnodontidae Jordan p. 614
1966Pycnodontidae Casier p. 104
1970Pycnodontidae Applegate p. 401
1975Pycnodontidae Sahni and Mishra p. 12
1981Pycnodontidae Thurmond and Jones p. 85
1987Pycnodontidae Kumar and Loyal p. 68
1988Pycnodontidae Case and Schwimmer p. 297
1996Pycnodontidae Nursall p. 137
1999Pycnodontidae Goodwin et al. p. 732
1999Pycnodontidae Weems p. 55
2003Pycnodontidae Forey et al. p. 228
2006Pycnodontidae Shimada et al. p. 21
2010Pycnodontidae Poyato-Ariza p. 651
2014Pycnodontidae Bannikov p. 25
2014Pycnodontidae Carnevale et al. p. 41
2019Pycnodontidae Ebersole et al. p. 152
2024Pycnodontidae Sarr et al. p. 22 fig. 12

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RankNameAuthor
kingdomAnimalia()
—Bilateria
—EubilateriaAx 1987
—Deuterostomia
phylumChordataHaeckel 1874
subphylumVertebrata
superclassGnathostomata
—Osteichthyes()
RankNameAuthor
superclassActinopterygii()
classActinopteri()
subclassNeopterygii(Regan 1923)
orderPycnodontiformesBerg 1937
suborderPycnodontoidei
familyPycnodontidae()
familyPycnodontidae()

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Fm. †Pycnodontidae Agassiz 1833
show all | hide all
G. †Abdobalistum Poyato-Ariza and Wenz 2002
+
†Abdobalistum thyrsus Poyato-Ariza and Wenz 2002
G. †Acrotemnus Agassiz 1837
+
†Acrotemnus faba Agassiz 1837
†Acrotemnus streckeri Hibbard 1939
Invalid names: Macropycnodon Shimada et al. 2010 [synonym]
G. †Agoultpycnodus Taverne and Capasso 2021
+
†Agoultpycnodus aldrovandii Taverne and Capasso 2021
G. †Anomoeodus Forir 1887
+
†Anomoeodus barberi Hussakof 1947
†Anomoeodus caddoi Suarez et al. 2021
†Anomoeodus latidens Gidley 1913
†Anomoeodus nursalli Kriwet 1999
+
Invalid names: Pycnodus faba Leidy 1872 [replaced]
†Anomoeodus splendidus Nessov 1985
†Anomoeodus subclavatus Agassiz 1833
†Anomoeodus woodwardi Sauvage 1898
G. †Athrodon Sauvage 1880
+
†Athrodon boloniensis Sauvage 1880
†Athrodon douvillei Sauvage 1880
†Athrodon intermedius Wagner 1893
G. †Brauccipycnodus Taverne and Capasso 2021
+
†Brauccipycnodus pillae Capasso 2007
G. †Callodus Thurmond 1974
+
†Callodus coronatus Thurmond 1974
G. †Coccodus Pictet 1850
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†Coccodus armatus Pictet 1850
†Coccodus insignis Hay 1903
G. †Coelodus Haeckel
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†Coelodus bocagei Sauvage 1898
†Coelodus brownii Cope 1894
†Coelodus choffati Sauvage 1898
†Coelodus cuneiformis Sauvage 1898
†Coelodus decaturensis Gidley 1913
†Coelodus delgadoi Sauvage 1898
†Coelodus fabadens Gidley 1913
†Coelodus latus Gorjanović-Kramberger 1895
†Coelodus malwaensis Chiplonkar and Ghare 1977
†Coelodus mesorachis Heckel 1856
†Coelodus multipinnatus Gorjanović-Kramberger 1895
†Coelodus oblongus Heckel 1856
†Coelodus ovalis Gorjanović-Kramberger 1895
†Coelodus plethodon Arambourg and Joleaud 1943
†Coelodus riberoi Sauvage 1898
†Coelodus rostratus Gorjanović-Kramberger 1895
†Coelodus saturnus Haeckel 1856
†Coelodus stantoni Williston 1900
†Coelodus suillus Heckel 1856
†Coelodus vetteri Gorjanović-Kramberger 1895
Invalid names: Anomiophthalmus Costa 1856 [synonym], Glossodus Costa 1856 [synonym]
G. †Costapycnodus Taverne et al. 2019
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†Costapycnodus costae Heckel 1856
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Invalid names: Anomiophthalmus vetustus Costa 1856 [synonym], Coelodus discus Heckel 1856 [synonym], Coelodus pyrrhurus Heckel 1856 [synonym], Glossodus angustatus Costa 1856 [synonym], Microdon simplex Costa 1864 [synonym], Pycnodus achillis Costa 1853 [synonym], Pycnodus grandis Costa 1854 [synonym], Pycnodus rotundatus Costa 1853 [synonym]
G. †Flagellipinna Cawley and Kriwet 2019
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†Flagellipinna rhomboides Cawley and Kriwet 2019
G. †Gregoriopycnodus Taverne et al. 2020
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†Gregoriopycnodus bassanii Taverne et al. 2020
G. †Hadrodus Leidy 1857
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†Hadrodus priscus Leidy 1857
G. †Haqelpycnodus Taverne and Capasso 2018
+
†Haqelpycnodus picteti Taverne and Capasso 2018
G. †Iemanja Wenz 1989
G. †Macromesodon Blake 1905
G. †Neoproscinetes De Figueiredo and Silva Santos 1990
+
†Neoproscinetes penalvai Silva Santos 1970
G. †Njoerdichthys Cawley et al. 2020
+
†Njoerdichthys dyckerhoffi Cawley et al. 2020
G. †Nonaphalagodus Thurmond 1974
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†Nonaphalagodus trinitiensis Thurmond 1974
Subfm. †Nursalliinae Blot 1987
+
G. †Neomesturus Cooper and Martill 2020
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†Neomesturus asflaensis Cooper and Martill 2020
G. †Nursallia Blot 1987
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†Nursallia tethysensis Capasso et al. 2009
†Nursallia veronae Blot 1987
G. †Palaeobalistum Blainville 1818
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†Palaeobalistum bassanii D'Erasmo 1911
†Palaeobalistum geiseri Thurmond 1974
†Palaeobalistum goedelii Heckel 1854
†Palaeobalistum libanicum Gorjanović-Kramberger 1895
†Palaeobalistum orbiculatum Blainville 1818
†Palaeobalistum rectidens Thurmond 1974
G. †Paranursallia Taverne et al. 2015
+
†Paranursallia cavini Cooper and Martill 2020
†Paranursallia gutturosa Arambourg 1954
G. †Omphalodus von Meyer 1847
G. †Polypsephis Hay 1899
+
Invalid names: Microdon Agassiz 1833 [replaced]
G. †Proscincetes Gistel 1848
G. †Proscinetes Gistel 1848
Subfm. †Pycnodontinae Agassiz 1833
+
G. †Polazzodus Poyato-Ariza 2010
+
†Polazzodus coronatus Poyato-Ariza 2010
G. †Scalacurvichthys Cawley and Kriwet 2018
+
†Scalacurvichthys naishi Cawley and Kriwet 2018
G. †Tepexichthys Applegate 1992
+
†Tepexichthys aranguthyorum Applegate 1992
G. †Pycnodus Agassiz 1833
+
†Pycnodus angustus Agassiz 1833
†Pycnodus apodus Volta 1796
†Pycnodus bicresta Kumar and Loyal 1987
†Pycnodus bowerbanki Egerton 1877
†Pycnodus carolinensis Emmons 1858
†Pycnodus comminuens Hay 1916
†Pycnodus complanatus Agassiz 1834
†Pycnodus couloni Agassiz 1843
†Pycnodus cretaceus Agassiz 1839
†Pycnodus depressus Agassiz 1833
†Pycnodus didymus Agassiz 1839
†Pycnodus flabellatus Cope 1885
†Pycnodus gigas Agassiz 1833
†Pycnodus granulatus Münster 1846
†Pycnodus hugii Agassiz 1833
†Pycnodus jugleri Münster 1846
†Pycnodus lametae Woodward 1908
†Pycnodus latior Agassiz 1833
†Pycnodus latirostris Agassiz 1843
†Pycnodus mantellii Agassiz 1839
+
Invalid names: Pycnodus microdon Agassiz 1833 [synonym]
†Pycnodus minutus Münster 1846
†Pycnodus munsteri Agassiz 1839
†Pycnodus nicoleti Agassiz 1839
†Pycnodus orbicularis Volta 1796
†Pycnodus ovalis Agassiz 1839
†Pycnodus parallelus Dixon 1850
†Pycnodus planidens Hay 1916
†Pycnodus platessus Blainville 1818
†Pycnodus praecursor Dartevelle and Casier 1949
†Pycnodus preufsii Münster 1846
†Pycnodus priscus Henry 1876
†Pycnodus robustus Leidy 1857
†Pycnodus toliapicus Agassiz 1839
†Pycnodus umbonatus Agassiz 1833
†Pycnodus variabilis Stromer 1905
G. †Pycnomicrodon Hay 1916
+
†Pycnomicrodon texanus Gidley 1913
G. †Rhinopycnodus Taverne and Capasso 2013
+
†Rhinopycnodus gabriellae Taverne and Capasso 2013
G. †Sphaerodus Agassiz 1833
+
†Sphaerodus annularis Agassiz 1839
†Sphaerodus cinctus Agassiz 1839
†Sphaerodus conicus Agassiz 1839
†Sphaerodus crassus Agassiz 1833
†Sphaerodus depressus Agassiz 1839
†Sphaerodus discus Agassiz 1839
†Sphaerodus gigas Agassiz 1833
†Sphaerodus hybridus Münster 1846
†Sphaerodus insignis Van Beneden 1871
†Sphaerodus irregularis Agassiz 1839
†Sphaerodus lens Agassiz 1839
†Sphaerodus minimus Agassiz 1833
†Sphaerodus mitrula Agassiz 1839
†Sphaerodus parvus Agassiz 1833
†Sphaerodus subannularis Münster 1846
†Sphaerodus submamillaris Münster 1846
†Sphaerodus subradiatus Münster 1846
†Sphaerodus tetragonus Münster 1846
†Sphaerodus truncatus Agassiz 1839
+
†Stemmatodus rhombus Agassiz 1839
G. †Typodus Quenstedt 1858
+
†Typodus abrasus Cragin 1894
†Typodus annulatus Quenstedt 1858
†Typodus diastemicus Cope 1894
†Typodus dumblei Cope 1892
†Typodus valens Hay 1916
Invalid names: Mesodon Wagner 1851 [replaced]
G. †Xenopholis Davis 1887
+
†Xenopholis carinatus Davis 1887
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
Composition: phosphaticsubp
Environment: marinesubp
Locomotion: actively mobileo
Life habit: nektonico
Diet: durophageo
Diet 2: carnivoreo
Created: 2009-07-20 21:40:08
Modified: 2013-12-06 12:04:31
Source: o = order, subp = subphylum
References: Carroll 1988, Hendy et al. 2009

Age range: base of the Carnian to the top of the Late/Upper Pleistocene or 237.00000 to 0.01170 Ma

Collections (323 total)

Oldest occurrences

Time interval Ma Country or state Original ID and collection number
Carnian237.0 - 228.0Hungary Sphaerodus sp. (156154)
Rhaetian208.5 - 201.3France (Franche-Comté) Sphaerodus minimus (149408)
Rhaetian208.5 - 201.3United Kingdom (Wales) Sphaerodus sp. (72293)
Liasicus201.3 - 196.5Belgium (Luxembourg) Eomesodon liassicus (40087)
Planorbis201.3 - 196.5United Kingdom Pycnodus liassicus (131892)
Hettangian - Sinemurian201.3 - 190.8United Kingdom Pycnodus liassicus (131994 131995)
Bathonian168.3 - 166.1United Kingdom Mesodon discoides (131999) Pycnodus rugulosus (131998) Pycnodus sp., Pycnodus rugulosus, Pycnodus bucklandi, Mesodon tenuidens, Mesodon biserialis (131844)
Bathonian168.3 - 166.1France Pycnodus rugulosus (131997)
Early/Lower Bathonian167.7 - 164.7France Macromesodon sp. (61378)
Early/Lower Bathonian167.7 - 164.7United Kingdom (England) Pycnodontidae indet. (31054)

Youngest occurrences
Time interval Ma Country or state PBDB collection number
Lutetian47.8 - 41.3Ukraine Pycnodus sp. (211009)
Lutetian47.8 - 41.3India (Kutch) Pycnodus sp. (45590)
Lutetian47.8 - 41.3India (Jammu and Kashmir) Pycnodus bicresta (31299)
Lutetian47.8 - 41.3United Kingdom (England) Pycnodus sp. (41888) Pycnodus toliapicus (41989 41998)
Lutetian47.8 - 41.3USA (Alabama) Pycnodus sp. (209368 209521)
Lutetian47.8 - 41.3Pakistan Hadrodus sp. (95147 125075) Pycnodontidae indet. (93595)
Lutetian47.8 - 41.3USA (Texas) Mesodon clausus (205533)
Priabonian38.0 - 33.9Egypt Pycnodus mokattamensis (198761)
Pleistocene2.588 - 0.0117USA (Florida) Mesodon thyroides (227391 227395)
Late/Upper Pleistocene (high glacial)0.129 - 0.0117USA (Texas) Mesodon thyroidea (93103)