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Taxonomy
Kogia was named by Gray (1846) [Sepkoski's age data: T Plio R]. It is extant. Its type is Kogia breviceps. It was considered monophyletic by Uhen et al. (2008) and Geisler et al. (2011).
It was assigned to Catodontidae by Gray (1846), Gray (1850), Gray (1863) and Gray (1866); to Physeteres by Winge (1921); to Physeterinae by Trouessart (1904), Turner (1912), Zittel (1925) and Weber (1928); to Cetacea by Sepkoski (2002); to Physeteridae by Scott (1873), Cope (1890), Palmer (1904), Sherman (1952), Barnes (1977), Pilleri (1987), Geisler and Sanders (2003), Mead and Brownell (2005) and Agnarsson and May-Collado (2008); to Kogiidae by Miller (1923), Kellogg (1928), Vidal (1991), Bianucci (1996), Bianucci et al. (1998), Rice (1998), Bianucci and Landini (1999), Uhen et al. (2008), Fordyce and Roberts (2009), Geisler et al. (2011), Cioppi (2014), Velez-Juarbe et al. (2015), Velez-Juarbe et al. (2016) and Berta (2017); and to Kogiinae by Gill (1871), Gill (1872), Simpson (1945), Ellerman and Morrisson-Scott (1951), Fraser and Purves (1960), Scheffer and Rice (1963), Kasuya (1973), Muizon (1990), McKenna and Bell (1997), Fordyce and de Muizon (2001), Kazár (2002), Bloodworth and Odell (2008), Collareta et al. (2017) and Benites-Palomino et al. (2021).
It was assigned to Catodontidae by Gray (1846), Gray (1850), Gray (1863) and Gray (1866); to Physeteres by Winge (1921); to Physeterinae by Trouessart (1904), Turner (1912), Zittel (1925) and Weber (1928); to Cetacea by Sepkoski (2002); to Physeteridae by Scott (1873), Cope (1890), Palmer (1904), Sherman (1952), Barnes (1977), Pilleri (1987), Geisler and Sanders (2003), Mead and Brownell (2005) and Agnarsson and May-Collado (2008); to Kogiidae by Miller (1923), Kellogg (1928), Vidal (1991), Bianucci (1996), Bianucci et al. (1998), Rice (1998), Bianucci and Landini (1999), Uhen et al. (2008), Fordyce and Roberts (2009), Geisler et al. (2011), Cioppi (2014), Velez-Juarbe et al. (2015), Velez-Juarbe et al. (2016) and Berta (2017); and to Kogiinae by Gill (1871), Gill (1872), Simpson (1945), Ellerman and Morrisson-Scott (1951), Fraser and Purves (1960), Scheffer and Rice (1963), Kasuya (1973), Muizon (1990), McKenna and Bell (1997), Fordyce and de Muizon (2001), Kazár (2002), Bloodworth and Odell (2008), Collareta et al. (2017) and Benites-Palomino et al. (2021).
Synonyms
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Synonymy list
| Year | Name and author |
|---|---|
| 1846 | Kogia Gray p. 21 |
| 1850 | Kogia Gray p. 53 |
| 1851 | Euphysetes Wall |
| 1863 | Kogia Gray p. 199 |
| 1866 | Kogia Gray p. 215 |
| 1866 | Euphysetes Gray p. 392 |
| 1866 | Physeter (Euphysetes) Owen p. 30 |
| 1868 | Euphysetes Gray p. 4 |
| 1871 | Callignathus Gill p. 126 |
| 1871 | Kogia Gill p. 126 |
| 1871 | Callignathus Gill p. 737 |
| 1872 | Callignathus Gill p. 96 |
| 1872 | Kogia Gill p. 96 |
| 1873 | Kogia Scott p. 108 |
| 1890 | Kogia Cope p. 607 |
| 1904 | Euphysetes Palmer p. 278 |
| 1904 | Kogia Palmer p. 358 |
| 1904 | Kogia Trouessart p. 774 |
| 1912 | Kogia Turner p. 75 |
| 1921 | Cogia Winge p. 44 |
| 1923 | Kogia Miller p. 40 |
| 1925 | Kogia Zittel p. 86 |
| 1928 | Kogia Kellogg p. 34 figs. Table 1 |
| 1928 | Kogia Weber p. 389 |
| 1945 | Kogia Simpson p. 102 |
| 1951 | Kogia Ellerman and Morrisson-Scott p. 721 |
| 1952 | Kogia Sherman p. 99 |
| 1960 | Kogia Fraser and Purves p. 112 figs. Figure 26 |
| 1963 | Kogia Scheffer and Rice p. 8 |
| 1973 | Kogia Kasuya p. 61 |
| 1977 | Kogia Barnes p. 323 figs. Table 1 |
| 1987 | Kogia Pilleri p. 53 |
| 1990 | Kogia Muizon p. 297 |
| 1991 | Kogia Vidal p. 5 |
| 1996 | Kogia Bianucci p. 65 |
| 1997 | Kogia McKenna and Bell p. 381 |
| 1998 | Kogia Bianucci et al. p. 124 |
| 1998 | Kogia Rice p. 83 |
| 1999 | Kogia Bianucci and Landini p. 445 |
| 2001 | Kogia Fordyce and de Muizon p. 179 |
| 2002 | Kogia Kazár p. 163 |
| 2002 | Kogia Sepkoski |
| 2003 | Kogia Geisler and Sanders p. 29 |
| 2005 | Kogia Mead and Brownell p. 737 |
| 2008 | Kogia Agnarsson and May-Collado p. 981 figs. Fig. 5 |
| 2008 | Kogia Bloodworth and Odell p. 1 |
| 2008 | Kogia Uhen et al. p. 574 |
| 2009 | Kogia Fordyce and Roberts p. 553 |
| 2011 | Kogia Geisler et al. p. 5 figs. Table 1 |
| 2014 | Kogia Cioppi p. 87 |
| 2015 | Kogia Velez-Juarbe et al. p. 15 figs. Fig. 10 |
| 2016 | Kogia Velez-Juarbe et al. pp. e1135806-5 |
| 2017 | Kogia Berta p. 161 |
| 2017 | Kogia Collareta et al. p. 269 figs. Figure 6 |
| 2021 | Kogia Benites-Palomino et al. |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
G. Kogia Gray 1846
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Kogia breviceps Blainville 1838 [pygmy sperm whale]
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Invalid names: Euphysetes grayii MacLeay 1851 [synonym], Euphysetes pottsii Haast 1873 [synonym], Kogia brevirostris Gray 1865 [invalid subgroup], Kogia floweri Gill 1871 [synonym], Kogia goodie True 1884 [synonym], Kogia macleayii Kreft 1865 [synonym]
†Kogia danomurai Benites-Palomino et al. 2021
†Kogia pusilla Pilleri 1987
Kogia sima Owen 1866 [dwarf sperm whale]
Invalid names: Callignathus Gill 1871 [synonym], Cogia Gray 1846 [synonym], Euphysetes Wall 1851 [synonym]
Diagnosis
| Reference | Diagnosis | |
|---|---|---|
| M. D. Uhen et al. 2008 | Skull very broad and deep dorsoventrally; bone texture very porous and oil-filled; rostrum very short and very rapidly tapering; supracranial basin deep, with an elevated cup formed by the premaxillae in its center; orbit placed posteriorly within the temporal fossa; mandibular rami diverging posteriorly; symphyseal region narrow; teeth in the mandible with elongate crowns, diverging dorsolaterally; teeth 14 or 15; narrow, slender, conical, acute and bent medially. | |
| A. Benites-Palomino et al. 2021 | Small to medium-sized physeteroids. In extant species, sexual maturity is observed for individuals over 1.9 m in total body length, whereas the maximum adult length is c. 3.5 m (Bloodworth & Odell 2008). Based on allometric equations for reconstructing the body size (Pyenson & Sponberg 2011), the length of the fossil species would have been similar (see Differential Diagnosis of K. danomurai below). The skull of Kogia displays a triangular outline, being wider in the facial region and narrowing towards the apex of the rostrum (condi- tion unknown in K. danomurai). This blunt rostrum condition is referred to as amblygnathy (Werth 2006), being highly derived
in both the extant species. The rostrum is flat to concave (as highlighted by the rostrum fragment of K. danomurai), thus indicating that the supracranial basin extended anteriorly over the dorsal rostral surface (char. 3[2]). The mesorostral groove is open along the rostrum (unknown in K. danomurai). Ventrally, the maxillae lack functional, well-individualized dental alveoli (char. 6[1]; unknown in K. danomurai). The antorbital notch enters the supracranial basin, extending posteriorly towards the posterior edge of the right bony naris. The external bony nares are located at (or slightly posterior to) the level of the preorbital process. The sagittal facial crest extends posteriorly from the external bony nares and reaches the occipital crest, thus dividing the supracranial basin into a left and a right maxillary fossa and hosting a medially displaced premaxillary fossa. The maxillary crests are moderately to fairly robust and project dorsally above the level of the supracranial basin. In dorsal view, the supraor- bital process extends laterally beyond the lateral walls of the cra- nial vault, a condition enhanced by the relatively low position of the postorbital process (only known in extant Kogia spp.) The relative size of the maxillary fossae varies, from being moderately asymmetrical (as in K. danomurai) to overall similar in size to each other (as in extant K. sima and K. breviceps). Posteriorly, the occipital shield is flat and forms an angle of c. 90° with the main body axis (char.30[2]). The surface of the occipital shield is flat to slightly convex. Laterally, the temporal fossa is shallow and proportionally small when compared with the rest of the skull, being notoriously reduced in K. sima. |
Measurements
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| Source: subo = suborder, o = order | |||||
| Reference: Uhen 2004 | |||||
Age range
Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Tortonian to the top of the Holocene or 11.62000 to 0.00000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 5.333 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 5.333 Ma
Collections (29 total)
| Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
|---|---|---|---|
| Neogene | Madagascar | K. sp. (55451) | |
| Neogene | South Pacific | K. sp. (99587) | |
| Tortonian - Messinian | Peru | K. danomurai (46083) | |
| Tortonian - Messinian | New Zealand | K. sp. (87865) | |
| Zanclean | USA (North Carolina) | K. breviceps (52582) | |
| Zanclean | Japan (Ibaraki) | K. prisca (76013) | |
| Late/Upper Pliocene | Morocco | K. sp. (32052) | |
| Piacenzian | Italy (Tuscany) | Hyperoodon pusillus (48652) | |
| Piacenzian | Italy | K. breviceps, K. simus, Dioplodon sp. (47428) | |
| Holocene | South Africa | K. breviceps (168344 168345) Physeter breviceps (86897) | |
| Holocene | USA (Maine) | K. breviceps (168342) | |
| Holocene | Mexico (Baja California) | K. sp. (201786) | |
| Holocene | India (Andhra Pradesh) | Physeter simus (86882) | |
| Holocene | New Caledonia | K. breviceps (83457 83460 83476 83478) K. breviceps, K. sima (83477) K. sima (83479 83480) | |
| Holocene | Peru | K. breviceps (168350) | |
| Holocene | New Zealand | K. breviceps (168347) | |
| Holocene | Mexico | K. breviceps (168349) | |
| Holocene | India | K. breviceps (168346) | |
| Holocene | Japan | K. breviceps (168348) | |
| Holocene | Brazil | K. breviceps (168343) | |
| Holocene | United Kingdom | K. breviceps (168341) |