PBDB Taxon

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Morphology	Ecology and taphonomy	External Literature Search	Age range and collections

Rhizomorina

Demospongiae - Spirosclerophorida

Taxonomy

Rhizomorina was named by Zittel (1895).

It was assigned to Lithistida by Wagner (1963); and to Spirosclerophorida by Finks et al. (2004).

Subtaxa

Azoricoidea, Haplistiidae, Laosciadia, Platychoniidae, Platychoniodea, Scleritodermatoidea, Sentinelia

Synonymy list

Year	Name and author
1895	Rhizomorina Zittel
1963	Rhizomorina Wagner
2004	Rhizomorina Finks et al. p. 141

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Rank	Name	Author
kingdom	Animalia	()
phylum	Porifera	Grant 1836
class	Demospongiae	(Sollas 1875)
subclass	Lithistida	(Schmidt 1870)

Rank	Name	Author
order	Spirosclerophorida	Reid 1963
suborder	Rhizomorina	Zittel 1895
suborder	Rhizomorina	Zittel 1895

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Subor. †Rhizomorina Zittel 1895

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Superfm. Azoricoidea Sollas 1888

Fm. Azoricidae Sollas 1888

Subfm. †Astroboliinae De Laubenfels 1955

G. †Astrobolia Zittel 1878

Invalid names: Rhagosphecion Pomel 1872 [objective synonym]

G. †Bolidium Zittel 1878

†Bolidium arbustum Hurcewicz 1968

†Bolidium bertii Frisone et al. 2016

G. †Microrhizophora

G. †Oncocladia

G. †Urnacristata

Subfm. †Aulosominae Schrammen 1924

G. †Aulosoma

†Aulosoma radiciformis Phillips 1835

G. †Coelosphaeroma Schrammen 1910

†Coelosphaeroma appendiculata Schrammen 1910

G. †Oncodona

G. †Polyrhizophora

G. †Stachyspongia Zittel 1878

†Stachyspongia spica Roemer 1864

†Stachyspongia tuberculosa Roemer 1864

G. †Yrrhiza

Subfm. †Azoricinae Sollas 1888

G. Azorica Carter 1873

G. †Chonella Zittel 1878

†Chonella rugosus Pomel 1872

†Chonella tenuis Roemer 1864

G. †Cnemaulax

G. †Coscinostoma Schrammen 1910

†Coscinostoma auricula Schrammen 1910

†Coscinostoma fragilis Schrammen 1910

G. †Plinthodermatium Schrammen 1910

†Plinthodermatium exile Schrammen 1910

G. †Pliobolia Pomel 1872

†Pliobolia vermiculata Pomel 1872

Invalid names: Trachynoton [synonym]

G. †Plioboliopsis Brimaud and Vachard 1986

†Plioboliopsis hispanica Brimaud and Vachard 1986

Subfm. †Cytoraciinae Schrammen 1924

G. †Allomera

Invalid names: Pleuromera [synonym]

G. †Cnemispongia Quenstedt 1877

G. †Coelocorypha Zittel 1878

†Coelocorypha bulbosa Hurcewicz 1968

†Coelocorypha catalaunica Lagneau-Herenger 1962

†Coelocorypha nidulifera Roemer 1864

†Coelocorypha subglobosa Zittel 1878

G. †Cytoracia Pomel 1872

†Cytoracia costata Schrammen 1910

†Cytoracia grandis Roemer 1864

†Cytoracia impressa Roemer 1864

†Cytoracia rimosa Schrammen 1910

†Cytoracia turbinata Schrammen 1910

†Cytoracia variabilis Kolb 1910

Subfm. †Leiochoniinae Schrammen 1924

G. †Leiochonia Schrammen 1901

†Leiochonia cryptoporosa Schrammen 1901

†Leiochonia pinguis Schrammen 1910

†Leiochonia robusta Schrammen 1910

G. †Pseudocytoracea Lagneau-Herenger 1962

†Pseudocytoracea curta Lagneau-Herenger 1962

†Pseudocytoracea plicata Lagneau-Herenger 1962

G. †Scytalia Zittel 1878

†Scytalia excavata Lagneau-Herenger 1962

†Scytalia turbinata Roemer 1864

Invalid names: Pseudoscytalia [synonym]

G. Leiodermatium Schmidt 1870

Subfm. †Siphonidiinae Lendenfeld 1904

G. †Pachysalax Schrammen 1910

†Pachysalax processifer Schrammen 1910

Fm. †Cnemidiastridae Schrammen 1924

G. †Cnemidiastrum Zittel 1878

Subg. †Cnemidiastrum (Tremastrum) Schrammen 1924

†Cnemidiastrum (Tremastrum) pluristellatum Zittel 1878

†Cnemidiastrum almeriae Brimaud and Vachard 1986

†Cnemidiastrum reticulatus Lagneau-Herenger 1962

†Cnemidiastrum stellatum Goldfuss 1826

Invalid names: Lithostrobilis [synonym], Lithostrobilus Schrammen 1937 [objective synonym]

G. †Cnemopeltia Pomel 1872

Subg. †Cnemopeltia (Cnemopeltia) Reid 2004

†Cnemopeltia (Cnemopeltia) rimulosum Goldfuss 1826

G. †Corallidium

G. †Cucumaltina Brimaud and Vachard 1986

†Cucumaltina placocephalus Brimaud and Vachard 1986

Fm. †Haplistiidae de Laubenfels 1955

G. †Boonderooia Rigby and Webby 1988

†Boonderooia spiculata Rigby and Webby 1988

G. †Chaunactis Finks 1960

†Chaunactis foliata Finks 1960

†Chaunactis kaera Hurcewicz 1982

†Chaunactis malkowskii Hurcewicz 1982

†Chaunactis olsoni Dilliard and Rigby 2001

G. †Columellaespongia

G. †Crawneya Pickett 1969

G. †Haplistion Young and Young 1877

†Haplistion aeluroglossa Finks 1960

†Haplistion apletum Rigby et al. 1970

†Haplistion arcticum Dunikowski 1884

†Haplistion armstrongi Young and Young 1877

†Haplistion artiense Tshernyshev 1899

†Haplistion creswelli Rigby and Dixon 1979

†Haplistion cylindricum Rigby and Dixon 1979

†Haplistion diactinum Rigby and Terrell 1973

†Haplistion elongatum Siedlecka 1970

†Haplistion festningensis Siedlecka 1970

†Haplistion frustrum Rigby and Chatterton 1989

†Haplistion hadrum Hurcewicz 1982

†Haplistion latituba Dunikowski 1884

†Haplistion macroporum Dunikowski 1884

†Haplistion megalochetus Finks 1960

†Haplistion minutum Rigby and Dixon 1979

†Haplistion nacoense Dilliard and Rigby 2001

†Haplistion orientale Tshernyshev 1899

†Haplistion regularis Rigby and Webby 1988

†Haplistion skinneri King 1943

†Haplistion sphaericum Finks 1960

G. †Kazania

G. †Lewinia Rigby and Webby 1988

†Lewinia cavernosa Rigby and Webby 1988

†Lewinia complanata Rigby and Webby 1988

G. †Monarchopemmatites de Laubenfels 1947

G. †Mortieria

G. †Nipterella Hinde 1889

†Nipterella paradoxica Billings 1865

G. †Oremo Pickett 1969

G. †Parodospongia Rigby and Chatterton 1989

†Parodospongia euhydra Rigby and Chatterton 1989

G. †Pemmatites Dunikowski 1884

G. †Radiatospongia Wolfenden 1959

G. †Rhaphidhistia Carter 1878

G. †Taplowia Rigby and Webby 1988

†Taplowia ordinata Rigby and Webby 1988

G. †Varneycoelia

G. †Warrigalia Rigby and Webby 1988

†Warrigalia elliptica Rigby and Webby 1988

†Warrigalia robusta Rigby and Webby 1988

G. †Laosciadia Pomel 1872

Fm. Platychoniidae Schrammen 1924

G. Amphibleptula Schmidt 1879

†Amphibleptula jurassica Pisera 1997

G. †Bothrolemma Schrammen 1924

G. †Chonellopsis Schrammen 1937

†Chonellopsis folium Schrammen 1937

†Chonellopsis striata Schrammen 1937

G. †Hyaloderma

G. †Platychonia Zittel 1878

†Platychonia schlotheimi Goldfuss 1833

Superfm. †Platychoniodea Schrammen 1924

Fm. †Aretotragosidae Malecki 1996

G. †Aretotragos Malecki 1996

Fm. †Discostromatidae Schrammen 1924

Subfm. †Discostromatinae Schrammen 1924

G. †Discostroma Zittel 1878

†Discostroma intricatum Quenstedt 1877

G. †Hyalospongia

G. †Hyalotragos Zittel 1878

†Hyalotragos patella Goldfuss 1826

†Hyalotragos pezizoides Goldfuss 1833

G. †Proseliscothon

Subfm. †Pyrgochoniinae Schrammen 1924

G. †Patanophyma

G. †Pyrgochonia Zittel 1878

Subg. †Pyrgochonia (Actinostrombus) Schrammen 1924

Subg. †Pyrgochonia (Pyrgochonia) Reid 2004

Superfm. Scleritodermatoidea Sollas 1888

Fm. Jereicidae Schrammen 1924

G. †Jereica Zittel 1878

†Jereica excavata Schrammen 1910

†Jereica oligostoma Schrammen 1910

†Jereica polystoma Roemer 1864

†Jereica punctata Goldfuss 1826

†Jereica turbo Schrammen 1910

G. †Jereopsis Pomel 1872

†Jereopsis clavaeformis Pomel 1872

Invalid names: Jerea acerra Pomel 1872 [synonym]

†Jereopsis fastigiata Brimaud and Vachard 1986

†Jereopsis inaequalis Pomel 1872

G. †Moretispongia Breistroffer 1949

†Moretispongia micropora Lagneau-Herenger 1962

†Moretispongia praegnans Dumortier 1871

†Moretispongia pyriformis Pomel 1872

Invalid names: Marisca Pomel 1872 [synonym]

G. †Pomelia Zittel 1878

G. †Stichophyma Pomel 1872

†Stichophyma multiformis Bronn 1837

†Stichophyma pseudoverrucosa Moret 1924

†Stichophyma pumiliformis Hurcewicz 1968

†Stichophyma robusta Schrammen 1910

†Stichophyma turbinata Roemer 1840

G. †Orecyta

G. †Perimera

G. †Plococonia

G. †Pocillospongia

G. †Reiswigia Trammer 1979

†Reiswigia ramosa Trammer 1979

Fm. Scleritodermatidae Sollas 1888

Subfm. †Amphithelioninae Schrammen 1924

G. †Amphithelion Zittel 1878

Subg. †Amphithelion (Amphistomium) Schrammen 1924

Subg. †Amphithelion (Amphithelion) Reid 2004

Subg. †Amphithelion (Cryptothelion) Schrammen 1924

†Amphithelion cupula Schrammen 1910

Invalid names: Heterothelion Schrammen 1924 [synonym]

G. †Cladostelgis Pomel 1872

G. †Scythophymia Pomel 1872

G. †Verruculina Zittel 1878

Subg. †Verruculina (Amphichondrium) Schrammen 1924

†Verruculina abnormis Hurcewicz 1968

†Verruculina ambigua Pomel 1872

†Verruculina angulata Schrammen 1910

†Verruculina crassa Roemer 1864

†Verruculina damaecornis Roemer 1864

†Verruculina mamillata Lagneau-Herenger 1962

†Verruculina micrommata Roemer 1841

†Verruculina seriatopora Roemer 1841

†Verruculina tenuis Roemer 1840

Subfm. Leiodorellinae Schrammen 1924

G. †Epistomella Zittel 1878

G. †Leiodorella Zittel 1878

†Leiodorella expansa Zittel 1878

†Leiodorella foliacea Oppliger 1926

G. †Pleurophymia

Fm. Seliscothonidae Schrammen 1924

G. †Histiodia Pomel 1872

†Histiodia undulata Pomel 1872

G. †Kaliapsis Bowerbank 1869

G. †Pachyselis Schrammen 1924

†Pachyselis auriformis Roemer 1840

G. †Phlyctia Pomel 1872

†Phlyctia expansa Pomel 1872

G. †Pseudoseliscothon

G. †Rhabdotum Schrammen 1924

†Rhabdotum columna Schrammen 1924

G. †Seliscothon Zittel 1878

†Seliscothon azoricoides Moret 1925

†Seliscothon mantelli Goldfuss 1826

†Seliscothon marginatum Roemer 1841

†Seliscothon phlyctioides Moret 1925

†Seliscothon pingue Schrammen 1910

†Seliscothon verrucosum Schrammen 1924

G. †Trachydictya Pomel 1872

†Trachydictya pomeli Brimaud and Vachard 1986

G. †Verrucospongia

†Verrucospongia crassa Laube 1865

G. †Sentinelia Walcott 1920

†Sentinelia draco Walcott 1920

Diagnosis

No diagnoses are available

Measurements

No measurements are available

Composition:

silicao

Environment:

marineo

Locomotion:

stationaryo

Attached:

yeso

Life habit:

epifaunalo

Diet:

suspension feedero

Vision:

blindc

Created:

2006-05-26 06:29:24

Modified:

2009-05-08 20:27:50

Source: o = order, c = class

References: Kiessling 2004, Whittington et al. 1997

Age range

Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Marjumian to the top of the Tortonian or 504.50000 to 7.24600 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 497.0 Ma

Collections (247 total)

Time interval	Ma	Country or state	Original ID and collection number
Middle Cambrian	506.5 - 497.0	USA (Utah)	Sentinelia draco (106179)
Marjumian	504.5 - 497.0	USA (Utah)	Sentinella draco (230682)
Eastonian	452.3 - 449.0	Australia (New South Wales)	Haplistion regularis, Warrigalia robusta, Taplowia ordinata, Lewinia cavernosa, Lewinia complanata, Boonderooia spiculata (119501) Warrigalia elliptica (2696)
Bolindian	449.0 - 443.1	Australia (New South Wales)	Lewinia cavernosa (119489)
Sheinwoodian	432.9 - 430.6	Canada (Northwest Territories)	Haplistion frustrum (121299 121303)
Wenlock	432.9 - 426.7	Canada (Nunavut)	Haplistion frustrum (119782)
Ludlow	426.7 - 422.7	Canada (Nunavut)	Haplistion cylindricum, Haplistion minutum (119859) Haplistion minutum, Haplistion creswelli (119862) Haplistion sp. (119778) Haplistion sp., Parodospongia euhydra (119779)
Lochkovian	419.62 - 413.02	USA (Tennessee)	Haplistion lobatum (3598)
Pragian	413.02 - 410.62	Australia (New South Wales)	Columellaespongia sp., Haplistion sp., Varneycoelia favosa (25698)
Eifelian	393.47 - 387.95	USA (Alaska)	Haplistion sp. (60043)
Early/Lower Mississippian	358.86 - 346.7	USA (Indiana)	Haplistion armstrongi (111886)
Osagean	351.9 - 342.9	USA (Indiana)	Haplistion armstrongi (2455)
Chadian	346.7 - 339.9	USA (Indiana)	Haplistion armstrongi (2251 2439 2442)
Chadian - Arundian	346.7 - 339.9	USA (Alabama)	Haplistion armstrongi (5872)
Chadian - Arundian	346.7 - 339.9	USA (Indiana)	Haplistion sp. (558)
Meramecian	342.9 - 335.4	USA (Kentucky)	Haplistion armstrongi (2828)
Asbian	339.9 - 335.9	United Kingdom (England)	Haplistion carbonaria, Haplistion mega (76460)
Asbian - Brigantian	339.9 - 330.3	United Kingdom (England)	Haplistion carbonaria (28383)
Brigantian	335.9 - 330.3	Australia (Queensland)	Haplistion sp. (24197)
Morrowan	323.4 - 318.6	USA (Arkansas)	Haplistion sphaericum (111781)
Morrowan	323.4 - 318.6	USA (Oklahoma)	Haplistion apletum (111936)
Bashkirian	323.4 - 315.2	Spain (Leon)	Haplistion sp. (39855)
Pennsylvanian	323.4 - 298.9	USA (Utah)	Haplistion sphaericum (120993)
Moscovian	315.2 - 307.0	Spain (Palencia)	Haplistion sp. (39856)
Moscovian	315.2 - 307.0	USA (Nevada)	Haplistion sphaericum (39158)
Desmoinesian	312.8 - 306.0	USA (Arizona)	Haplistion nacoense, Chaunactis olsoni (242076)
Asselian	298.9 - 293.52	USA (Texas)	Haplistion megalochetus (43468 43469 43474 43481)
Sakmarian	293.52 - 290.1	Svalbard and Jan Mayen	Pemmatites latitubus (212501)
Artinskian	290.1 - 283.3	Svalbard and Jan Mayen	Pemmatites arcticus (212504)
Artinskian	290.1 - 283.3	Canada (Nunavut)	Haplistion arcticum (111866 111876 111880 111881 111882) Haplistion arcticum, Haplistion diactinum (111871) Haplistion latituba (111869)
Artinskian - Kungurian	290.1 - 274.4	Canada (British Columbia)	Haplistion aeluroglossa (111884)
Leonardian	286.0 - 274.4	USA (Montana)	Haplistion sp. (11281)
Kungurian	283.3 - 274.4	USA (Arizona)	Haplistion armstrongi (83173)
Kungurian	283.3 - 274.4	USA (Texas)	Haplistion aeluroglossa (43517 108369 108377) Haplistion megalochetus (43534) Haplistion skinneri (108389)
Roadian	274.4 - 266.9	USA (Texas)	Haplistion aeluroglossa (81640)
Roadian - Capitanian	274.4 - 259.51	Svalbard and Jan Mayen	Haplistion festningensis (130903)
Wordian	266.9 - 264.28	USA (Nevada)	Haplistion aeluroglossa (62584)
Wordian	266.9 - 264.28	USA (Texas)	Chaunactis sp. 2 (108393)
Wordian	266.9 - 264.28	Italy	Pemmatites mediterraneus, Pemmatites osculiferus (75474)
Wordian	266.9 - 264.28	Mexico (Coahuila)	Chaunactis foliata (232557 232558 233508 233509 241659)
Capitanian	264.28 - 259.51	Mexico (Coahuila)	Chaunactis sp. 1 (108396)
Wuchiapingian	259.51 - 254.14	Svalbard and Jan Mayen	Chaunactis foliata, Haplistion orientale (130898) Haplistion aeluroglossa, Haplistion arcticum, Haplistion artiense, Chaunactis kaera (130896) Haplistion aeluroglossa, Haplistion skinneri, Haplistion arcticum, Haplistion hadrum, Haplistion artiense, Chaunactis kaera, Chaunactis malkowskii, Haplistion macroporum (117799) Haplistion arcticum, Haplistion artiense, Chaunactis kaera (130897) Haplistion arcticum, Haplistion hadrum, Chaunactis kaera, Haplistion macroporum, Haplistion elongatum (117798) Haplistion elongatus (130902)
Changhsingian	254.14 - 251.902	China (Guizhou)	Kazania sp. (80251)
Julian	237.0 - 233.6	Italy	Verrucospongia sp. 1 (69665)
Late/Upper Bathonian	168.2 - 165.3	France	Platychonia magna (37510)
Late/Upper Bathonian	168.2 - 165.3	India (Gujarat)	Cnemidiastrum sp., Platychonia schlotheimi, Cnemidiastrum stellatum, Hyalotragos patella, Hyalotragos radiatum (93561)
Early/Lower Callovian	165.3 - 161.5	France (Rhone-Alpes)	Azorica calloviensis, Verruculina gevreyi, Verruculina multiforis, Cytoracia cylindrica, Cnemidiastrum stellatum, Moretispongia praegnans (114540)
Early/Lower Oxfordian	161.5 - 154.8	Poland	Cnemidiastrum rimulosum (114270) Cnemidiastrum rimulosum, Cnemidiastrum stellatum (114500 114501) Cnemidiastrum rimulosum, Cnemidiastrum stellatum, Hyalotragos patella (114524) Cnemidiastrum rimulosum, Cnemidiastrum stellatum, Hyalotragos patella, Hyalotragos pezizoides (114244 114526) Cnemidiastrum rimulosum, Cnemidiastrum stellatum, Hyalotragos pezizoides (114495 114497) Cnemidiastrum rimulosum, Hyalotragos pezizoides (114496) Cnemidiastrum stellatum (114243 114272) Cnemidiastrum stellatum, Hyalotragos patella (114517 114522 114523) Cnemidiastrum stellatum, Hyalotragos pezizoides (114499 114521) Hyalotragos patella, Hyalotragos pezizoides (114516) Hyalotragos pezizoides (114280) Jereica sp., Platychonia schlotheimi, Cnemidiastrum stellatum, Hyalotragos patella (114518) Jereica sp., Reiswigia ramosa, Platychonia schlotheimi, Cnemidiastrum rimulosum, Cnemidiastrum stellatum, Hyalotragos patella, Hyalotragos pezizoides (114513 114515) Platychonia schlotheimi (114271 114281 114498 114519) Platychonia schlotheimi, Cnemidiastrum rimulosum, Cnemidiastrum stellatum, Hyalotragos patella (114514) Platychonia schlotheimi, Cnemidiastrum rimulosum, Cnemidiastrum stellatum, Hyalotragos patella, Hyalotragos pezizoides (114525) Platychonia schlotheimi, Cnemidiastrum rimulosum, Cnemidiastrum stellatum, Hyalotragos patella, Leiodorella foliacea (114504) Platychonia schlotheimi, Cnemidiastrum rimulosum, Cnemidiastrum stellatum, Hyalotragos pezizoides (114257) Platychonia schlotheimi, Cnemidiastrum stellatum, Hyalotragos patella (114245 114511 114520) Platychonia schlotheimi, Hyalotragos patella (114512 114527) Reiswigia ramosa, Cnemidiastrum rimulosum, Cnemidiastrum stellatum (114256) Reiswigia ramosa, Cnemidiastrum rimulosum, Cnemidiastrum stellatum, Hyalotragos patella, Hyalotragos pezizoides (114502 114503) Reiswigia ramosa, Cnemidiastrum stellatum, Hyalotragos patella, Hyalotragos pezizoides (114273 114279) Reiswigia ramosa, Platychonia schlotheimi (114269 114274 114278) Reiswigia ramosa, Platychonia schlotheimi, Cnemidiastrum rimulosum, Cnemidiastrum stellatum, Hyalotragos patella, Hyalotragos pezizoides (114258 114275) Reiswigia ramosa, Platychonia schlotheimi, Hyalotragos patella, Hyalotragos pezizoides (114276)
Middle Oxfordian	161.5 - 154.8	Germany	Platychonia schlotheimi, Platychonia striata (74034)
Middle Oxfordian	161.5 - 154.8	Poland	Bothrolemma osculifera, Jereica sp., Rhizomorina indet., Platychonia schlotheimi, Cnemidiastrum rimulosum, Hyalotragos patella, Hyalotragos pezizoides (60811) Bothrolemma osculifera, Platychonia schlotheimi, Hyalotragos pezizoides (60818) Cnemidiastrum rimulosum, Cnemidiastrum stellatum (114282) Cnemidiastrum rimulosum, Cnemidiastrum stellatum, Hyalotragos patella (114252) Cnemidiastrum rimulosum, Cnemidiastrum stellatum, Hyalotragos patella, Leiodorella foliacea (114264) Cnemidiastrum stellatum (114254) Cnemidiastrum stellatum, Hyalotragos patella, Hyalotragos pezizoides (114251) Jereica sp., Reiswigia ramosa, Cnemidiastrum rimulosum, Cnemidiastrum stellatum, Leiodorella foliacea (114246) Leiodorella sp., Platychonia schlotheimi, Cnemidiastrum rimulosum, Cnemidiastrum stellatum, Hyalotragos patella, Hyalotragos pezizoides (60810) Leiodorella sp., Platychonia schlotheimi, Cnemidiastrum stellatum, Hyalotragos patella, Hyalotragos pezizoides (60808) Platychonia schlotheimi (60817 114253) Platychonia schlotheimi, Cnemidiastrum rimulosum (114510) Platychonia schlotheimi, Cnemidiastrum rimulosum, Cnemidiastrum stellatum, Hyalotragos patella, Hyalotragos radiatum, Hyalotragos pezizoides (60812) Platychonia schlotheimi, Cnemidiastrum rimulosum, Cnemidiastrum stellatum, Hyalotragos patella, Leiodorella foliacea, Hyalotragos pezizoides (114505) Platychonia schlotheimi, Cnemidiastrum rimulosum, Cnemidiastrum stellatum, Hyalotragos pezizoides (114249 114262 114509) Platychonia schlotheimi, Cnemidiastrum rimulosum, Cnemidiastrum stellatum, Leiodorella foliacea (114507) Platychonia schlotheimi, Cnemidiastrum rimulosum, Cnemidiastrum stellatum, Leiodorella foliacea, Hyalotragos pezizoides (114248) Platychonia schlotheimi, Cnemidiastrum rimulosum, Hyalotragos patella, Hyalotragos radiatum, Hyalotragos pezizoides (60821) Platychonia schlotheimi, Cnemidiastrum rimulosum, Hyalotragos pezizoides (114508) Platychonia schlotheimi, Cnemidiastrum stellatum, Hyalotragos pezizoides (60813 114265) Platychonia schlotheimi, Hyalotragos patella, Hyalotragos pezizoides (60809 60816) Platychonia schlotheimi, Hyalotragos patella, Hyalotragos radiatum, Hyalotragos pezizoides (60850) Reiswigia ramosa, Cnemidiastrum rimulosum, Cnemidiastrum stellatum, Cnemidiastrum pluristellatum, Hyalotragos patella, Hyalotragos pezizoides (114259) Reiswigia ramosa, Cnemidiastrum rimulosum, Cnemidiastrum stellatum, Hyalotragos patella (114261) Reiswigia ramosa, Cnemidiastrum rimulosum, Cnemidiastrum stellatum, Hyalotragos pezizoides (114260) Reiswigia ramosa, Cnemidiastrum rimulosum, Cnemidiastrum stellatum, Leiodorella expansa (114250) Reiswigia ramosa, Hyalotragos patella, Hyalotragos pezizoides (114247) Reiswigia ramosa, Platychonia schlotheimi, Cnemidiastrum rimulosum, Cnemidiastrum stellatum, Hyalotragos patella (114263) Reiswigia ramosa, Platychonia schlotheimi, Cnemidiastrum rimulosum, Cnemidiastrum stellatum, Hyalotragos patella, Hyalotragos radiatum, Hyalotragos pezizoides (60807) Reiswigia ramosa, Platychonia schlotheimi, Cnemidiastrum rimulosum, Cnemidiastrum stellatum, Hyalotragos patella, Leiodorella foliacea, Hyalotragos pezizoides (114242) Reiswigia ramosa, Platychonia schlotheimi, Cnemidiastrum stellatum (114506) Reiswigia ramosa, Platychonia schlotheimi, Hyalotragos pezizoides (114255)
Middle Oxfordian	161.5 - 154.8	France	Cnemidiastrum calycinum, Platychonia argoviana, Platychonia auriformis, Platychonia oppeli, Platychonia ostreaformis, Platychonia rotunda, Platychonia tuberosa, Platychonia vagans, Cnemidiastrum rimulosum (68642)
Middle Oxfordian - Late/Upper Oxfordian	161.5 - 154.8	Germany	Platychonia schlotheimi, Platychonia striata, Cnemidiastrum rimulosum, Cnemidiastrum stellatum (74036) Platychonia sp. (68548) Trachydictya sp., Platychonia striata, Cnemidiastrum stellatum, Cnemidiastrum pluristellatum (74033)
Oxfordian	161.5 - 154.8	Spain	Cnemidiastrum sp. (67866 67867)
Late/Upper Oxfordian	157.9 - 154.8	Portugal	Platychonia auriformis (68215)
Late/Upper Oxfordian	157.9 - 154.8	France	Cnemidiastrum calycinum, Platychonia sp., Platychonia argoviana, Platychonia auriformis, Platychonia oppeli, Platychonia ostreaformis, Platychonia rotunda, Platychonia tuberosa, Platychonia vagans, Cnemidiastrum rimulosum (67975)
Late/Upper Oxfordian	157.9 - 154.8	Germany (Bavaria)	Chonellopsis sp., Cnemidiastrum goldfussi, Cnemidiastrum sp., Platychonia sp., Cnemidiastrum rimulosum, Cnemidiastrum stellatum (25411)
Late/Upper Oxfordian	157.9 - 154.8	Poland	Hyalospongia rugosa, Platychonia schlotheimi, Cnemidiastrum stellatum, Hyalotragos patella, Hyalotragos pezizoides (60854) Leiodorella sp., Platychonia schlotheimi, Cnemidiastrum rimulosum, Cnemidiastrum stellatum, Hyalotragos patella (60856) Leiodorella tubata, Platychonia schlotheimi, Cnemidiastrum rimulosum, Hyalotragos patella, Hyalotragos radiatum, Hyalotragos pezizoides (60851) Platychonia schlotheimi, Cnemidiastrum rimulosum, Cnemidiastrum stellatum, Hyalotragos patella, Hyalotragos radiatum, Hyalotragos pezizoides (60852) Platychonia schlotheimi, Hyalotragos patella, Hyalotragos pezizoides (60853) Rhizomorina indet., Platychonia schlotheimi, Cnemidiastrum rimulosum, Cnemidiastrum stellatum, Hyalotragos patella, Hyalotragos pezizoides (60855)
Early/Lower Kimmeridgian	154.8 - 152.21	Portugal	Hyalotragos sp., Platychonia sp. (34663 68594) Platychonia sp. (68586)
Early/Lower Kimmeridgian	154.8 - 152.21	Germany (Bavaria)	Chonellopsis sp., Cnemidiastrum granulosum, Platychonia sp. (25412)
Early/Lower Kimmeridgian	154.8 - 152.21	Germany	Hyalotragos rugosum, Reiswigia sp., Platychonia schlotheimi, Platychonia striata, Cnemidiastrum rimulosum, Cnemidiastrum stellatum, Cnemidiastrum pluristellatum, Hyalotragos patella, Pyrgochonia radiata, Pyrgochonia acetabulum, Hyalotragos pezizoides (74037)
Kimmeridgian	154.8 - 149.2	Portugal	Hyalotragos sp. (68242) Platychonia auriformis (68207)
Kimmeridgian	154.8 - 149.2	Germany	Epistomella sp., Hyalotragos rugosum, Reiswigia sp., Platychonia schlotheimi, Platychonia striata, Platychonia folium, Cnemidiastrum rimulosum, Cnemidiastrum stellatum, Cnemidiastrum pluristellatum, Hyalotragos patella, Pyrgochonia radiata, Hyalotragos pezizoides (74050) Hyalotragos rugosum, Platychonia schlotheimi, Cnemidiastrum rimulosum, Hyalotragos patella, Pyrgochonia acetabulum, Hyalotragos pezizoides (74062) Hyalotragos rugosum, Trachydictya sp., Platychonia schlotheimi, Platychonia striata, Platychonia folium, Cnemidiastrum rimulosum, Cnemidiastrum pluristellatum, Hyalotragos patella, Pyrgochonia acetabulum, Amphibleptula jurassica, Hyalotragos pezizoides, Cytoracea variabilis (74063)
Late/Upper Kimmeridgian	152.21 - 149.2	Germany	Cnemidiastrum rimulosum, Pyrgochonia radiata, Hyalotragos pezizoides (74066) Cnemidiastrum sp., Hyalotragos patelloides, Hyalotragos sp., Platychonia sp., Hyalotragos pezizoides (34650) Epistomella sp., Hyalotragos rugosum, Platychonia striata, Cnemidiastrum rimulosum, Hyalotragos patella, Pyrgochonia radiata, Pyrgochonia acetabulum, Discostroma intricatum, Amphibleptula jurassica, Hyalotragos pezizoides (74064) Hyalotragos pezizoides (74103) Hyalotragos rugosum, Platychonia striata, Cnemidiastrum rimulosum, Hyalotragos patella, Pyrgochonia radiata, Pyrgochonia acetabulum, Hyalotragos pezizoides (74065) Platychonia striata (74099)
Early/Lower Tithonian	149.2 - 145.06	Germany (Baden-Württemberg)	Platychonia sp. (34398)
Early/Lower Tithonian	149.2 - 145.06	Germany	Cytoracia variabilis (34608)
Early/Lower Tithonian	149.2 - 145.06	Germany (Baden-Wurttemberg)	Cnemidiastrum corallinum (23887)
Aptian	121.4 - 113.2	Spain (Catalonia)	Verruculina astraea, Verruculina tenuis, Stachyspongia spica, Scytalia turbinata, Chonella tenuis, Coscinostoma fragilis, Verruculina mamillata, Seliscothon phlyctioides, Coelocorypha catalaunica, Moretispongia micropora, Pseudocytoracea plicata, Pseudocytoracea curta, Scytalia excavata, Scytalia radiciformis (111533) Verruculina seriatopora, Coelosphaeroma appendiculata, Seliscothon azoricoides, Lithostrobilus reticulatus, Pseudocytoracea curta (111534)
Middle Cenomanian	100.5 - 93.9	Russian Federation (Volgograd)	Seliscothon sp. (92399)
Early/Lower Turonian	93.9 - 89.8	Czechia	Astrobolia conglobata, Astrobolia plauensis, Scytalia pertusa, Scytalia sp., Seliscothon sp., Verrucospongia sparsa, Verruculina phillipsi, Cytoracia obesa, Chonella patella, Chonella sp. (90517) Verruculina phillipsi, Cytoracia obesa, Chonella sp. (90518) Verruculina sp. (90516)
Early/Lower Turonian	93.9 - 89.8	France (Rhone-Alpes)	Leiochonia cryptoporosa (110460)
Early/Lower Turonian	93.9 - 89.8	Germany (Bayern)	Seliscothon mantelli, Rhabdotum columna, Laosciadia mantellii (114012)
Turonian	93.9 - 89.8	Germany (Niedersachsen)	Scytalia terebrata, Seliscothon planum, Leiochonia pinguis (110617) Scytalia terebrata, Seliscothon planum, Stachyspongia ramosa, Stichophyma verrucosa, Verruculina miliaris, Verruculina tenuis, Verruculina damaecornis, Verruculina crassa, Verruculina seriatopora, Stichophyma robusta, Chonella tenuis, Chonella auriformis, Verruculina convoluta (110531) Scytalia terebrata, Seliscothon planum, Stichophyma verrucosa, Verruculina tenuis, Verruculina crassa, Stachyspongia spica, Cytoracia turbinata (110533) Verruculina damaecornis (110963)
Coniacian - Santonian	89.8 - 83.6	Germany (Niedersachsen)	Astrobolia hemisphaerica, Astrobolia tenella, Astrobolia globosa, Bolidium palmatum, Coelocorypha socialis, Coelocorypha acuta, Verruculina tenuis, Verruculina seriatopora, Verruculina angulata, Verruculina micrommata, Stichophyma turbinata, Jereica punctata, Stachyspongia tuberculosa, Coelocorypha nidulifera, Coelocorypha subglobosa, Leiochonia cryptoporosa, Chonella auriformis, Seliscothon mantelli, Seliscothon marginatum, Cytoracia costata, Cytoracia impressa, Cytoracia grandis (110612) Jereica punctata, Coelocorypha subglobosa, Seliscothon mantelli, Seliscothon marginatum, Cytoracia costata, Cytoracia impressa, Cytoracia grandis (110613)
Santonian	85.7 - 83.6	Germany (Niedersachsen)	Jereica turbo, Seliscothon pingue, Seliscothon mantelli (110618)
Santonian	85.7 - 83.6	Greece	Bolidium arbustum (61516)
Santonian - Campanian	85.7 - 72.2	Germany (Niedersachsen)	Scytalia terebrata, Seliscothon planum, Verruculina macrommata, Verruculina seriatopora, Stichophyma multiformis, Jereica excavata, Jereica oligostoma, Leiochonia cryptoporosa, Chonella tenuis, Coscinostoma fragilis, Seliscothon mantelli, Scytalia radiciformis (110614)
Campanian	83.6 - 72.2	Poland	Verruculina tenuis (110435)
Campanian	83.6 - 72.2	Germany (Niedersachsen)	Scytalia terebrata, Seliscothon planum, Verruculina tenuis, Verruculina macrommata, Verruculina cupula, Verruculina seriatopora, Stichophyma multiformis, Jereica polystoma, Jereica oligostoma, Leiochonia cryptoporosa, Chonella tenuis, Coscinostoma fragilis, Seliscothon mantelli, Verruculina convoluta, Scytalia radiciformis (110530) Scytalia terebrata, Verruculina seriatopora, Jereica polystoma, Stachyspongia tuberculosa, Coelocorypha nidulifera, Seliscothon mantelli (110615) Seliscothon planum, Verruculina tenuis, Verruculina seriatopora, Stichophyma multiformis, Jereica polystoma, Leiochonia cryptoporosa, Chonella tenuis, Seliscothon mantelli, Scytalia radiciformis (110616)
Early/Lower Campanian	83.6 - 72.2	Germany (Sachsen-Anhalt)	Jereica tuberculosa, Verruculina tenuis, Verruculina micrommata, Jereica polystoma, Jereica punctata, Stachyspongia tuberculosa, Scytalia turbinata, Coelocorypha subglobosa, Leiochonia cryptoporosa, Seliscothon mantelli, Seliscothon verrucosum, Cytoracia turbinata, Heterothelion impressa, Heterothelion heimburgense, Heterothelion cupula (112629) Seliscothon planum, Verruculina tenuis, Jereica polystoma, Jereica punctata, Jereica oligostoma, Leiochonia cryptoporosa, Chonella tenuis, Coscinostoma fragilis, Seliscothon phlyctioides (112628)
Early/Lower Campanian	83.6 - 72.2	Poland	Jereica polystoma (110426) Jereica sp., Scytalia terebrata, Seliscothon planum, Verruculina reussi, Verruculina miliaris, Bolidium arbustum, Verruculina tenuis, Verruculina damaecornis, Verruculina seriatopora, Stichophyma turbinata, Jereica polystoma, Coscinostoma fragilis, Seliscothon verrucosum, Scytalia radiciformis (110120) Scytalia terebrata, Scytalia sp., Seliscothon planum, Verruculina reussi, Verruculina abnormis, Coelocorypha bulbosa, Verruculina cupula, Stichophyma turbinata, Jereica polystoma, Scytalia turbinata, Coscinostoma fragilis, Scytalia radiciformis (110122) Seliscothon planum, Verruculina reussi, Coelocorypha bulbosa, Verruculina tenuis, Amphithelion macrommata, Scytalia radiciformis (110121) Seliscothon planum, Verruculina reussi, Stachyspongia tuberculosa (110344) Stichophyma pumiliformis (110331) Verruculina miliaris (110329) Verruculina reussi, Verruculina tenuis, Jereica polystoma (110330) Verruculina tenuis (110343)
Early/Lower Campanian	83.6 - 72.2	Germany	Verruculina macrommata (64141)
Early/Lower Campanian - Middle Campanian	83.6 - 72.2	Germany	Seliscothon planum (64187)
Late/Upper Campanian	83.6 - 72.2	Germany	Jereica tuberculosa, Verruculina macrommata, Jereica polystoma (64215) Seliscothon planum, Verruculina tenuis (64153) Stichophyma multiformis (64177) Verruculina aurita, Verruculina tenuis, Verruculina macrommata, Stichophyma multiformis (64142 64143) Verruculina macrommata (64128)
Late/Upper Campanian	83.6 - 72.2	Germany (Niedersachsen)	Jereica tuberculosa, Scytalia terebrata, Seliscothon planum, Verruculina astraea, Verruculina tenuis, Verruculina macrommata, Verruculina cupula, Verruculina seriatopora, Stichophyma multiformis, Jereica polystoma, Jereica oligostoma, Stachyspongia tuberculosa, Pachysalax processifer, Plinthodermatium exile, Coelosphaeroma appendiculata, Leiochonia robusta, Leiochonia cryptoporosa, Chonella tenuis, Chonella auriformis, Coscinostoma fragilis, Coscinostoma auricula, Seliscothon mantelli, Cytoracia turbinata, Cytoracia rimosa, Verruculina convoluta, Scytalia radiciformis (31993)
Early/Lower Maastrichtian	72.2 - 66.0	Poland	Leiochonia cryptoporosa (110337) Verruculina seriatopora (110339)
Lutetian	48.07 - 41.03	Italy (Veneto)	Jereopsis sobolifera, Platychonia sp., Stachyspongia sp., Jereopsis clavaeformis, Verruculina ambigua, Pliobolia vermiculata, Phlyctia expansa, Jereopsis inaequalis, Bolidium bertii (110070)
Bartonian	41.03 - 37.71	Spain	Phlyctia expansa (61243 141925 277559)
Burdigalian	20.45 - 15.98	Algeria	Jereica clavaeformis, Coscinostoma vermiculata, Seliscothon undulatum, Phlyctia expansa (114101) Stichophyma ovoidea, Jereica clavaeformis, Stichophyma pseudoverrucosa, Stichophyma pyriformis, Chonella rugosus, Verruculina ambigua, Coscinostoma vermiculata, Seliscothon undulatum (114102)
Serravallian	13.82 - 11.63	Portugal	Rhizomorina indet. (117021)
Tortonian	11.63 - 7.246	Spain (Andalusia)	Stichophyma pyriformis, Verruculina ambigua, Trachydictya pomeli, Cnemidiastrum almeriae (110114) Trachydictya pomeli, Plioboliopsis hispanica, Cnemidiastrum almeriae (116135)
Tortonian	11.63 - 7.246	Spain (Murcia)	Cnemidiastrum almeriae, Cucumaltina placocephalus (116137) Plioboliopsis hispanica, Cnemidiastrum almeriae, Cucumaltina placocephalus, Jereopsis fastigiata (116132)