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| Morphology | Ecology and taphonomy | External Literature Search | Age range and collections |
Cygnus
Taxonomy
Cygnus was named by Garsault (1764). It is extant. Its type is Anas cygnus.
It was assigned to Cygninae by Hay (1930); to Cygninae by Lambrecht (1933), Brodkorb (1964), Howard (1972); to Anserini by Mlíkovsky and Svec (1986), Bickart (1990); to Anatidae by Wetmore (1933), Parmalee (1992), Worthy and Grant-Mackie (2003), Clements et al. (2017); and to Cygnini by Wetmore (1940), Livezey and Martin (1988), Gonzalez et al. (2009), del Hoyo et al. (2014), Worthy and Nguyen (2020).
It was assigned to Cygninae by Hay (1930); to Cygninae by Lambrecht (1933), Brodkorb (1964), Howard (1972); to Anserini by Mlíkovsky and Svec (1986), Bickart (1990); to Anatidae by Wetmore (1933), Parmalee (1992), Worthy and Grant-Mackie (2003), Clements et al. (2017); and to Cygnini by Wetmore (1940), Livezey and Martin (1988), Gonzalez et al. (2009), del Hoyo et al. (2014), Worthy and Nguyen (2020).
Synonymy list
| Year | Name and author |
|---|---|
| 1764 | Cygnus Garsault |
| 1930 | Cygnus Hay p. 300 |
| 1933 | Cygnus Lambrecht p. 383 |
| 1933 | Cygnus Wetmore p. 8 |
| 1940 | Cygnus Wetmore p. 19 |
| 1964 | Cygnus Brodkorb p. 209 |
| 1972 | Cygnus Howard p. 9 |
| 1986 | Cygnus Mlíkovsky and Svec p. 263 |
| 1988 | Cygnus Livezey and Martin p. 208 |
| 1990 | Cygnus Bickart p. 12 |
| 1992 | Cygnus Parmalee p. 309 |
| 2003 | Cygnus Worthy and Grant-Mackie p. 449 |
| 2009 | Cygnus Gonzalez et al. |
| 2014 | Cygnus del Hoyo et al. |
| 2017 | Cygnus Clements et al. |
| 2020 | Cygnus Worthy and Nguyen p. 76 |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
G. Cygnus Garsault 1764
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Subg. Cygnus (Olor) Wagler 1832
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†Cygnus (Olor) mariae Bickart 1990
Subg. Olor (Clangocycnus) Oberholser 1908
Subg. Olor (Olor) Wagler 1832
†Olor matthewi Schufeldt 1913
Subg. Cygnus (Sthenelides) Stejneger 1884
Cygnus atratus Latham 1790 [black swan]
Cygnus buccinator Richardson 1832 [trumpeter swan]
Cygnus columbianus Ord 1815 [tundra swan]
Cygnus columbianus bewickii Yarrell 1830 [Bewick's swan]
†Cygnus csakvarensis Lambrecht 1933
Cygnus cygnus Linnaeus 1758 [whooper swan]
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Invalid names: Cygnus musicus Bechstein 1809 [synonym]
†Cygnus equitum Bate 1916
†Cygnus falconeri Parker 1865
†Cygnus herenthalsi Van Beneden 1873
†Cygnus hibbardi Brodkorb 1958
†Cygnus matthewi Shufeldt 1913
Cygnus melancoryphus Molina 1782 [Black-necked swan]
Cygnus olor Gmelin 1789 [mute swan]
†Cygnus pristinus Kurochkin 1971
†Cygnus sumnerensis Forbes 1889
†Cygnus sumnerensis chathamensis Oliver 1955
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
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| Source: subf = subfamily, o = order | |||||
| References: Sedinger 1997, Marsh 1875 | |||||
Age range
Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Sarmatian to the top of the Holocene or 12.80000 to 0.00000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 11.63 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 11.63 Ma
Collections (65 total)
| Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sarmatian | Moldova | C. sp. (57734) | |
| Tortonian | Belgium (Flanders) | C. herenthalsi (67026) | |
| Hemphillian | USA (Florida) | C. mariae (200705) | |
| Zanclean | Australia (Queensland) | C. atratus (182159) | |
| Zanclean | USA (North Carolina) | C. columbianus (52582) | |
| Pliocene | USA (Idaho) | C. hibbardi (181255) | |
| Pliocene | Ukraine (Odessa) | C. sp. (76502) | |
| Pliocene | USA (Oregon) | C. hibbardi (226540) | |
| Pliocene | Russian Federation (Rostovskaya Oblast') | C. sp. (39409) | |
| Late/Upper Pliocene | USA (Idaho) | C. hibbardi (176410) C. sp. (176409) | |
| Piacenzian | Australia (Victoria) | C. sp. (70574) | |
| Early/Lower Pleistocene | United Kingdom (England) | Anser sp. (58420) | |
| Pleistocene | Malta | C. falconeri, C. musicus (190860) | |
| Pleistocene | Australia (South Australia) | C. sp. (28298) | |
| Pleistocene | United Kingdom (Wales) | C. bewickii (124958) | |
| MN 17 | France (Rhone-Alpes) | C. sp. (47150) | |
| MN 17 | France (Haute-Loire) | C. sp. (47133) | |
| Irvingtonian | USA (Florida) | C. buccinator (20400) | |
| Irvingtonian | USA (California) | C. columbianus (20327) | |
| Middle Pleistocene | Spain (Valencia) | C. olor (221421) | |
| Middle Pleistocene | Greece | C. olor (187637 194474) | |
| Middle Pleistocene | Italy | C. cygnus (197926) C. equitum (197927) | |
| Middle Pleistocene - Holocene | United Kingdom | C. bewickii (197163) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | USA (Florida) | Olor buccinator, Olor columbianus (154773) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene (interglacial) | USA (Georgia) | C. columbianus (20613) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene (high glacial) | China (Hubei) | C. sp. (92787) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | Portugal | C. olor (197768) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | Jordan | C. sp. (197945) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | Mexico (Mexico) | C. sp. (192627) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene (interglacial) | USA (Alabama) | C. sp. (84181) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | New Zealand (North Otago) | C. atratus (87789) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | USA (California) | C. columbianus (20273 44954 190077) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene (glacial) | USA (Florida) | C. columbianus (154771) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene (high glacial) | USA (Montana) | Olar buccinator (93182) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | USA (Oregon) | C. buccinator, Sthenelides paloregonus (93251) Olor paloregonus (176222) | |
| Holocene | Canada (Nunavut) | C. sp., C. buccinator (228927) | |
| Holocene | New Zealand (North Island) | C. atratus (215544) | |
| Holocene | Finland | C. cygnus (177177) C. sp. (209152 209160) | |
| Holocene | USA (Virginia) | Olor columbianus (104675) | |
| Holocene | Russian Federation | C. bewickii (175940) | |
| Holocene | USA (Alaska) | Olor columbianus (220460) | |
| Holocene | Canada (Northwest Territories) | C. buccinator, C. columbianus (228921) C. columbianus (228444) C. sp. (228492) | |
| Holocene | USA (Illinois) | Olor buccinator (195051 195054) Olor buccinator, Olor columbianus (195052) | |
| Holocene | USA (Ohio) | C. buccinator (195066) | |
| Holocene | New Zealand | C. atratus (100554 194618 194619) C. sumnerensis (198108 198194 198206 198207 198212) | |
| Holocene | New Zealand (South Island) | C. sumnerensis (215392) |