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Kinosternon (mud turtle)
Taxonomy
Kinosternon was named by von Spix (1824). It is extant.
It was assigned to Cinosternidae by Cope (1875); to Cinosterninae by Nopcsa (1928); to Kinosterninae by Hutchison (1991), Weems and George (2001), Bourque (2011) and van Dijk et al. (2014); to Kinosterninae by Joyce and Bourque (2016); to Kinosternidae by Cahn (1931), Holman (1985), Carroll (1988), de Broin and de la Fuente (1993), Cisneros (2005) and Cadena et al. (2017); and to Kinosternidae by Hay (1930), Frank and Ramus (1996), de la Fuente et al. (2014) and Alfonso-Rojas et al. (2021).
It was assigned to Cinosternidae by Cope (1875); to Cinosterninae by Nopcsa (1928); to Kinosterninae by Hutchison (1991), Weems and George (2001), Bourque (2011) and van Dijk et al. (2014); to Kinosterninae by Joyce and Bourque (2016); to Kinosternidae by Cahn (1931), Holman (1985), Carroll (1988), de Broin and de la Fuente (1993), Cisneros (2005) and Cadena et al. (2017); and to Kinosternidae by Hay (1930), Frank and Ramus (1996), de la Fuente et al. (2014) and Alfonso-Rojas et al. (2021).
Species
K. abaxillare, K. acutum, K. alamosae, K. angustipons, K. arizonense, K. baurii, K. chimalhuaca, K. creaseri, K. dunni, K. durangoense, K. flavescens, K. herrerai, K. hirtipes, K. integrum, K. leucostomum, K. notolophus, K. oaxacae, K. pannekollops, K. pojoaque, K. rincon, K. scorpioides, K. skullridgescens, K. sonoriense, K. subrubrum, K. wakeeniense
Synonyms
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Synonymy list
| Year | Name and author |
|---|---|
| 1824 | Kinosternon von Spix |
| 1857 | Platythyra Agassiz |
| 1875 | Cinosternum Cope p. 52 |
| 1928 | Cinosternum Nopcsa p. 167 |
| 1930 | Kinosternon Hay p. 93 |
| 1931 | Kinosternon Cahn p. 122 |
| 1985 | Kinosternon Holman |
| 1988 | Kinosternon Carroll |
| 1991 | Kinosternon Hutchison p. 155 |
| 1993 | Kinosternon de Broin and de la Fuente pp. 9-10 |
| 1996 | Kinosternon Frank and Ramus |
| 2001 | Kinosternon Weems and George p. 572 |
| 2005 | Kinosternon Cisneros p. 241 |
| 2011 | Kinosternon Bourque p. 234 |
| 2014 | Kinosternon de la Fuente et al. |
| 2014 | Kinosternon van Dijk et al. |
| 2016 | Kinosternon Joyce and Bourque |
| 2017 | Kinosternon Cadena et al. |
| 2021 | Kinosternon Alfonso-Rojas et al. |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
G. Kinosternon von Spix 1824 [mud turtle]
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Kinosternon abaxillare Baur 1925 [Central Chiapas mud turtle]
Kinosternon acutum Gray 1831 [Tabasco mud turtle]
Kinosternon alamosae Berry and Legler 1980 [Alamos mud turtle]
Kinosternon angustipons Legler 1965 [Narrow-bridged mud turtle]
†Kinosternon arizonense Gilmore 1922 [Arizona mud turtle]
Kinosternon baurii Garman 1891 [Striped mud turtle]
Kinosternon chimalhuaca Berry et al. 1996 [Jalisco mud turtle]
Kinosternon creaseri Hartweg 1934 [Creaser's mud turtle]
Kinosternon dunni Schmidt 1947 [Dunn's mud turtle]
Kinosternon durangoense Iverson 1979 [Durango mud turtle]
Kinosternon flavescens Agassiz 1857 [Yellow mud turtle]
Kinosternon herrerai Stejneger 1925 [Herrera's mud turtle]
Kinosternon hirtipes Wagler 1830 [Rough-footed mud turtle]
Kinosternon integrum Le Conte 1854 [Mexican mud turtle]
Kinosternon leucostomum Dumeril 1851 [White-lipped mud turtle]
†Kinosternon notolophus Bourque 2015
Kinosternon oaxacae van Dijk et al. 2014 [Oaxaca mud turtle]
†Kinosternon pannekollops Bourque 2015
†Kinosternon pojoaque Bourque 2012
†Kinosternon rincon Bourque 2015
Kinosternon scorpioides Linneaus 1766 [Scorpion mud turtle]
†Kinosternon skullridgescens Bourque 2012
Kinosternon sonoriense Le Conte 1864 [Sonora mud turtle]
Kinosternon subrubrum Bonnaterre 1788 [Eastern mud turtle]
Kinosternon subrubrum hippocrepis Gray 1856 [Mississippi mud turtle]
†Kinosternon wakeeniense Bourque 2015
Invalid names: Platythyra Agassiz 1857 [synonym]
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
| part | N | mean | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| carapace height | 1 | 40.0 |
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| Source: superf = superfamily, c = class, subp = subphylum | |||||
| References: Hendy et al. 2009, Carroll 1988, Uetz 2005 | |||||
Age range
Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Barstovian to the top of the Holocene or 16.30000 to 0.00000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 15.97 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 15.97 Ma
Collections (44 total)
| Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
|---|---|---|---|
| Burdigalian | USA (Delaware) | Kinosternon sp. (18579) | |
| Hemingfordian | USA (Florida) | Kinosternon sp. (176936) | |
| Barstovian | USA (New Mexico) | Kinosternon pojoaque (190947) Kinosternon rincon (19519) Kinosternon skullridgescens (190948) | |
| Clarendonian | USA (Kansas) | Sternotherus odoratus (18450) | |
| Clarendonian | USA (Texas) | Kinosternon pannekollops (18355) | |
| Late/Upper Clarendonian | USA (Florida) | Kinosternon sp. (18554) | |
| Late/Upper Miocene | USA (Kansas) | Kinosternon wakeeniense (18451) | |
| Hemphillian | USA (Florida) | Kinosternidae indet. (18601) | |
| Late/Upper Hemphillian | USA (Nebraska) | Kinosternon flavescens (18359) | |
| Blancan | Mexico (Hidalgo) | Kinosternon sp. (18753 20079) | |
| Blancan | USA (New Mexico) | Kinosternon flavescens (19982) Kinosternon sp. (230461) | |
| Blancan | USA (Kansas) | Kinosternon flavescens (19928) Kinosternon subrubrum, Kinosternon flavescens (19922) | |
| Blancan | El Salvador | Kinosternon sp. (70118) | |
| Blancan | USA (Arizona) | Kinosternon arizonense (19628) | |
| Blancan | USA (Florida) | Kinosternon sp. (19764) | |
| Blancan | Mexico (Michoacan) | Kinosternon sp. (20072) | |
| Blancan | USA (Nebraska) | Kinosternon flavescens (19960 19963) | |
| Pleistocene | Mexico (Puebla) | Kinosternon sp., Kinosternon flavescens (85161) | |
| Pleistocene | Mexico (Santiago chazumba) | Kinosternon integrum (190089) | |
| Pleistocene | USA (Florida) | Kinosternon sp. (206227 227368) | |
| Pleistocene | Ecuador (Santa Elena) | Kinosternon sp. (185514) | |
| Pleistocene | USA (South Carolina) | Kinosternon sp. (65405) | |
| Quaternary | Mexico (Santiago Chazumba) | Kinosternon integrum (190088) | |
| Irvingtonian | USA (Texas) | Kinosternon flavescens (20337) | |
| Irvingtonian | USA (Florida) | Kinosternon sp. (20400 20402) | |
| Rancholabrean | Mexico (Puebla) | Kinosternon sp. (226916 230717) | |
| Rancholabrean | USA (Florida) | Kinosternon sp. (20440) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | USA (Florida) | Kinosternon subrubrum (154805) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene (interglacial) | USA (Georgia) | Kinosternon sp. (20604 20613) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | Mexico (Puebla) | Kinosternon sp. (226915) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | Colombia (Cundinamarca) | Kinosternon sp. (190375) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene - Holocene | USA (Tennessee) | Kinosternon sp. (63429) | |
| Holocene | USA (Georgia) | Kinosternon subrubrum (152113) | |
| Holocene | USA (Florida) | Kinosternon sp. (227371) |