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Zygolophodon turicensis

Osteichthyes - Proboscidea - Mammutidae

Taxonomy

Mastodon turicensis was named by Schintz (1824).

It was synonymized subjectively with Zygolophodon tapiroides by Madden (1980); it was recombined as Zygolophodon turicensis by Schinz (1824), Shoshani and Tassy (2005), Sanders et al. (2010), Zhang et al. (2023).

Synonyms

Zygolophodon (Turicius) nemonguensis was named by Chow and Chang (1961) [= Zygolophodon gobiensis (Osborn and Granger, 1932) Tobien et al., 1988, p. 149, 151, 153, 154, figs. 40, 42, 45, 46; Chen, 2021, p. 20–22, fig. 9; = Zygolophodon chinjiensis (Osborn, 1929) Chow et al., 1978, p. 71 72, pl. 8, figs. 1, 2 = ?Zygolophodon metachinjiensis (Osborn, 1929) Chen, 2021, p. 25 26, fig. 13].

It was synonymized subjectively with Zygolophodon gobiensis by Tebiens (1988), Duangkrayom et al. (2017); it was recombined as Zygolophodon neimonguensis by Qiu (1990); it was synonymized subjectively with Zygolophodon turicensis by Zhang et al. (2023).
Zygolophodon gromovae was named by Dubrovo (1974).

It was synonymized subjectively with Zygolophodon gobiensis by Tobien et al. (1988), Duangkrayom et al. (2017); it was synonymized subjectively with Zygolophodon turicensis by Zhang et al. (2023).
Zygolophodon jiningensis was named by Chow and Chang (1974). Its type specimen is IVPP-5156, a set of teeth (M3), and it is a 3D body fossil.

It was synonymized subjectively with Zygolophodon gobiensis by Tobien et al. (1988), Duangkrayom et al. (2017); it was synonymized subjectively with Zygolophodon turicensis by Zhang et al. (2023).
Gomphotherium xiaolongtanensis was named by Chow and Chang (1974).

It was synonymized subjectively with Zygolophodon gobiensis by Duangkrayom et al. (2017); it was synonymized subjectively with Zygolophodon turicensis by Zhang et al. (2023).

Synonymy list

Year	Name and author
1824	Mastodon turicensis Schintz
1824	Zygolophodon turicensis Schinz
1961	Zygolophodon (Turicius) nemonguensis Chow and Chang pp. 249-250 figs. pl. 2, 3, figs. 4, 4a
1974	Gomphotherium xiaolongtanensis Chow and Chang p. 24 figs. pl. 5, fig. 2
1974	Zygolophodon jiningensis Chow and Chang pp. 35-36 figs. pl. 15, figs. 1, 1a
1974	Zygolophodon gromovae Dubrovo pp. 136-138 figs. 1, 2
1990	Zygolophodon neimonguensis Qiu
2005	Zygolophodon turicensis Shoshani and Tassy p. 355 figs. Appendix C.1
2010	Zygolophodon turicensis Sanders et al. p. 187
2023	Zygolophodon turicensis Zhang et al. p. 144

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Rank	Name	Author
kingdom	Animalia	()
—	Bilateria
—	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
—	Deuterostomia
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1874
subphylum	Vertebrata
superclass	Gnathostomata
class	Osteichthyes
subclass	Sarcopterygii	()
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha	(Nelson 2006)
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha	()
—	Tetrapoda
—	Reptiliomorpha
—	Anthracosauria
subclass	Amphibiosauria	Kuhn 1967
—	Cotylosauria	()
—	Amniota
subclass	Synapsida
—	Therapsida	()
infraorder	Cynodontia	()

Rank	Name	Author
—	Mammaliamorpha
—	Mammaliaformes
class	Mammalia
—	Cladotheria
—	Zatheria
subclass	Tribosphenida	()
subclass	Theria
—	Eutheria	()
—	Placentalia
superorder	Afrotheria
—	Paenungulatomorpha
superorder	Paenungulata
—	Tethytheria
order	Proboscidea	()
suborder	Elephantiformes	Tassy 1988
—	Elephantimorpha	Tassy and Shoshani 1997
family	Mammutidae	Hay 1922
genus	Zygolophodon	(Vacek 1877)
species	turicensis	(Schintz 1824)

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

†Zygolophodon turicensis Schintz 1824

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Invalid names: Gomphotherium xiaolongtanensis Chow and Chang 1974 [synonym], Zygolophodon gromovae Dubrovo 1974 [synonym], Zygolophodon jiningensis Chow and Chang 1974 [synonym], Zygolophodon nemonguensis Chow and Chang 1961 [synonym]

Diagnosis

Reference	Diagnosis
X. X. Zhang et al. 2023	The tooth loph(id)s are antero-posteriorly compressed with a sharp cutting edge in the fresh molar. The lophs of upper cheek teeth are perpendicular to the median sulcus, and the lophids of lower cheek teeth are oblique to the median sulcus. The anterior and posterior pretrite central conules are disappeared or very weak. In the fresh molars, the anterior and posterior pretrite crescentoids display fine serrated knobs, and exhibit thin crests after slight wear. The pretrite mesoconelets are also subdivided and crest-like. The posttrite half loph(id)s display a high degree of subdividing, and the zygodont crests are developed. The interloph(id)s are open, not obstructed by the crescentoids. The anterior and posterior pretrite crescentoids almost reach the bottom of the interloph(id)s. In lateral views, the loph(id)s are “Ʌ-shaped”, and the interloph(id)s are deep “V-shaped”.

Measurements

No measurements are available

Composition:

phosphaticsubp

Environment:

terrestrialsubc

Locomotion:

actively mobilec

Life habit:

ground dwellingf

Diet:

browserf

Reproduction:

viviparoussubc

Created:

2005-08-31 15:15:52

Modified:

2005-08-31 17:15:52

Source: f = family, subc = subclass, c = class, subp = subphylum

References: Lambert and Shoshani 1998, Hendy et al. 2009, Ji et al. 2002, Lillegraven 1979, Carroll 1988

Age range: base of the MN 5 to the top of the Tortonian or 15.98000 to 7.24600 Ma

Collections (31 total)

Time interval	Ma	Country or state	Original ID and collection number
Miocene	23.04 - 5.333	North Macedonia	Zygolophodon turicensis (197463)
Miocene	23.04 - 5.333	China (Nei Mongol)	Zygolophodon turicensis (230291)
Miocene	23.04 - 5.333	China (Shaanxi)	Zygolophodon turicensis (230346)
Burdigalian - Tortonian	20.45 - 7.246	France	Zygolophodon turicensis (187580)
Langhian	15.98 - 13.82	Germany (Bavaria)	Zygolophodon turicensis (34615)
Langhian	15.98 - 13.82	France (Maine-et-Loire)	Zygolophodon turicensis (148396)
Langhian	15.98 - 13.82	France	Zygolophodon turicensis (148395)
MN 5	15.98 - 13.82	France (Midi-Pyrenees Region)	Zygolophodon turicensis (32071 32072)
Astaracian	15.98 - 11.63	China (Hubei)	Zygolophodon turicensis, Zygolophodon neimonguensis (42248)
Langhian - Serravallian	15.98 - 11.63	France (Midi-Pyrenees)	Turicius turicensis (32191)
Langhian - Serravallian	15.98 - 11.63	France (Midi-Pyrenees Region)	Zygolophodon pyrenaicus (32078)
Middle Miocene	15.98 - 11.63	Spain (Madrid)	Zygolophodon turicensis (197673)
Middle Miocene	15.98 - 11.63	China (Nei Mongol)	Zygolophodon turicensis (230292 230293)
Langhian - Tortonian	15.98 - 7.246	France (Midi-Pyrenees Region)	Zygolophodon turicensis (31776)
Langhian - Tortonian	15.98 - 7.246	France (Maine-et-Loire)	Zygolophodon turicensis (142149)
MN 6	13.82 - 12.75	Slovakia (Bratislava)	Zygolophodon turicensis (69711)
Serravallian	13.82 - 11.63	Slovakia (Bratislava)	Zygolophodon turicensis (58983)
Serravallian	13.82 - 11.63	Moldova (Chișinău)	Zygolophodon turicensis (210536)
MN 6 - MN 7 + 8	13.82 - 11.1	Slovakia	Zygolophodon turicensis (69712)
MN 7 + 8	12.75 - 11.1	Slovakia	Zygolophodon turicensis (69715)
Tortonian	11.63 - 7.246	Ukraine (Odessa)	Mastodon turicensis (75794)
Tortonian	11.63 - 7.246	Moldova	Mastodon turicensis (75802 75803)
Late/Upper Miocene	11.63 - 5.333	China (Yunnan)	Zygolophodon turicensis (230294 230295)
Late/Upper Miocene	11.63 - 5.333	Türkiye	Zygolophodon turicensis (214688)
Late/Upper Miocene	11.63 - 5.333	Algeria	Zygolophodon turicensis (34642)
Late/Upper Miocene	11.63 - 5.333	Greece (Aegean)	Mastodon turicensis (202120)
MN 12	7.9 - 6.965	Ukraine (Odessa)	Zygolophodon turicensis (167995)