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Plecoptera (stonefly)
Taxonomy
Plecoptera was named by Burmeister (1839). It is extant.
It was assigned to Insecta by Latreille (1802); to Orthopteroidea by Martynov (1925); to Plecopterida by Engel and Grimaldi (2004); and to Polyneoptera by Sharov (1968), Kluge (2010), Wipfler et al. (2019).
It was assigned to Insecta by Latreille (1802); to Orthopteroidea by Martynov (1925); to Plecopterida by Engel and Grimaldi (2004); and to Polyneoptera by Sharov (1968), Kluge (2010), Wipfler et al. (2019).
Synonyms
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Synonymy list
| Year | Name and author |
|---|---|
| 1802 | Plecoptera Latreille |
| 1802 | Perlaria Latreille p. 292 |
| 1802 | Perlina Latreille p. 292 |
| 1839 | Plecoptera Burmeister p. 863 |
| 1925 | Plecoptera Martynov p. 576 |
| 1954 | Perlaria Riek p. 167 |
| 1968 | Plecoptera Sharov |
| 1987 | Perlina Sinitshenkova p. 19 |
| 1992 | Perlaria Carpenter p. 93 |
| 1992 | Perlina Sinitshenkova p. 46 |
| 2004 | Plecoptera Engel and Grimaldi |
| 2007 | Perlina Liu et al. p. 323 |
| 2010 | Plecoptera Kluge p. 23 |
| 2019 | Plecoptera Wipfler et al. |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
Or. Plecoptera Burmeister 1839 [stonefly]
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Subor. Antarctoperlaria Zwick 1973
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Superfm. Eusthenioidea Banks 1913
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Fm. Eustheniidae Banks 1913
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G. †Boreoperlidium Sinitshenkova 2013
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†Boreoperlidium borealis Sinitshenkova 2013
†Boreoperlidium callopterus Sinitshenkova 2018
†Boreoperlidium certus Sinitshenkova 2018
†Boreoperlidium ramificans Sinitshenkova 2018
G. †Stenoperlidium Tillyard 1935
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†Stenoperlidium anomala Tillyard 1935
†Stenoperlidium permianum Tillyard 1935
Invalid names: Antitaxineura Tillyard 1935 [synonym]
Superfm. Gripopterygoidea Enderlein 1909
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Fm. Gripopterygidae Enderlein 1909
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G. †Cardioperlisca Sinitshenkova 1992
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†Cardioperlisca elongata Sinitshenkova 1992
†Cardioperlisca tshitensis Sinitshenkova 1998
Invalid names: Austroperlidae Tillyard 1921 [empty]
Invalid names: Gripopterygomorpha Enderlein 1909 [invalid subgroup]
Subor. Arctoperlaria Zwick 1973
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Infraor. Euholognatha Zwick 1973
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Superfm. Nemouroidea Billberg 1820
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Unr. Nemouromorpha Zwick 2000
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Fm. Capniidae Banks 1900 [small winter stonefly]
Fm. Leuctridae Klapálek 1905 [rolled-winged stonefly]
Fm. Nemouridae Billberg 1820 [spring stonefly]
Fm. Notonemouridae Ricker 1973
Fm. †Pronemouridae Liu et al. 2011
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G. †Dimoula Sinitshenkova 2005
G. †Nemourisca Sinitshenkova 1987
G. †Pronemoura Liu et al. 2011
Fm. Taeniopterygidae Klapálek 1905 [winter stonefly]
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Subfm. Brachypterainae Zwick 1973
G. †Gurvanopteryx Sinitshenkova 1986
G. †Jurataenionema Liu and Ren 2007
G. †Mengitaenioptera Liu and Ren 2008
G. †Mesotaeniopteryx Martynov 1937
G. †Noviramonemoura Liu and Ren 2008
G. †Positopteryx Sinitshenkova 1987
G. †Protaenionema Liu and Shih 2007
Subfm. Taeniopteryginae Klapálek 1905
Fm. †Perspicuusoperlidae Chen 2022
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Infraor. Systellognatha Enderlein 1969
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Superfm. Perloidea Latreille 1802
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Fm. Chloroperlidae Okamoto 1912 [green stonefly]
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G. †Bestioperlisca Sinitshenkova 1990
G. †Dipsoperla Sinitshenkova 1987
Fm. Perlidae Latreille 1802 [common stonefly]
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Subfm. Acroneuriinae Klapalek 1914
G. †Burmacroneuria Chen 2019
G. †Burperla Chen 2020
G. Perla Geoffroy 1762
G. †Pinguisoperla Chen 2018
G. †Starkoperla Chen and Wang 2020
Invalid names: Neoperlini Stark and Caufin 1976 [empty]
Fm. Perlodidae Klapalek 1912 [perlodid stonefly]
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G. †Derancheperla Sinitshenkova 1990
Subfm. Isoperlinae Frison 1942
G. †Isoperlodes Sinitshenkova 1992
G. Perlodes Banks 1903
Fm. †Petroperlidae Sroka et al. 2018
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Superfm. Pteronarcyoidea Newman 1853
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Fm. Peltoperlidae Claassen 1931
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Subfm. †Borisoperlinae Chen and Xu 2020
Subfm. Peltoperlinae Claassen 1931
Invalid names: Perlomorpha Latreille 1802 [synonym]
Invalid names: Nemourina Newman 1853 [synonym]
Fm. †Fatjanopteridae Martynova 1961
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Fm. †Gulouidae Béthoux et al. 2011
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G. †Gulou Béthoux et al. 2011
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†Gulou carpenteri Béthoux et al. 2011
†Gulou oudardi Schubnel et al. 2019
Subor. †Perlopseina Martynov 1940
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Fm. †Perlopseidae Martynov 1940
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G. †Perlopsis Martynov 1940
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†Perlopsis calamitosa Sinitshenkova 1987
†Perlopsis filicornis Martynov 1940
†Perlopsis oppressa Sinitshenkova 1987
Invalid names: Perlaria Latreille 1802 [synonym], Perlina Latreille 1802 [invalid subgroup]
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
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| Source: o = order | |||||
| Reference: Tillyard 1921 | |||||
Age range
Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Westphalian C to the top of the Piacenzian or 314.60000 to 2.58000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 309.8 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 309.8 Ma
Collections (227 total)
Oldest occurrences | |||
| Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
|---|---|---|---|
| Westphalian B - Westphalian C | China (Ningxia) | Gulou carpenteri (139576) | |
| Westphalian C | China (Ningxia) | Gulou carpenteri (179076 179077 179078) | |
| Westphalian C - Westphalian D | France | Gulou oudardi, Avionptera communeaui (122504) | |
| Sakmarian | Russian Federation | Fatjanoptera mnemonica (122559) | |
| Artinskian | Uruguay | Perlapsocus formosoi (124521) | |
| Kungurian | Russian Federation | Plecoptera indet. (115214) Uralonympha varica (102504 196228 196229) | |
| Kungurian | Russian Federation (Suksun) | Perlopsis filicornis (116641 116642 116652 124241) Perlopsis filicornis, Perlopsis oppressa, Perlopsis calamitosa, Tshekardoperla expulsa, Tshekardoperla depicta, Tshekardoperla squarrosa, Sylvoperlodes zhiltzovae, Rasilopsis irrita, Barathronympha victima (108206) | |
| Kungurian | Russian Federation (Komi Republic) | Kaltanemoura derosa, Uralonympha vorkutica (151567) | |
| Roadian | Russian Federation (Kemerovo) | Palaeoperla exacta, Palaeoperla prisca (122572) Palaeoperla exacta, Palaeoperla prisca, Palaeotaeniopteryx elegans (122568) Palaeoperla exacta, Palaeoperla prisca, Palaeotaeniopteryx elegans, Palaeotaeniopteryx kaltanicus, Palaeonemoura clara, Palaeonemoura altaica, Kaltanemoura depravata (104704) Palaeoperla prisca (122569) Palaeoperla prisca, Kaltanemoura depravata (122567) | |
| Wordian | Russian Federation (Udmurtia) | Palaeonemoura furcata, Palaeonemoura abdita, Euxenoperlidae indet., Palaeonemoura benevola, Palaeotaeniopteryx trinerva, Palaeotaeniopteryx alligata, Palaeonemourisca corrugata, Votaknemoura persuasibil, Boreoperlidium certus, Boreoperlidium callopterus, Boreoperlidium ramificans, Properla incrassata, Properla umbrosa, Kargaloperla grata, Kargaloperla fibrosa, Kargaloperla queata, Kargaloperla postica (104750) Palaeonemoura proximalis (103537) Palaeonemoura repleta, Palaeonemourisca strigosa (103502) | |
| Wordian | South Africa | Plecoptera indet. (226396) | |
| Wordian | Russian Federation (Udmurtiya) | Palaeonemourisca novojilovi (104751) | |
| Capitanian | Russian Federation (Orenburg) | Kargaloperla exuperata (104057) Palaeotaeniopteryx perlonga, Palaeotaeniopteryx distalis, Palaeonemoura lepida, Palaeonemoura petaloidea, Palaeonemoura duplicata, Palaeonemoura riparia, Palaeonemoura apicalis, Palaeonemoura remota, Palaeonemourisca subita, Palaeoperla perfracta (104717) Permoleuctropsis gracilis (104994) | |
| Wuchiapingian | Russian Federation | Plecoptera indet. (122565) | |
| Wuchiapingian | Russian Federation (Vologda) | Palaeonemoura issadensis, Palaeotaeniopteryx laeta, Palaeotaeniopteryx triternata, Euxenoperlidae indet., Boreoperlidium borealis, Issadoperla permiana, Properla issadensis, Kargaloperla decipiens, Kargaloperla furcata, Mirumoperla multinerva, Palaeonemoura antrorsa, Palaeonemoura amica, Palaeotaeniopteryx dejecta, Palaeotaeniopteryx constricta, Palaeotaeniopteryx adjecta, Palaeotaeniopteryx succida, Palaeotaeniopteryx amissa, Palaeotaeniopteryx fixa, Palaeotaeniopteryx mira, Votaknemoura admiranda, Palaeonemourisca diluta, Palaeonemourisca formalis (104754) | |
| Wuchiapingian | Mongolia | Palaeonemoura finitima (97602) | |
| Lopingian | Antarctica | Uralonympha schopfi (124348) | |
| Wuchiapingian - Changhsingian | Russian Federation (Kemerovo) | Kaltanemoura repentina (151568) | |
| Changhsingian | South Africa (Kwazulu-Natal) | Afroperla permiana, Euxenoperla similis (14361) Euxenoperla oliveri (14357) Euxenoperla similis (14344) | |
| Changhsingian | Kazakhstan (Zaisan) | Kargaloperla avulsa, Kaltanemoura sharovi (105062) Palaeonemoura zwicki (107957) | |