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Galeomorphi
Taxonomy
Galeomorphii was named by Compagno (1973). It is extant.
It was reranked as the order Galeomorphii by Kriwet et al. (2007), Kriwet et al. (2009); it was reranked as the superorder Galeomorphi by Long (2011), Nelson et al. (2016), Kent (2018), Cicimurri et al. (2022), Ebersole et al. (2024), Cicimurri et al. (2025).
It was assigned to Chondrichthyes by Sepkoski (2002); to Galea by Delsate (2003); to Neoselachii by Kriwet et al. (2007); to Neoselachii by Kriwet et al. (2009); to Elasmobranchii by Kent (2018); and to Selachii by Long (2011), Nelson et al. (2016), Cicimurri et al. (2022), Ebersole et al. (2024), Cicimurri et al. (2025).
It was reranked as the order Galeomorphii by Kriwet et al. (2007), Kriwet et al. (2009); it was reranked as the superorder Galeomorphi by Long (2011), Nelson et al. (2016), Kent (2018), Cicimurri et al. (2022), Ebersole et al. (2024), Cicimurri et al. (2025).
It was assigned to Chondrichthyes by Sepkoski (2002); to Galea by Delsate (2003); to Neoselachii by Kriwet et al. (2007); to Neoselachii by Kriwet et al. (2009); to Elasmobranchii by Kent (2018); and to Selachii by Long (2011), Nelson et al. (2016), Cicimurri et al. (2022), Ebersole et al. (2024), Cicimurri et al. (2025).
Subtaxa
Synonymy list
| Year | Name and author |
|---|---|
| 1973 | Galeomorphii Compagno |
| 2002 | Galeomorphii Sepkoski |
| 2003 | Galeomorphii Delsate p. 8 |
| 2007 | Galeomorphii Kriwet et al. |
| 2009 | Galeomorphii Kriwet et al. p. 320 |
| 2011 | Galeomorphi Long p. 242 |
| 2016 | Galeomorphi Nelson et al. p. 58 |
| 2018 | Galeomorphi Kent p. 62 |
| 2022 | Galeomorphi Cicimurri et al. |
| 2024 | Galeomorphi Ebersole et al. p. 4 |
| 2025 | Galeomorphi Cicimurri et al. p. 8 |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
Superor. †Galeomorphi
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G. †Erquitaia Cappetta 1989
Or. Heterodontiformes Berg 1940 [bullhead shark]
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Fm. Heterodontidae Gray 1851
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G. †Acrodonchus Fraas 1889
G. †Centracion Gray 1831
G. †Centrodus Giebel 1848
G. †Chalazacanthus Davis 1883
G. †Drepanephorus Egerton 1872
G. †Echinodus Davis 1884
G. †Gyropleurodus Gill 1862
G. Heterodontus de Blainville 1816 [bullhead shark]
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†Heterodontus boussioni Guinot et al. 2013
†Heterodontus cainozoicus Pledge 1985
†Heterodontus canaliculatus Egerton and Woodward 1889
†Heterodontus carerens Kriwet 1999
†Heterodontus creamridgensis Case et al. 2001
†Heterodontus duffini Thies 1983
†Heterodontus havreensis Herman 1977
†Heterodontus laevis Guinot et al. 2013
†Heterodontus lerichei Casier 1943
†Heterodontus lonzeensis Herman 1977
†Heterodontus maisierensis Herman 1977
Heterodontus philippi Bloch and Schneider 1801
†Heterodontus pineti Fedorowski 1912
†Heterodontus polonicus Rees 2005
Heterodontus portujacksoni Meyer 1793 [Port Jackson shark]
†Heterodontus rugosus Agassiz 1839
†Heterodontus semirugosus Plieninger 1847
†Heterodontus sowasheense Case 1994
†Heterodontus upnikensis Dalinkevičius 1935
†Heterodontus vincenti Leriche 1905
†Heterodontus wardensis Cassier 1966
Heterodontus woodwardi Casier 1946
Invalid names: Cestracion Cuvier 1817 [synonym], Heterodontobatis Landemaine 1991 [synonym]
G. †Hybodopsis Barkas 1878
G. †Paracestracion Koken in Zittel 1911
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†Paracestracion bellis Underwood and Ward 2004
†Paracestracion falcifer Wagner 1857
†Paracestracion pectinatus Guinot et al. 2014
†Paracestracion sarstedensis Thies 1983
†Paracestracion viohli Kriwet 2008
G. †Psilacanthus Quenstedt 1858
G. †Pycnacanthus Fischer von Waldheim 1852
G. †Rhabdiodus
G. †Selachidea Quenstedt 1852
G. †Styracodus
G. †Tropidodus Gill 1862
Invalid names: Hybodontoidei Owen 1846 [empty]
G. †Hypsobatis Cappetta 1992
G. †Onchopristus
G. †Rajorhina Jaekel 1894
G. †Youssoubatis Cappetta 1992
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
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| Source: o = order, subp = subphylum | |||||
| References: Carroll 1988, Hendy et al. 2009, Wagner 2023 | |||||
Age range
Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Middle Famennian to the top of the Late/Upper Pleistocene or 368.50000 to 0.01170 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 365.2 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 365.2 Ma
Collections (204 total)
Oldest occurrences | |||
| Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
|---|---|---|---|
| Middle Famennian | Russian Federation (Oryol Oblast) | Pycnacanthus fischeri (226045) | |
| Mississippian | United Kingdom | Lispacanthus retrogradus (137333) | |
| Anisian - Carnian | Zambia (Eastern) | Hybodontoidei indet. (151894) | |
| Bithynian | Poland | Reifia minuta (149691) | |
| Fassanian | Poland | Heterodontus sp. (149685) | |
| Lacian | Germany | Reifia minuta (120932) | |
| Bifrons | Luxembourg | Heterodontus duffini (141382) | |
| Levesquei | Luxembourg | Heterodontus sp. (148935) | |
| Variabilis | Luxembourg | Heterodontus duffini (141383) Paracestracion sp., Heterodontus duffini (141384) | |
| Thouarsense | Luxembourg | Paracestracion sp., Heterodontus duffini (141386 141389) | |
| Aalenian | Germany | Heterodontus sarstedtensis, Heterodontus duffini (137168) | |
| Early/Lower Bajocian | France (Grand Est) | Paracestracion sp. (179498) | |
| Late/Upper Bathonian | United Kingdom (England) | Paracestracion sp., Proheterodontus sylvestris (91449) Proheterodontus sylvestris (224639) | |
| Middle Bathonian | France (Basse-Normandie) | Cestracion sp. (49334) | |
| Kimmeridgian | Germany | Galeomorphii morphotype 11 (117194 117200 117211 117212) Galeomorphii morphotype 11, Galeomorphii morphotype 12 (117195 117196 117197 117198 117199 117204 117206) Galeomorphii morphotype 12 (117208 117209 117214) | |
| Late/Upper Kimmeridgian | Germany (Bayern) | Paracestracion viohli (59175) | |
| Late/Upper Kimmeridgian | Germany (Baden-Württemberg) | Heterodontus falcifer (154138) | |
| Late/Upper Kimmeridgian - Early/Lower Tithonian | United Kingdom (England) | Paracestracion falcifer, Heterodontus semirugosus (140224) | |
| Late/Upper Tithonian - Early/Lower Berriasian | France (Nord-Pas-de-Calais) | Heterodontus sp. (92144 92145) | |
| Early/Lower Valanginian | France (Gard) | Heterodontus sp. 1, Heterodontus sp. 2, Paracestracion pectinatus (213631) | |