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Apodida

Holothuroidea - Apodida

Synonymy list
YearName and author
1835Apodida Brandt
1890Apoda Schlumberger p. 193
1966Apodida Frizzell and Exline p. U645
1966Apodida Pawson p. U645
1992Apodida Gilliland p. 189
1993Apodida Gilliland p. 136
2001Apodida Boczarowski p. 153
2001Apodida Kerr and Kim p. 78
2002Apodida Reich p. 380
2002Apodida Sepkoski
2008Apodida Kozur and Mostler p. 110

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RankNameAuthor
kingdomAnimalia()
—Bilateria
—EubilateriaAx 1987
—Deuterostomia
—Ambulacraria
phylumEchinodermata
RankNameAuthor
subphylumEleutherozoa
—Echinozoa()
classHolothuroidea()
orderApodida
orderApodida

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Or. Apodida Brandt 1835
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Fm. †Achistridae Frizzell and Exline 1955
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G. †Aboculus Wernlund 1977
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†Aboculus robustus Wernlund 1977
G. †Achistrum Etheridge 1881
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†Achistrum beckmanni Kozur and Mostler 1971
†Achistrum brevis Mostler 1971
†Achistrum brevis Gutschick 1959
†Achistrum coloculum Gutschick et al. 1967
†Achistrum frizzelli Langenheim and Epis 1957
†Achistrum gamma Hodson et al. 1956
†Achistrum issleri Croneis and McCormack 1932
†Achistrum longirostrum Mostler 1971
†Achistrum ludwigi Croneis and McCormack 1932
†Achistrum monochordata Hodson et al. 1956
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Invalid names: Achistrum bartensteini Frizzell and Exline 1955 [synonym], Achistrum bichordata Fletcher 1962 [synonym], Calcligula huckei Frizzell and Exline 1955 [synonym]
†Achistrum multiperforatum Beckmann 1965
†Achistrum nicholsoni Etheridge 1881
†Achistrum permianum Spandel 1898
†Achistrum pulchrum Kozur 1969
†Achistrum triassicum Frizzell and Exline 1955
†Achistrum tuto Boczarowski 2001
†Achistrum varicum Boczarowski 2001
Invalid names: Achistrum (Achistrum) Hampton 1958 [invalid subgroup], Achistrum (Aduncrum) Hampton 1958 [invalid subgroup], Achistrum (Cancellrum) Hampton 1958 [invalid subgroup], Achistrum (Spinrum) Hampton 1958 [invalid subgroup], Ancistrum Bather 1900 [synonym]
Fm. †Calcancoridae Frizzell and Exline 1955
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G. †Calcancoroidea Frizzell and Exline 1955
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†Calcancoroidea spandeli Frizzell and Exline 1955
G. †Costigerites Deflandre-Rigaud 1962
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†Costigerites piveteaui Deflandre-Rigaud 1962
Fm. Chiridotidae Ostergren 1898
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G. Theelia Schlumberger 1890
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†Theelia alta Speckmann 1968
†Theelia alveata Mostler and Rahimi-Yazd 1976
†Theelia anguinea Mostler 1971
†Theelia conglobata Mostler 1971
†Theelia convexa Whidborne 1883
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Invalid names: Chiridota heptalampra Bartenstein 1936 [synonym]
†Theelia crassidentata Deflandre-Rigaud 1950
†Theelia dentata Górka and Luszczewska 1969
†Theelia doreckae Kozur and Mostler 1971
†Theelia dzhulfaensis Mostler and Rahimi-Yazd 1976
†Theelia fastigata Mostler 1972
†Theelia fissa Mostler 1971
†Theelia florida Frizzell and Exline 1955
†Theelia guembeli Kristan-Tollmann 1963
†Theelia hexacneme Summerson and Campbell 1958
†Theelia immissorbicula Mostler 1968
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Invalid names: Theelia subcirculata Mostler 1968 [synonym], Theelia thalattocanthoides Mostler 1968 [synonym]
†Theelia koeveskalensis Kozur and Mostler 1971
†Theelia kutscheri Reich 2003
†Theelia lata Kozur and Mostler 1971
†Theelia latimarginata Mostler 1971
†Theelia liassica Krainer and Mostler 1997
†Theelia liptovskaensis Gazdzicki et al. 1978
†Theelia loferensis Mostler 1994
†Theelia mesopermiana Kozur and Mostler 1989
†Theelia monicae Mostler and Rahimi-Yazd 1976
†Theelia mortenseni Deflandre-Rigaud 1950
†Theelia multiplex Speckmann 1968
†Theelia multiundulata Mostler 1994
†Theelia norica Mostler 1969
†Theelia petasiformis Kristan-Tolmann 1964
†Theelia planata Mostler 1968
†Theelia polydenticulata Mostler and Parwin 1973
†Theelia praeacuta Mostler and Rahimi-Yazd 1976
†Theelia praenorica Kozur and Mock 1972
†Theelia praeseniradiata Kozur and Mock 1972
†Theelia pseudoplanata Kozur and Mock 1972
†Theelia seniradiata Zankl 1966
†Theelia serta Speckmann 1968
†Theelia sinaiensis Said and Barakat 1958
†Theelia speciosa Deflandre-Rigaud 1946
†Theelia staurolithensis Kristan-Tollmann 1972
†Theelia stellifera Zankl 1966
†Theelia stellifera bistellata Kozur and Mock 1972
†Theelia synapta Gilliland 1992
†Theelia teneromarginata Mostler 1971
†Theelia trammeri Gazdzicki et al. 1978
†Theelia undata Mostler 1968
†Theelia undulata Schlumberger 1888
†Theelia variabilis Zankl 1966
†Theelia variabilis slovakensis Kozur and Mock 1972
†Theelia wartensis Garbowska and Wierzbowski 1967
†Theelia zawidzkae Kozur and Mock 1972
G. †Holothuriopsis Hess 1973
Fm. Myriotrochidae Théel 1877
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G. †Acanthotheelia Frizzell and Exline 1955
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†Acanthotheelia anisica Mostler 1968
†Acanthotheelia diffissa Mostler 1972
†Acanthotheelia helios Kozur and Mock 1972
†Acanthotheelia ladinica Kozur and Mostler 1971
†Acanthotheelia pseudospinosa Kozur and Mock 1972
†Acanthotheelia pulchra Kozur and Mock 1972
†Acanthotheelia rhaetica Kristan-Tolmann 1964
†Acanthotheelia spinosa Frizzell and Exline 1955
†Acanthotheelia triassica Speckmann 1968
†Acanthotheelia veghae Kozur and Mostler 1971
G. †Gagesiniotrochus Boczarowski 2001
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†Gagesiniotrochus astralis Boczarowski 2001
†Gagesiniotrochus billetti Boczarowski 2001
G. †Hemisphaeranthos Terquem and Berthelin 1875
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†Hemisphaeranthos costifera Terquem and Berthelin 1875
†Hemisphaeranthos frankei Müller 1912
†Hemisphaeranthos ogrodzieniecensis Górka and Luszczewska 1969
†Hemisphaeranthos simplex Müller 1964
Unr. †Paleochiridotidae Frizzell and Exline 1966
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G. †Acanthorota Kozur and Mostler 2008
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†Acanthorota permiana Kozur and Mostler 2008
G. †Acanthoschizorota Kozur and Mostler 2008
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†Acanthoschizorota variabilis Kozur and Mostler 2008
G. †Langepis Kozur and Mostler 2008
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†Langepis campbelli Gutschick 1959
G. †Paleochiridota Croneis and McCormack 1932
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†Paleochiridota plummerae Croneis and McCormack 1932
†Paleochiridota primaeva Etheridge 1881
†Paleochiridota radiata Croneis and McCormack 1932
†Paleochiridota robertsoni Etheridge 1881
†Paleochiridota terquemi Croneis and McCormack 1932
†Paleochiridota waylandensis Croneis and McCormack 1932
G. †Rota Langenheim and Epis 1957
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†Rota martini Langenheim and Epis 1957
G. †Rotoides Gutschick et al. 1967
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†Rotoides imperforata Gutschick et al. 1967
†Rotoides tretomesota Gutschick et al. 1967
G. †Thalattocanthus Carini 1962
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†Thalattocanthus consonus Carini 1962
G. †Trematrochus Reich 2002
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†Trematrochus smirnovi Reich 2002
G. Myriotrochus Steenstrup 1851
G. †Porachistrum Beckmann 1965
Fm. Synaptidae Burmeister 1837
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G. Calcancora Frizzell and Exline 1955
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†Calcancora kistnai Jafar 1970
†Calcancora mississippiensis Frizzell and Exline 1955
†Calcancora venusta Reich and Wiese 2010
G. Chiridota Eschscholtz 1829
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†Cheirodota traquairii Etheridge 1881
†Chiridota atava Waagen 1867
†Chirodota vetusa Schwager 1865
G. †Prosynapta Spandel 1898
G. †Pseudocaudina Broili 1926
G. †Rigaudites Frizzell and Exline 1957
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†Rigaudites cuvillieri Deflandre-Rigaud 1949
†Rigaudites ernsti Reich and Wiese 2010
Rigaudites indicus Soodan 1977
Rigaudites rajui Soodan 1977
Rigaudites sastrii Soodan 1977
Rigaudites singhi Soodan 1977
G. Synapta Eschscholtz 1829
Fm. †Synaptitidae Frizzell and Exline 1955
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G. †Auricularites Deflandre-Rigaud 1950
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†Auricularites arcuatus Deflandre-Rigaud 1950
†Auricularites parviradiatus Deflandre-Rigaud 1950
G. †Croneisites Frizzell and Exline 1957
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†Croneisites insignis Kristan-Tollmann 1964
†Croneisites laevigatus Schlumberger 1890
†Croneisites oligocaenicus Spandel 1900
†Croneisites polonicus Górka and Luszczewska 1969
G. Synaptites Deflandre and Deflandre-Rigaud 1948
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†Synaptites circularis Schlumberger 1890
†Synaptites cunninghami Deflandre-Rigaud 1949
†Synaptites eocenus Schlumberger 1888
†Synaptites renifer Schlumberger 1890
†Synaptites stueri Schlumberger 1890
†Synaptites truncatus Schlumberger 1890
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
Composition: high Mg calciteo
Ontogeny: accretion, addition of partsp
Environment: marinep
Locomotion: actively mobileo
Life habit: epifaunalo
Diet: detritivoreo
Vision: blindc
Dispersal: waterp
Dispersal 2: planktonicp
Comments: 322o
Created: 2004-06-23 02:35:55
Modified: 2009-10-09 11:59:34
Source: o = order, c = class, p = phylum
References: Arkadiev and Bugrova 1999, Aberhan 1992, Aberhan et al. 2004

Age range

Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Emsian to the top of the Pleistocene or 410.62000 to 0.01170 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 393.47 Ma

Collections (178 total)


Time interval Ma Country or state Original ID and collection number
Emsian410.62 - 393.47Poland (Kielecki) Achistrum multiperforatum (94469) Achistrum multiperforatum, Achistrum varicum (94468)
Eifelian393.47 - 387.95Poland (Swietokrzyskie) Achistrum sp., Gagesiniotrochus billetti (94509) Achistrum tuto (94471)
Givetian387.95 - 382.31Germany (Nordrhein-Westfalen) Achistrum multiperforatum (101679)
Late/Upper Givetian383.4 - 382.31Poland Achistrum multiperforatum (82667 83086 99464) Achistrum varicum, Gagesiniotrochus astralis (82739)
Middle Frasnian379.0 - 375.2Poland Achistrum sp. (99442)
Middle Frasnian379.0 - 375.2Poland (Swietokrzyskie Voivodship) Achistrum multiperforatum (99450)
Late/Upper Frasnian375.2 - 372.15Poland Achistrum sp. (99458)
Kinderhookian358.86 - 351.9USA (Missouri) Rota campbelli, Rota martini, Achistrum bartensteini, Achistrum coloculum, Achistrum gamma (41448) Rota campbelli, Rota martini, Achistrum monochordata, Achistrum bartensteini, Achistrum coloculum, Achistrum gamma, Rotoides tretomesota, Rotoides imperforata (41445)
Kinderhookian358.86 - 351.9USA (Indiana) Achistrum nicholsoni, Achistrum brevis, Aschistrum triassicum, Achistrum ludwigi, Rota campbelli (69302) Achistrum sp., Rota campbelli (6734)
Early/Lower Mississippian358.86 - 346.7USA (Arizona) Achistrum frizzelli, Rota martini (93776)
Kinderhookian - Osagean358.86 - 342.9USA (Montana) Rota campbelli, Rota martini, Achistrum gamma (41444) Rota campbelli, Thalattocanthus consonus, Achistrum monochordata, Achistrum bartensteini, Achistrum coloculum, Achistrum gamma (41442)
Mississippian358.86 - 323.4Afghanistan Achistrum sp., Thallatocanthus consonus (99508)
Chadian346.7 - 339.9USA (Indiana) Achistrum sp. (2207) Rota sp. (2184 2204)
Arnsbergian326.9 - 323.6United Kingdom (Scotland) Cheirodota traquairii (93311)
Bashkirian323.4 - 315.2Japan Thalattocanthus consonus (24133)
Middle Pennsylvanian315.2 - 307.0USA (Kentucky) Achistrum nicholsoni, Achistrum ludwigi, Achistrum brownwoodensis, Achistrum monochordata, Theelia hexacneme (97880)
Middle Pennsylvanian315.2 - 307.0USA (Oklahoma) Thalattocanthus consonus (93889)
Missourian306.0 - 303.7USA (Texas) Ancistrum brownwoodensis, Ancistrum ludwigi (97878) Paleochiridota plummerae (94110) Paleochiridota radiata, Paleochiridota terquemi (97876)
Virgilian303.7 - 298.9USA (Texas) Paleochiridota waylandensis (97877)
Virgilian303.7 - 298.9USA (Nebraska) Achistrum sp., Paleochiridota sp. (94391)
Asselian298.9 - 293.52USA (Kansas) Achistrum brownwoodensis (12429 97993) Ancistrum brownwoodensis (95810)
Wordian266.9 - 264.28Italy Theelia mesopermiana (97875)
Wordian266.9 - 264.28USA (Texas) Langepis campbelli, Acanthorota permiana, Acanthoschizorota variabilis (97882)
Capitanian264.28 - 259.51USA (Texas) Achistrum sp., Rota campbelli, Rota martini, Thalattocanthus consonus, Achistrum monochordata, Aboculus robustus (99860)
Wuchiapingian259.51 - 254.14Iran Achistrum monochordata, Achistrum issleri, Theelia alveata, Theelia dzhulfaensis, Theelia monicae, Theelia praeacuta (75773)
Wuchiapingian259.51 - 254.14Germany Achistrum permianum (94445)
Changhsingian254.14 - 251.902Hungary Theelia dzulfaensis (61368)
Anisian246.7 - 241.464Germany Acanthotheelia sp., Theelia sp., Acanthotheelia triassica, Theelia undata, Theelia alta, Theelia serta, Acanthotheelia spinosa (99830) Theelia immissorbicula (39214)
Anisian246.7 - 241.464Austria Acanthotheelia triassica, Theelia undata, Theelia immissorbicula, Theelia alta (99832) Theelia immissorbicula, Theelia alta (99771) Theelia serta (99831)
Anisian246.7 - 241.464Poland Achistrum sp., Calcancora sp., Theelia sp., Achistrum ludwigi, Achistrum monochordata, Theelia undata, Theelia immissorbicula, Theelia serta, Theelia subcirculata, Acanthotheelia anisica (99844)
Anisian246.7 - 241.464Italy Theelia pralongiae, Theelia multiplex (99833)
Anisian246.7 - 241.464Türkiye Theelia andrusovi (98001) Theelia sp., Theelia immisorbicula, Achistrum pulchrum (98012)
Pelsonian244.24 - 243.33Türkiye Theelia consona, Theelia planata, Theelia immisorbicula (98000) Theelia immisorbicula (97999)
Pelsonian244.24 - 243.33Austria Achistrum sp., Theelia zapfei, Theelia undata, Theelia immissorbicula, Thalathocanthus consonus (99797)
Illyrian243.33 - 241.464Slovakia Theelia patinaformis, Theelia undata, Acanthotheelia spinosa, Theelia pseudoplanata (99566)
Illyrian243.33 - 241.464Türkiye Theelia multiradiata, Theelia undulata, Theelia planata, Theelia immisorbicula (98002)
Ladinian241.464 - 237.0Italy Acanthotheelia spinosa (50972) Theelia serta, Theelia multiplex (99834)
Ladinian241.464 - 237.0Hungary Acanthotheelia verghae, Theelia undulata, Achistrum triassicum, Achistrum bartensteini, Achistrum beckmanni, Acanthotheelia ladinica, Theelia doreckae, Theelia planata, Theelia immissorbicula (99504) Theelia undulata, Achistrum triassicum, Achistrum bartensteini, Theelia doreckae, Theelia planata, Theelia immissorbicula (99503)
Ladinian241.464 - 237.0Iran Achistrum triassicum, Acanthotheelia spinosa (97874)
Ladinian241.464 - 237.0India (Uttar Pradesh) Theelia sp. (127663)
Longobardian239.48 - 237.0China (Guizhou) Acanthotheelia sp., Theelia sp. (85165)
Julian237.0 - 233.6Italy (Belluno) A. gen. et. sp. nov. 1, A. gen. et. sp. nov. 2, Theelia multiplex (207478)
Julian237.0 - 233.6Slovakia Achistrum triassicum, Acanthotheelia ladinica, Theelia koeveskalensis, Theelia lata, Theelia undata, Acanthotheelia spinosa, Theelia immisorbicula, Theelia guembeli, Theelia liptovskaensis, Theelia trammeri (57037)
Julian237.0 - 233.6Italy Acanthotheelia spinosa (50988) Theelia pralongiae, Theelia tubercula, Synapta sp., Theelia serta, Acanthotheelia spinosa (50983)
Carnian237.0 - 227.3Italy Acanthotheelia spinosa, Theelia guembeli (50981) Theelia pralongiae (50985) Theelia pralongiae, Acanthotheelia spinosa (50987) Theelia pralongiae, Theelia serta, Acanthotheelia spinosa (50982)
Carnian237.0 - 227.3Austria Theelia anguinea, Theelia latimarginata (99799)
Carnian237.0 - 227.3Thailand Theelia sp., Achistrum pulchrum (34566)
Carnian237.0 - 227.3Hungary Theelia undulata, Achistrum triassicum, Achistrum bartensteini, Theelia koeveskalensis, Theelia lata, Theelia planata, Theelia immissorbicula (99502)
Carnian - Norian237.0 - 205.7Slovenia Theelia rosetta, Acanthotheelia pulchra, Acanthotheelia triassica, Achistrum longirostrum, Theelia koeveskalensis, Theelia lata, Theelia immisorbicula, Theelia norica, Theelia praenorica, Theelia pseudoplanata, Theelia variabilis, Theelia zawidzkae (57026)
Lacian227.3 - 215.38Slovakia Acanthotheelia pulchra, Acanthotheelia rhaetica, Acanthotheelia triassica, Theelia immissorbicula, Theelia norica, Theelia petasiformis, Theelia pseudoplanata (99561)
Alaunian - Sevatian215.38 - 205.7Slovakia Theelia immissorbicula, Theelia variabilis, Theelia zawidzkae (99565)
Sevatian211.18 - 205.7Slovakia Acanthotheelia helios, Acanthotheelia rhaetica, Theelia immissorbicula, Theelia norica (99558) Acanthotheelia triassica, Theelia immissorbicula, Theelia norica, Theelia petasiformis, Theelia zawidzkae (99563) Theelia immissorbicula, Theelia petasiformis, Theelia praenorica, Theelia praeseniradiata, Theelia variabilis, Theelia zawidzkae (99562) Theelia kristanae, Theelia immissorbicula, Theelia petasiformis (100087) Theelia variabilis, Theelia stellifera, Theelia heptalampra (99568)
Sevatian211.18 - 205.7Austria (Niederösterreich) Achistrum brevis, Achistrum longirostrum, Acanthotheelia angustiperforata, Theelia conglobata, Theelia fissa (85008)
Sevatian211.18 - 205.7Serbia Theelia variabilis (221271)
Rhaetian205.7 - 201.4Slovakia Theelia corbula, Theelia sp., Theelia variabilis, Theelia stellifera (85059) Theelia rosetta (49455) Theelia rosetta, Theelia variabilis, Theelia heptalampra (100088)
Rhaetian205.7 - 201.4Austria Theelia rosetta, Theelia variabilis, Theelia heptalampra (100105) Theelia sp. (36801 36807)
Hettangian201.4 - 199.5Germany Achistrum bartensteini (93290)
Liasicus201.4 - 199.5Austria Achistrum bartensteini, Achistrum longirostrum, Theelia immissorbicula, Theelia variabilis, Theelia stellifera (227857) Achistrum bartensteini, Achistrum longirostrum, Theelia immissorbicula, Theelia variabilis, Theelia stellifera, Achistrum issleri, Theelia florida, Theelia liassica, Theelia loferensis, Theelia multiundulata (227858)
Hettangian - Sinemurian201.4 - 192.9United Kingdom (England) Achistrum monochordata, Theelia convexa, Theelia synapta (41623 41626) Achistrum monochordata, Theelia synapta (41624 41625)
Sinemurian199.5 - 192.9France (Basse-Normandie) Achistrum monochordata, Achistrum issleri (93454)
Pliensbachian192.9 - 184.2France (Basse-Normandie) Achistrum monochordata, Achistrum issleri, Chiridotites mortenseni, Chiridotites crassidentatus (93533)
Pliensbachian192.9 - 184.2France Achistrum monochordatum (106348)
Early/Lower Toarcian184.2 - 182.9France (Basse-Normandie) Chiridotites mortenseni, Chiridotites crassidentatus (93534)
Early/Lower Bajocian170.9 - 168.6Poland Achistrum monochordata (97970)
Bajocian170.9 - 168.2Egypt Hemisphaeranthos sp., Achistrum bartensteini, Theelia sinaiensis (99485)
Late/Upper Bajocian168.6 - 168.2Switzerland Holothuriopsis pawsoni (32036)
Late/Upper Bajocian168.6 - 168.2Poland Achistrum monochordata (97972) Theelia dentata (97974)
Bathonian168.2 - 165.3Egypt Achistrum bartensteini, Theelia sinaiensis (99487)
Bathonian168.2 - 165.3Jordan Theelia convexa (94009 94010)
Early/Lower Bathonian168.2 - 165.3Poland Achistrum gamma, Achistrum monochordata, Achitrum issleri, Theelia heptalampra (97976) Achistrum monochordata (97973)
Late/Upper Bathonian168.2 - 165.3Poland Achistrum sp. (141287 141292) Achistrum sp., Theelia sp., Achistrum monochordata (141291)
Middle Bathonian168.2 - 165.3Poland Achistrum gamma, Theelia heptalampra (97977) Achistrum sp. (141266 141267 141272 141273 141274 141275 141278 141279 141281 141299) Achistrum sp., Theelia sp. (141265 141268 141269 141270 141276 141277 141280 141294 141295 141297 141300 141301 141302) Hemisphaeranthos ogrodzieniecencis, Achistrum monochordata, Achitrum issleri, Theelia heptalampra (63077) Theelia sp. (141303)
Middle Bathonian - Late/Upper Bathonian168.2 - 165.3Poland Achistrum sp. (141286) Achistrum sp., Hemisphaeranthos sp., Theelia sp., Theelia dentata (141284) Achistrum sp., Theelia sp. (141283)
Callovian165.3 - 161.5India Achistrum monochrodata (133245)
Callovian165.3 - 161.5Egypt Achistrum bartensteini (99486)
Callovian165.3 - 161.5Germany (Brandenburg) Chiridotidae indet., Myriotrochidae indet. (32016)
Late/Upper Callovian165.3 - 161.5Poland Achistrum monochordata, Achistrum gamma (63064)
Middle Oxfordian161.5 - 154.8Switzerland Theelia sp., Achistrum issleri (58568)
Oxfordian161.5 - 154.8United Kingdom (England) Achistrum monochordata (94456 94457) Achistrum monochordata, Achistrum gamma (94467) Achistrum monochordata, Achistrum gamma, Achistrum issleri (94458) Achistrum monochordata, Achistrum issleri, Theelia convexa (94466) Achistrum monochordata, Theelia convexa (94459) Achistrum spp. (94463) Achistrum spp., Achistrum monochordata (94460) Achistrum spp., Achistrum monochordata, Achistrum gamma, Achistrum issleri, Theelia convexa (94465) Achistrum spp., Achistrum monochordata, Achistrum issleri, Achistrum bichordata, Adencrum sp., Theelia convexa (94461) Synaptites sp., Achistrum monochordata, Achistrum issleri, Theelia convexa (94462)
Oxfordian161.5 - 154.8France (Basse Normandie) Chiridotites speciosus, Auricularites parviradiatus, Auricularites arcuatus, Costigerites piveteaui, Achistrulum issleri (94628)
Late/Upper Oxfordian157.9 - 154.8Poland Achistrum issleri (78597) Achistrum monochordata (78598) Theelia heptalampra (78599)
Late/Upper Oxfordian157.9 - 154.8United Kingdom (Yorkshire) Achistrum gamma, Achistrum monochordata, Achistrum bichordata, Achistrum pilgrimi, Achistrum trichordata, Achistrum issleri (94289)
Early/Lower Kimmeridgian154.8 - 152.21Poland Achistrum issleri (78621) Achistrum monochordata (78618) Achistrum monochordata, Achistrum issleri (78627) Theelia wartensis (78619)
Aptian121.4 - 113.2Austria Theelia staurolithensis (100032)
Albian113.2 - 100.5Poland Achistrum monochordata (94087)
Early/Lower Turonian93.9 - 89.8Jordan Calcancora sp., Rigaudites sp., Theelia venusta (97884)
Middle Turonian93.9 - 89.8Poland Synaptidae indet., Theelia kutscheri, Hemisphaeranthos frankei, Calcancora venusta, Rigaudites ernsti (97983)
Early/Lower Maastrichtian72.2 - 66.0Germany (Mecklenburg-Vorpommern) Calcancora pomerania, Rigaudites nudus, Trematrochus smirnovi, Hemisphaeranthos simplex (32022)
Ypresian56.0 - 48.07France Synaptites cuvillieri (94693)
Lutetian48.07 - 41.03France Synapta stueri, Synapta renifera, Synapta circularis, Synapta laevigata, Synapta truncata, Chirodota circulum, Chirodota undulata, Synapta eocoena (94590)
Rupelian33.9 - 27.3Germany (Holstein) Synaptites spectabilis (93722)
Early/Lower Miocene23.04 - 15.98Chile Chiridotidae indet. (46977)
Sarmatian12.8 - 11.63Poland Croneisites sp., Croneisites insignis, Croneisites polonicus (97982)
Pleistocene2.58 - 0.0117India Calcancora kistnai (97984)