PBDB Taxon

Basic info	Taxonomic history	Classification	Included Taxa
Morphology	Ecology and taphonomy	External Literature Search	Age range and collections

Amynodontidae

Mammalia - Perissodactyla - Amynodontidae

Taxonomy

Amynodontidae was named by Scott and Osborn (1883).

It was reranked as the subfamily Amynodontinae by Peterson (1919).

It was assigned to Hyracodontidae by Peterson (1919); and to Rhinocerotoidea by Hay (1902), Hough (1955), Radinsky (1966), Wall and Manning (1986), Carroll (1988), Prothero and Schoch (1989), Dashzeveg (1996), Holbrook (1999) and Wang et al. (2016).

Subtaxa

Amynodon, Amynodontinae, Amynodontopsis, Andarakodon, Cadurcodontini, Cadurcotheriinae, Gigantamynodon, Gigantamynodon cessator, Gigantamynodon giganteus, Gigantamynodon maguanensis, Metamynodontini, Orthocynodon, Paramynodontinae, Rostriamynodon, Rostriamynodontinae, Sharamynodon (syn. Lushiamynodon)

Synonyms

Paramynodontinae was named by Kretzoi (1942). It is not extant.

It was considered an invalid subgroup of Amynodontidae by Wall and Manning (1986).

It was assigned to Amynodontidae by Kretzoi (1942).
Cadurcotheriinae was named by Kretzoi (1942). It is not extant.

It was considered an invalid subgroup of Amynodontidae by Wall and Manning (1986).

It was assigned to Amynodontidae by Kretzoi (1942).
Gigantamynodon cessator was named by Gromova (1954). It is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is Khoer Dzan slope, which is in an Eocene terrestrial gravel in the Ergilin Dzo Formation of Mongolia.

It was considered a nomen dubium by Lucas and Emry (1996).
Gigantamynodon maguanensis was named by Qi (1992). Its type specimen is IVPP V10130, a maxilla, and it is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is Maguan coal mine, which is in an Oligocene terrestrial coal in China.

It was considered a nomen dubium by Averianov et al. (2017).
Gigantamynodon giganteus was named by Xu (1961). Its type specimen is IVPP V2594, a mandible, and it is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is Caijiachong (Young and Bien original site), which is in an Eocene terrestrial horizon in the Caijiachong Formation of China.

It was considered a nomen dubium by Averianov et al. (2017).
Gigantamynodon was named by Gromova (1954).

It was considered a nomen dubium by Lucas and Emry (1996).

It was assigned to Metamynodontini by Wall and Manning (1986); and to Amynodontidae by Carroll (1988), Prothero and Schoch (1989) and Qi (1992).

Synonymy list

Year	Name and author
1883	Amynodontidae Scott and Osborn p. 4
1902	Amynodontidae Hay p. 641
1919	Amynodontinae Peterson p. 130
1942	Cadurcotheriinae Kretzoi
1942	Paramynodontinae Kretzoi
1954	Gigantamynodon Gromova
1954	Gigantamynodon cessator Gromova
1955	Amynodontidae Hough p. 32
1961	Gigantamynodon giganteus Xu
1966	Amynodontidae Radinsky p. 631
1986	Amynodontidae Wall and Manning p. 911
1986	Gigantamynodon Wall and Manning p. 917
1988	Amynodontidae Carroll
1988	Gigantamynodon Carroll
1989	Amynodontidae Prothero and Schoch p. 534
1989	Gigantamynodon Prothero and Schoch p. 534
1992	Gigantamynodon Qi
1992	Gigantamynodon maguanensis Qi
1996	Amynodontidae Dashzeveg p. 8
1999	Amynodontidae Holbrook p. 346
2016	Amynodontidae Wang et al.

Is something missing? Join the Paleobiology Database and enter the data

Rank	Name	Author
kingdom	Animalia	()
—	Bilateria
—	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
—	Deuterostomia
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1874
subphylum	Vertebrata
superclass	Gnathostomata
—	Osteichthyes	()
subclass	Sarcopterygii	()
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha	(Nelson 2006)
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha	()
—	Tetrapoda
—	Reptiliomorpha
—	Anthracosauria
subclass	Amphibiosauria	Kuhn 1967
—	Cotylosauria	()
—	Amniota
subclass	Synapsida
—	Therapsida	()
infraorder	Cynodontia	()
—	Mammaliamorpha

Rank	Name	Author
—	Mammaliaformes
class	Mammalia
—	Cladotheria
—	Zatheria
subclass	Tribosphenida	()
subclass	Theria
—	Eutheria	()
—	Placentalia
—	Boreoeutheria
—	Laurasiatheria
—	Scrotifera
—	Euungulata
—	Panperissodactyla
superorder	Perissodactylamorpha
order	Perissodactyla	()
—	Tapiromorpha	(Haeckel 1873)
—	Ceratomorpha	(Wood 1937)
superfamily	Rhinocerotoidea
family	Amynodontidae
family	Amynodontidae

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Fm. †Amynodontidae Scott and Osborn 1883

show all | hide all

G. †Amynodon Marsh 1877

†Amynodon advenus Marsh 1875

Invalid names: Amynodon erectus Troxell 1921 [synonym], Amynodon intermedius Osborn 1890 [synonym], Orthocynodon antiquus Scott and Osborn 1882 [synonym]

†Amynodon altidens Xu and Chiu 1962

†Amynodon alxaensis Qi 1975

†Amynodon lunanensis Chow 1964

†Amynodon reedi Stock 1939

†Amynodon watanabei Tokunaga 1926

G. †Amynodontopsis Stock 1933

†Amynodontopsis bodei Stock 1933

†Amynodontopsis jiyuanensis Wang et al. 2020

G. †Andarakodon Averianov and Potapova 1996

†Andarakodon kirghisiensis Belyaeva 1971

Tr. †Cadurcodontini

G. †Cadurcodon Kretzoi 1942

†Cadurcodon ardynense Osborn 1924

†Cadurcodon ardynensis Osborn 1924

Invalid names: Cadurcodon zaisanensis Belyaeva 1962 [synonym], Hypsamynodon tuskabakensis Biryukov 1963 [synonym]

†Cadurcodon bahoensis Xu 1965

†Cadurcodon houldjinensis Wang et al. 2009

†Cadurcodon kazakademius Biryukov 1961

†Cadurcodon maomingensis Averianov et al. 2017

†Cadurcodon suhaituensis Xu 1966

Invalid names: Paracadurcodon Xu 1966 [synonym], Sianodon Xu 1965 [synonym]

G. †Cadurcotherium Gervais 1873

†Cadurcotherium cayluxi Gervais 1873

Invalid names: Cadurcotherium nouleti Roman and Joleaud 1909 [synonym]

†Cadurcotherium minus Filhol 1880

†Cadurcotherium rakoveci Malez and Thenius 1985

Invalid names: Cadurcamynodon Kretzoi 1942 [synonym], Hypsamynodon Gromova 1954 [synonym]

G. †Procadurcodon Gromova 1960

†Procadurcodon orientalis Gromov 1960

G. †Zaisanamynodon Belyaeva 1971

†Zaisanamynodon borisovi Belyaeva 1971

†Zaisanamynodon protheroi Lucas 2006

Tr. †Metamynodontini Kretzoi 1942

G. †Megalamynodon Wood 1945

†Megalamynodon regalis Wood 1945

G. †Metamynodon Scott and Osborn 1887

†Metamynodon chadronensis Wood 1937

†Metamynodon mckinneyi Wilson and Schiebout 1981

†Metamynodon planifrons Scott and Osborn 1887

Invalid names: Metamynodon rex Troxell 1921 [synonym]

Invalid names: Cadurcopsis Kretzoi 1942 [synonym]

G. †Paramynodon Matthew 1829

G. †Sellamynodon Tissier et al. 2018

†Sellamynodon zimborensis Tissier et al. 2018

G. †Orthocynodon Scott and Osborn 1882

G. †Rostriamynodon Wall and Manning 1986

†Rostriamynodon grangeri Wall and Manning 1986

G. †Sharamynodon Kretozi 1942

†Sharamynodon kirghisensis Belyaeva 1971

†Sharamynodon mongoliensis Osborn 1936

Invalid names: Lushiamynodon Chow and Xu 1965 [synonym]

Invalid names: Amynodontinae Scott and Osborn 1883 [empty], Cadurcotheriinae Kretzoi 1942 [invalid subgroup], Gigantamynodon Gromova 1954 [nomen dubium], Gigantamynodon cessator Gromova 1954 [nomen dubium], Gigantamynodon giganteus Xu 1961 [nomen dubium], Gigantamynodon maguanensis Qi 1992 [nomen dubium], Paramynodontinae Kretzoi 1942 [invalid subgroup], Rostriamynodontinae Wall and Manning 1986 [empty]

Diagnosis

No diagnoses are available

Measurements

No measurements are available

Composition:

phosphaticsubp

Environment:

terrestrialsubc

Locomotion:

actively mobilec

Life habit:

ground dwellingf

Diet:

browserf

Reproduction:

viviparoussubc

Created:

2005-08-31 15:05:00

Modified:

2005-08-31 17:05:00

Source: f = family, subc = subclass, c = class, subp = subphylum

References: Wall 1998, Carroll 1988, Hendy et al. 2009, Lillegraven 1979, Ji et al. 2002

Age range: base of the Ypresian to the top of the Early/Lower Pleistocene or 56.00000 to 0.78100 Ma

Collections (196 total)

Time interval	Ma	Country or state	Original ID and collection number
Ypresian	56.0 - 47.8	Kyrgyzstan (Osh)	Lushiamynodon kirghisensis (28490)
Ypresian - Lutetian	56.0 - 41.3	Hungary	Amynodontidae indet. (52670)
Sharamurunian	56.0 - 37.71	Russian Federation	Zaisanamynodon protheroi, Procadurcodon orientalis (192038)
Sharamurunian	56.0 - 37.71	China (Shanxi)	Amynodon sinensis (41117) Amynodon sinensis, Amynodon mongoliensis (42197) Cadurcotherium ardynense, Amynodon mongoliensis, Cadurcodon ardynensis (42198) Cadurcotherium ardynense, Cadurcodon ardynensis (42194) Sianodon sinensis (41116)
Sharamurunian	56.0 - 37.71	China (Henan)	Amynodon sinensis, Cadurcotherium ardynense, Amynodon mongoliensis (41120) Amynodontopsis jiyuanensis (208038) Lushiamynodon obesus, Sianodon sinensis, Sianodon chiyuanensis (42563)
Lutetian - Bartonian	47.8 - 38.0	Hungary	Amynodontopsis bodei (191755)
Lutetian - Bartonian	47.8 - 38.0	China (Guangdong)	Cadurcodon maomingensis (151737)
Middle Eocene	47.8 - 37.71	China (Yunnan)	Amynodon lunanensis, Amynodon sp. (180768) Amynodon sp., Metamynodon sp., Amynodon altidens (36668)
Middle Eocene	47.8 - 37.71	Kazakhstan	Sharamynodon mongoliensis (180389)
Middle Eocene	47.8 - 37.71	China (Guangxi)	Amynodon sp., Gigantamynodon sp., Paramynodon sp. (190964)
Middle Eocene	47.8 - 37.71	China (Nei Mongol)	Amynodon mongoliensis (174962) Amynodontidae indet. (28790) Amynodontidae indet., Amynodon mongoliensis, Sianodon ulausuensis, Gigantamynodon promisus, Lushiamynodon sharamurenensis (28786) Amynodontidae indet., Cadurcodon sp. (28789) Lushiamynodon sharamurenensis (28792) Rostriamynodon grangeri (11740)
Middle Eocene	47.8 - 37.71	USA (Oregon)	Procadurcodon sp. (16842)
Middle Eocene	47.8 - 37.71	China (Henan)	Gigantamynodon sp., Amynodon sinensis, Amynodon mongoliensis, Lushiamynodon wuchengensis (180777) Lushiamynodon menchiapuensis, Sianodon honanensis (46193) Sianodon mienchiensis (42165) Sianodon sinensis (180849)
Middle Eocene - Late/Upper Eocene	47.8 - 33.9	Mongolia	Amynodontidae indet. (39810)
Middle Eocene - Late/Upper Eocene	47.8 - 33.9	Japan (Yamaguchi)	Amynodon watanabei (183065)
Middle Eocene - Late/Upper Eocene	47.8 - 33.9	Japan	Amynodon watanabei (183024) Zaisanamynodon protheroi (183063 183064)
Early/Lower Uintan	46.2 - 39.7	USA (California)	Amynodon reedi (16669 16679) Amynodontidae indet. (16763)
Early/Lower Uintan	46.2 - 39.7	USA (Texas)	Amynodon advenus (16528 16650 16651)
Late/Upper Uintan	46.2 - 39.7	USA (California)	Amynodontidae indet. (16585)
Late/Upper Uintan	46.2 - 39.7	USA (Montana)	Amynodon advenus (16551)
Late/Upper Uintan	46.2 - 39.7	USA (Texas)	Amynodon advenus (16542) Amynodon sp. (16614)
Uintan	46.2 - 39.7	USA (Utah)	Amynodon advenus (16589 16607 16654 222805) Amynodon advenus, Amynodon reedi (16646) Amynodon sp. (16656) Megalamynodon regalis (16637)
Uintan	46.2 - 39.7	USA (Texas)	Amynodon advenus (16653) Amynodon sp. (16539) Amynodontidae indet. (16534 16537) Metamynodon mckinneyi (16599 16633)
Uintan	46.2 - 39.7	USA (Wyoming)	Amynodon advenus (16512 16520 16523 16648 223472) Amynodon sp. (16507 16511 16556 16557 16559 16560 16562 16569 16571 16580 16582 16630 16645 16649 223455) Amynodontidae indet. (16513 16517)
Uintan	46.2 - 39.7	USA (California)	Amynodon advenus (16510 16792) Amynodon intermedius (16541) Amynodon sp. (16526 16544 16791) Amynodon sp., Amynodontopsis bodei (16590) Amynodontidae indet. (16591) Rhinocerotoidea indet. (16790)
Uintan	46.2 - 39.7	USA (Montana)	Amynodon sp. (222918 222919)
Uintan - Duchesnean	46.2 - 37.0	USA (California)	Amynodon reedi (16533)
Bartonian	41.3 - 38.0	Myanmar	Metamynodon birmanicus (41158 41163 41207) Metamynodon birmanicus, Metamynodon cotteri (41331) Metamynodon cotteri (41104 41456) Paramynodon birmanicus (41180 41264 41281 41282 41283 41285 41287 41290 41291 41304 41307 41313 41314 41315 41316 41317 41318 41320 41321 41323)
Bartonian - Priabonian	41.3 - 33.9	Bulgaria	Cadurcodon ardynense (193753 193754)
Bartonian - Rupelian	41.3 - 28.1	Mexico (Oaxaca)	Amynodontopsis sp. (166797)
Duchesnean	39.7 - 37.0	USA (New Mexico)	Amynodon sp. (16872)
Duchesnean	39.7 - 37.0	USA (California)	Amynodon sp. (16527) Amynodontopsis bodei (16805 16806 16808 16810 16811 16850)
Duchesnean	39.7 - 37.0	USA (South Dakota)	Amynodontopsis bodei (16823 16824 16825)
Duchesnean	39.7 - 37.0	USA (Texas)	Amynodontopsis bodei (16838 16841 16856 16857) Metamynodon sp. (16828 16835)
Priabonian	38.0 - 33.9	Romania (Cluj)	Amynodontopsis bodei (191754)
Chadronian	37.2 - 33.9	USA (South Dakota)	Metamynodon chadronensis (17012)
Early/Lower Chadronian	37.2 - 33.9	USA (Wyoming)	Metamynodon planifrons (16906)
Houldjinian	37.2 - 33.9	China (Nei Mongol)	Cadurcodon ardynensis, Cadurcotherium sp. (72147)
Late/Upper Eocene	37.2 - 33.9	Mongolia	Cadurcotherium ardynense (73781)
Late/Upper Eocene	37.2 - 33.9	Mongolia (Dornogobi Aimag)	Amynodontidae indet. (152082)
Late/Upper Eocene	37.2 - 33.9	China (Xinjiang)	Amynodontidae indet., Cadurcodon ardynensis, Gigantamynodon giganteus (174976 174977)
Late/Upper Eocene	37.2 - 33.9	Mongolia (Dornogov)	Amynodontidae indet., Cadurcodon sp. (205811) Cadurcodon ardynensis (38303 38309) Cadurcodon sp. (176016) Gigantamynodon sp. (174918) Gigantamynodon sp., Cadurcodon ardynensis, Gigantamynodon cessator (174716)
Late/Upper Eocene	37.2 - 33.9	China (Yunnan)	Cadurcodon sp., Metamynodon sp., Cadurcodon ardynensis, Gigantamynodon giganteus (182580)
Late/Upper Eocene	37.2 - 33.9	China (Nei Mongol)	Cadurcodon houldjinensis (174913 182572 182573 182574) Zaisanamynodon borisovi (180941)
Late/Upper Eocene	37.2 - 33.9	Japan	Zaisanamynodon borisovi (183071)
Late/Upper Eocene	37.2 - 33.9	Kazakhstan	Zaisanamynodon borisovi (177066)
Ulangochuian	37.2 - 33.9	China (Nei Mongol)	Amynodon mongoliensis, Zaisanamynodon borisovi (73811) Zaisanamynodon borisovi (73810 180943)
Late/Upper Eocene - Early/Lower Oligocene	37.2 - 28.4	China (shaanxi)	Amynodon sp., Sianodon gaowangouensis (42749) Sianodon bahoensis (42690) Sianodon sp., Sianodon bahoensis (42688)
Late/Upper Eocene - Early/Lower Oligocene	37.2 - 28.4	Romania	Sellamynodon zimborensis (191753)
Late/Upper Eocene - Early/Lower Oligocene	37.2 - 28.4	Japan	Amynodontidae indet. (183069 183072)
Orellan	33.9 - 33.3	USA (Mississippi)	Metamynodon planifrons (17071 163855)
Orellan	33.9 - 33.3	USA (Wyoming)	Metamynodon sp. (17064)
Orellan	33.9 - 33.3	USA (South Dakota)	Metamynodon planifrons (17141) Metamynodon sp. (17295)
Orellan	33.9 - 33.3	USA (North Dakota)	Metamynodon sp. (17101)
Early/Lower Oligocene	33.9 - 28.4	Kazakhstan	Cadurcodon ardynensis, Amynodon tuskabakensis (177065) Cadurcodon kazakademius (177063)
Early/Lower Oligocene	33.9 - 28.4	China (Nei Mongol)	Amynodon alxaensis (180730) Amynodontidae indet., Amynodon alxaensis, Paracadurcodon suhaituensis (174915) Cadurcodon sp. (174759) Paracadurcodon sp. (180729) Sianodon sp., Paracadurcodon suhaituensis (180776)
Early/Lower Oligocene	33.9 - 28.4	China (Yunnan)	Amynodontidae indet. (175142)
MP 22 - MP 23	33.9 - 28.4	France	Cadurcotherium cayluxi (193752)
MP 24	33.9 - 28.4	France	Cadurcotherium cayluxi (193751)
Rupelian	33.9 - 28.1	Switzerland (Canton Jura)	Cadurcotherium minus (182608)
MP 25	33.9 - 23.03	France (Alpes-de-Haute Provence)	Cadurcotherium cayluxi (183364)
MP 25	33.9 - 23.03	Spain (Cuenca)	Cadurcotherium nouleti (184097)
Oligocene	33.9 - 23.03	China (Yunnan)	Gigantamynodon maguanensis (180722)
Oligocene	33.9 - 23.03	Kazakhstan	Cadurcodon zaisanensis (177064)
Oligocene	33.9 - 23.03	France (Haute-Loire)	Cadurcotherium minus (181111)
Late/Upper Oligocene	28.4 - 23.03	Japan	Amynodon sp. (183070)
Late/Upper Oligocene	28.4 - 23.03	Kazakhstan (Aktyubinskaya)	Cadurcodon kazakademius (73994)
Late/Upper Oligocene	28.4 - 23.03	Bosnia and Herzegovina	Cadurcotherium rakoveci (193750)
Late/Upper Oligocene	28.4 - 23.03	Pakistan (Baluchistan)	Cadurcotherium sp. (179812)
Chattian	28.1 - 23.03	Japan (Fukuoka)	Amynodon sp. (45832)
Chattian	28.1 - 23.03	France	Cadurcotherium cayluxi (60281)
Late/Upper Pliocene - Early/Lower Pleistocene	3.6 - 0.781	Myanmar	Paramynodon birmanicus (41265)