PBDB Taxon

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Stigmosphaerostylus

Protozoa - Entactinaria - Entactiniidae

Taxonomy

Stigmosphaerostylus was named by Rüst (1892) [Sepkoski's age data: C l]. Its type is Stigmosphaerostylus notabilis.

It was assigned to Radiolaria by Aitchison and Stratford (1997); to Spumellaria by Sepkoski (2002); to Entactiniinae by Aitchison et al. (1999), Wang et al. (2003), Thassanapak (2015); and to Entactiniidae by Noble et al. (2017).

Species

Apophysisphaera elegans, Apophysisphaera membranacea, Apophysisphaera parva, Apophysisphaera rosae, Astroentactinia biaciculata, Astroentactinia capitanensis, Astroentactinia crassata, Astroentactinia crubellata, Astroentactinia deorsiacus, Astroentactinia digitosa, Astroentactinia echinosimilis, Astroentactinia erinacea, Astroentactinia formosa, Astroentactinia inscita, Astroentactinia luxuria, Astroentactinia mendosa, Astroentactinia mirousi, Astroentactinia miscella, Astroentactinia paronae, Astroentactinia pauxilla, Astroentactinia porosa, Astroentactinia praeacudura, Astroentactinia radiata, Astroentactinia ramificans, Astroentactinia rusaevi, Astroentactinia spatiosa, Astroentactinia speciosa, Astroentactinia stellaesimilis, Astroentactinia stellata, Astroentactinia tantilla, Astroentactinia tikhomirovi, Astroentactinia valentiniae, Astroentactinia vishnevskayae, Entactinia additiva, Entactinia akdymensis, Entactinia americana, Entactinia aperticuva, Entactinia atypica, Entactinia austrouralica, Entactinia bella, Entactinia bifida, Entactinia bogdanovi, Entactinia brilonensis, Entactinia carbonica, Entactinia cometes, Entactinia complanata, Entactinia consociata, Entactinia crustescens, Entactinia dasysa, Entactinia delvolvei, Entactinia densa, Entactinia densissima, Entactinia dianae, Entactinia dimidiata, Entactinia dissora, Entactinia diversita, Entactinia dolichoacus, Entactinia duksundiensis, Entactinia eiklaensis, Entactinia elongata, Entactinia exilispina, Entactinia faceta, Entactinia foveolata, Entactinia haeckeliana, Entactinia hercula, Entactinia herculea, Entactinia hindeiana, Entactinia hirsuta, Entactinia hoxtolgayensis, Entactinia inaequoporosa, Entactinia iriensis, Entactinia leptura, Entactinia mediforma, Entactinia meishanensis, Entactinia micropora, Entactinia micula, Entactinia minuta, Entactinia mixta, Entactinia modesta, Entactinia monalloea, Entactinia morii, Entactinia multispinosa, Entactinia octaculeata, Entactinia octaparvispina, Entactinia octaradiata, Entactinia ormistoni, Entactinia oumonhaoensis, Entactinia pantosompha, Entactinia pantotolma, Entactinia parapycnoclada, Entactinia parva, Entactinia parviporosa, Entactinia patorovaria, Entactinia paula, Entactinia perplexa, Entactinia pillaraense, Entactinia pinrasensis, Entactinia postadditiva, Entactinia praenuntia, Entactinia praepycnoclada, Entactinia proceraspina, Entactinia prodigialis, Entactinia pycnoclada, Entactinia quantilla, Entactinia reticulata, Entactinia rostriformis, Entactinia sashidai, Entactinia sexradiata, Entactinia sheeprockensis, Entactinia somphorhips, Entactinia spinifera, Entactinia spinosa, Entactinia spongia, Entactinia spongites, Entactinia strena, Entactinia suave, Entactinia subulata, Entactinia sychnacanthina, Entactinia tenuiacerosa, Entactinia tortispina, Entactinia tyrrelli, Entactinia unispina, Entactinia vulgaris, Entactinia wangi, Entactinia ximengensis, Entactinia xinjiangensis, Inaequalientactinia deflandrei, Inaequalientactinia gourmelonae, Inaequalientactinia parva, Inaequalientactinia typica, Inaequalientactinia wuppertalensis, S. bazhaiensis, S. coronatus, S. cubicus, S. dobruskinae, S. favusa, S. gogoensis, S. horrida, S. hystricuosa, S. inaequalis, S. istanbulensis, S. itsukaichiensis, S. leveni, S. meyeni, S. notabilis (type species), S. profundisulcus, S. pusilla, S. qinzhouensis, S. sakmaraensis, S. variospina, S. wildei, S. yaoi

Species lacking formal opinion data

S. dimidiata, S. dissora, S. turkensis

Synonyms

Entactinia was named by Foreman (1963) [Sepkoski's age data: Cm Atda-u P Guad-u Sepkoski's reference number: 2,579].

It was synonymized subjectively with Stigmosphaerostylus by Aitchison et al. (1999), Wang et al. (2003), Noble et al. (2017).

It was assigned to Entactiniinae by Nazarov and Ormiston (1983), Aitchison (1993); to Spumellaria by Sepkoski (2002); and to Entactiniidae by Won (1997), De Wever et al. (2001), Feng et al. (2004).
Astroentactinia was named by Nazarov (1975) [Sepkoski's age data: D Eife P Leon-l Sepkoski's reference number: 536]. Its type is Astroentactinia ramificans.

It was synonymized subjectively with Entactinia by Won (1997); it was synonymized subjectively with Stigmosphaerostylus by Noble et al. (2017).

It was assigned to Polyentactiniinae by Nazarov and Ormiston (1983); to Spumellaria by Sepkoski (2002); to Astroentactiniinae by Aitchison (1993), Wang et al. (2003); and to Entactiniidae by Feng et al. (2004).
Stigmosphaerostylus inaequalis was named by Hinde (1899). It is not extant.

It was considered a nomen dubium by Aitchison et al. (2017).
Apophysisphaera was named by Won (1997). It is not extant.

It was synonymized subjectively with Entactinia by De Wever et al. (2001); it was synonymized subjectively with Stigmosphaerostylus by Noble et al. (2017).

It was assigned to Retentactiniinae by Won (1997).
Inaequalientactinia was named by Won (1991). Its type is Inaequalientactinia typica.

It was synonymized subjectively with Entactinia by Won (1997), De Wever et al. (2001); it was synonymized subjectively with Stigmosphaerostylus by Noble et al. (2017).
Palaeoxyphostylus was named by Won (1983).

It was synonymized subjectively with Entactinia by Won (1997), De Wever et al. (2001); it was synonymized subjectively with Stigmosphaerostylus by Noble et al. (2017).

Synonymy list

Year	Name and author
1892	Stigmosphaerostylus Rüst
1899	Stigmosphaerostylus inaequalis Hinde
1963	Entactinia Foreman
1975	Astroentactinia Nazarov
1983	Astroentactinia Nazarov and Ormiston
1983	Entactinia Nazarov and Ormiston
1983	Palaeoxyphostylus Won
1991	Inaequalientactinia Won
1993	Astroentactinia Aitchison
1993	Entactinia Aitchison
1997	Stigomosphaerostylus Aitchison and Stratford p. 380
1997	Apophysisphaera Won
1997	Entactinia Won
1999	Stigmosphaerostylus Aitchison et al. p. 148
2001	Entactinia De Wever et al. p. 180
2002	Astroentactinia Sepkoski
2002	Entactinia Sepkoski
2002	Stigmosphaerostylus Sepkoski
2003	Astroentactinia Wang et al. p. 130
2003	Stigmosphaerostylus Wang et al. p. 132
2004	Entactinia Feng et al. p. 384
2004	Astroentactinia Feng et al. p. 387
2015	Stigmosphaerostylus Thassanapak p. 129
2017	Stigmosphaerostylus Noble et al. p. 448

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Rank	Name	Author
—	Life
—	Eukaryota	()
class	Protozoa	Goldfuss 1820
subphylum	Sarcodina	Schmarda 1871
class	Reticularea	Lankester 1885

Rank	Name	Author
subclass	Radiolaria	(Müller 1858)
superorder	Polycystina	(Ehrenberg 1838)
order	Entactinaria	Kozur and Mostler 1982
family	Entactiniidae	Riedel 1967
genus	Stigmosphaerostylus	Rüst 1892

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

G. †Stigmosphaerostylus Rüst 1892

show all | hide all

†Stigmosphaerostylus bazhaiensis Wang 2009

†Stigmosphaerostylus coronatus Kozur and Mostler 1989

†Stigmosphaerostylus cubicus Luo et al. 2002

†Stigmosphaerostylus dobruskinae Kozur and Mostler 1989

†Stigmosphaerostylus favusa Maldonado and Noble 2010

†Stigmosphaerostylus gogoensis Aitchison 1993

†Stigmosphaerostylus horrida Furutani 1983

†Stigmosphaerostylus hystricuosa Aitchison 1993

†Stigmosphaerostylus istanbulensis Noble et al. 2008

†Stigmosphaerostylus itsukaichiensis Sashida and Tonishi 1985

†Stigmosphaerostylus leveni Kozur and Mostler 1989

†Stigmosphaerostylus meyeni Kozur and Mostler 1989

†Stigmosphaerostylus notabilis Rüst 1892

†Stigmosphaerostylus profundisulcus Aitchison 1993

†Stigmosphaerostylus pusilla Hinde 1899

†Stigmosphaerostylus qinzhouensis Wang 2012

†Stigmosphaerostylus sakmaraensis Kozur and Mostler 1989

†Stigmosphaerostylus variospina Won 1983

†Stigmosphaerostylus wildei Noble and Jin 2010

†Stigmosphaerostylus yaoi Kozur and Mostler 1989

Invalid names: Apophysisphaera Won 1997 [synonym], Astroentactinia Nazarov 1975 [synonym], Entactinia Foreman 1963 [synonym], Inaequalientactinia Won 1991 [synonym], Palaeoxyphostylus Won 1983 [synonym], Stigmosphaerostylus inaequalis Hinde 1899 [nomen dubium]

Diagnosis

No diagnoses are available

Measurements

No measurements are available

Composition:

silicap

Environment:

marinep

Locomotion:

passively mobilep

Life habit:

planktonicp

Diet:

omnivorep

Created:

2005-01-28 01:13:47

Modified:

2005-01-28 03:13:47

Source: p = phylum

Reference: Kiessling 1999

Age range: base of the Caradoc to the top of the Spathian or 458.20000 to 246.70000 Ma

Collections (184 total)

Time interval	Ma	Country or state	Original ID and collection number
Llandeilo - Caradoc	461.1 - 449.5	Kazakhstan	Entactinia dasysa (37829)
Caradoc	458.2 - 449.5	USA (Nevada)	Entactinia sublata, Entactinia spongia (13498)
Pragian	413.02 - 410.62	Australia (Queensland)	S. sp. A, S. sp. B, S. horrida (90987)
Emsian	410.62 - 393.47	Australia (Queensland)	S. sp. (90986)
Eifelian	393.47 - 387.95	Australia (Queensland)	S. sp. (90989) S. sp. B, S. hystricuosa, S. profundisulcus (90991)
Givetian	387.95 - 382.31	China (Yunnan)	S. dissora, S. sp. A (90904) S. sp. (90907)
Givetian	387.95 - 382.31	Australia (Queensland)	S. sp. B, S. gogoensis (90992)
Early/Lower Frasnian	382.31 - 379.0	Australia (Western Australia)	Entactinia sp., Entactinia gogoense, Entactinia hystricuosa, Entactinia profundisulcus, Apophysisphaera elegans, Apophysisphaera parva, Apophysisphaera membranacea, Apophysisphaera rosae, Astroentactinia radiata, Entactinia aperticuva, Entactinia haeckeliana, Entactinia hindeiana, Entactinia mediforma, Entactinia octaradiata, Entactinia pillaraense, Entactinia proceraspina, Entactinia sexradiata, Apophysisphaera gogoense, Astroentactinia stellata (233596)
Frasnian	382.31 - 372.15	Australia (Western Australia)	Entactinia dissora, Entactinia micula, Entactinia additiva, Astroentactinia stellata, Astroentactinia paronae (233600)
Frasnian	382.31 - 372.15	Russian Federation (Northern Urals)	Entactinia sp. (12330)
Late/Upper Devonian	382.31 - 358.86	USA (Ohio)	Entactinia cometes, Entactinia crustescens, Entactinia exilispina, Entactinia herculea, Entactinia monalloea, Entactinia pantosompha, Entactinia paula, Entactinia spongites, Entactinia additiva, Entactinia sychnacanthina (142363) Entactinia cometes, Entactinia crustescens, Entactinia exilispina, Entactinia herculea, Entactinia spongites (142361) Entactinia herculea, Entactinia micula, Entactinia pantosompha, Entactinia quantilla, Entactinia somphorhips, Entactinia spongites (142358)
Late/Upper Frasnian	375.2 - 372.15	China (Yunnan)	S. sp. B, S. dimidiata (90908) S. variospina (90906)
Late/Upper Frasnian	375.2 - 372.15	China (Guizhou)	Astroentactinia sp., S. variospina (90909)
Early/Lower Famennian	372.15 - 368.5	Russian Federation (Northern Urals)	Entactinia grandis (12333) Entactinia sp. (12335)
Famennian	372.15 - 358.86	China (Guangxi)	Astroentactinia sp., S. sp. (90911)
Tournaisian	358.86 - 346.7	Germany	Entactinia palimbola, Entactinia tortispina (90999) Entactinia tortispina, Astroentactinia biaciculata, Astroentactinia radiata (91000) Entactinia variospina (90996) Entactinia variospina, Entactinia tortispina (90994)
Chadian	346.7 - 339.9	Thailand	Astroentactinia multispinoasa, Entactinia vulgaris, Entactinia tortispina (90896 90897 90898 90899)
Visean	346.7 - 330.3	Germany	Entactinia variospina, Astroentactinia radiata, Astroentactinia mirousi (91002)
Late/Upper Pennsylvanian	307.0 - 298.9	Mexico (Puebla)	Entactinia sp. (91003)
Missourian	306.0 - 303.7	Mexico (Puebla)	Entactinia parva (91005) Entactinia sp. (91004)
Asselian	298.9 - 293.52	Thailand	Entactinia sp. (91006)
Leonardian	286.0 - 274.4	USA (Oregon)	Entactinia sp. (95632)
Leonardian	286.0 - 274.4	USA (Alaska)	Entactinia itsukaichiensis, Entactinia modesta (91031)
Leonardian - Guadalupian	286.0 - 259.51	USA (Oregon)	Entactinia sp., Entactinia itsukaichiensis, Entactinia modesta (95629)
Kungurian	283.3 - 274.4	Russian Federation	Entactinia sp. (225522)
Kungurian	283.3 - 274.4	Japan	S. itsukaichiensis (91018)
Kungurian - Roadian	283.3 - 266.9	Thailand	S. itsukaichiensis (164541 164542 164543 164544 164545)
Guadalupian	274.4 - 259.51	USA (Oregon)	Entactinia itsukaichiensis (95638) Entactinia sp., Entactinia itsukaichiensis, Entactinia modesta (95642)
Capitanian	264.28 - 259.51	Malaysia (Pahang)	Entactinia sp., Entactinia itsukaichiensis (95362)
Capitanian	264.28 - 259.51	USA (Oregon)	Entactinia sp., Entactinia itsukaichiensis (95636 95641)
Capitanian	264.28 - 259.51	Thailand	Entactinia sp. (91009)
Wuchiapingian	259.51 - 254.14	Thailand (San Kamphaeng)	Astroentactinia sp., Entactinia itsukaichiensis (220608)
Wuchiapingian	259.51 - 254.14	USA (Oregon)	Entactinia sp. (95631 95635 95643)
Wuchiapingian	259.51 - 254.14	China	Entactinia itsukaichiensis (60011) Entactinia sp. A, Entactinia itsukaichiensis (60012)
Wuchiapingian	259.51 - 254.14	Japan (Hyogo)	Entactinia sp. (95680 95681 95682 95683 95684 95685 95686 95687)
Wuchiapingian	259.51 - 254.14	Japan	S. spp. (153310 153312)
Wuchiapingian	259.51 - 254.14	China (Guangxi)	Entactinia itsukaichiensis (95671) Entactinia itsukaichiensis, Entactinia modesta (95670) Entactinia sp. (95672 95736) Entactinia sp., Entactinia itsukaichiensis (95734 95735 95738 95739) S. itsukaichiensis (95585 95611) S. sp. K, S. itsukaichiensis (95627)
Wuchiapingian	259.51 - 254.14	Thailand	Astroentactinia sp., Entactinia itsukaichiensis (64519)
Changhsingian	254.14 - 251.902	China (Sichuan)	Entactinia sp. (220724 220725) Entactinia sp., Entactinia itsukaichiensis (220729)
Changhsingian	254.14 - 251.902	China (Guangxi)	Entactinia itsukaichiensis, Entactinia modesta, Entactinia meishanensis, Entactinia minuta, Entactinia reticulata, Entactinia sashidai, Entactinia wangi (95332 95333) Entactinia itsukaichiensis, Entactinia modesta, Entactinia minuta, Entactinia reticulata, Entactinia sashidai, Entactinia wangi (95331) Entactinia sashidai (95335 95336 95337 95338 95339 95340 95341) Entactinia sp. 2, Entactinia sp. 1, Entactinia itsukaichiensis, Entactinia modesta, Entactinia meishanensis, Entactinia minuta, Entactinia reticulata, Entactinia sashidai, Entactinia wangi (95334) S. itsukaichiensis (95615)
Changhsingian	254.14 - 251.902	Thailand	Astroentactinia sp., Entactinia itsukaichiensis (64528) Entactinia itsukaichiensis (64497 64500 64503 64509 91011)
Changhsingian	254.14 - 251.902	China (Yunnan)	S. itsukaichiensis (95621 95622 95625)
Changhsingian	254.14 - 251.902	Thailand (San Kamphaeng)	Astroentactinia sp., Entactinia itsukaichiensis (220610) Entactinia itsukaichiensis (220602 220603 220604 220609)
Changhsingian	254.14 - 251.902	China	Entactinia sp. A, Entactinia itsukaichiensis (59988) Entactinia sp., Entactinia itsukaichiensis (61251) Entactinia sp., Entactinia itsukaichiensis, Entactinia meishanensis (61250)
Changhsingian	254.14 - 251.902	Japan	S. spp. (153179 153194 153196 153198 153201 153202 153204 153206 153211 153216 153220 153222 153223 153227 153228 153233 153234 153239 153241 153242 153246 153248 153257 153258 153262 153263 153266 153267 153268 153275 153277 153281 153284 153285 153286 153289 153293 153294 153295 153296 153302 153303 153304 153307 153308) S. spp., S. itsukaichiensis (153218 153235 153269)
Changhsingian	254.14 - 251.902	China (Guizhou)	Entactinia sp. (95320 95321 220755) Entactinia sp., Entactinia itsukaichiensis (220739)
Griesbachian	251.902 - 250.5	New Zealand	Entactinia sp. (95459 95460 95461 95462 95463 95464 95465 95468)
Induan	251.902 - 249.9	New Zealand	Entactinia itsukaichiensis (130296)
Early/Lower Triassic	251.902 - 246.7	Japan	S. spp. (153172)
Dienerian	250.5 - 249.9	China (Hunan)	Entactinia nikorni (220569)
Dienerian	250.5 - 249.9	New Zealand	Entactinia sp. (95466 95467) Entactinia sp., Entactinia itsukaichiensis (95469)
Dienerian - Smithian	250.5 - 248.1	Türkiye	S. turkensis (95174)
Smithian	249.9 - 248.1	China (Hunan)	Entactinia nikorni (220570 220571)
Spathian	248.1 - 246.7	Thailand (Phatthalung)	Entactinia nikorni (220597) Entactinia sp. (220820)
Spathian	248.1 - 246.7	Japan (Tochigi)	Entactinia nikorni (220576) Entactinia tanumaensis (220579)
Spathian	248.1 - 246.7	Japan	Entactinia morii (95372)