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Polyacrodus
Taxonomy
Polyacrodus was named by Jaekel (1889) [Sepkoski's age data: Tr Indu-u K Camp-l Sepkoski's reference number: 884]. Its type is Hybodus polycyphus.
It was reranked as Hybodus (Polyacrodus) by Dalinkevičius (1935).
It was assigned to Hybodus by Dalinkevičius (1935); to Heterodontidae by Jordan (1963); to Hybodontidae by Maisey (1987); to Ctenacanthida by Sepkoski (2002); and to Polyacrodontidae by Biddle (1993), Johns (1997), Duffin (1998), Chhabra and Mishra (2002), Underwood and Rees (2002), Delsate et al. (2002), Cicimurri (2003), Yamagishi (2004), Everhart (2004), Cahuzac et al. (2007), Ginter et al. (2010), Siversson and Machalski (2017), Skinner et al. (2020), Juranek and Shimada (2025).
It was reranked as Hybodus (Polyacrodus) by Dalinkevičius (1935).
It was assigned to Hybodus by Dalinkevičius (1935); to Heterodontidae by Jordan (1963); to Hybodontidae by Maisey (1987); to Ctenacanthida by Sepkoski (2002); and to Polyacrodontidae by Biddle (1993), Johns (1997), Duffin (1998), Chhabra and Mishra (2002), Underwood and Rees (2002), Delsate et al. (2002), Cicimurri (2003), Yamagishi (2004), Everhart (2004), Cahuzac et al. (2007), Ginter et al. (2010), Siversson and Machalski (2017), Skinner et al. (2020), Juranek and Shimada (2025).
Species
P. brevicostatus, P. claveringensis, P. cloacinus, P. heterodon, P. illingworthi, P. jiangxiensis, P. krafti, P. lapalomensis, P. maiseyi, P. minimus, P. parvidens, P. polycyphus (syn. Orodus triadeus), P. pyramidalis, P. ritchiei, P. tiandongensis, P. tregoi, P. tuberculatus, P. wichitaensis, P. zideki
Synonymy list
| Year | Name and author |
|---|---|
| 1889 | Polyacrodus Jaekel p. 321 |
| 1935 | Hybodus (Polyacrodus) Dalinkevičius p. 256 |
| 1963 | Polyacrodus Jordan p. 596 |
| 1987 | Polyacrodus Maisey p. 27 |
| 1993 | Polyacrodus Biddle p. 197 |
| 1997 | Polyacrodus Johns p. 31 |
| 1998 | Polyacrodus Duffin p. 244 |
| 2002 | Polyacrodus Chhabra and Mishra p. 152 figs. pl. 1, fig. 1 |
| 2002 | Polyacrodus Delsate et al. p. 12 |
| 2002 | Polyacrodus Sepkoski |
| 2002 | Polyacrodus Underwood and Rees p. 93 |
| 2003 | Polyacrodus Cicimurri p. 5 fig. N/A |
| 2004 | Polyacrodus Everhart |
| 2004 | Polyacrodus Yamagishi p. 570 |
| 2007 | Polyacrodus Cahuzac et al. p. 9 |
| 2010 | Polyacrodus Ginter et al. p. 91 |
| 2017 | Polyacrodus Siversson and Machalski p. 439 |
| 2020 | Polyacrodus Skinner et al. |
| 2025 | Polyacrodus Juranek and Shimada p. 3 |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
G. †Polyacrodus Jaekel 1889
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†Polyacrodus brevicostatus Patterson 1966
†Polyacrodus claveringensis Stensiö 1932
†Polyacrodus cloacinus Quenstedt 1858
†Polyacrodus heterodon Patterson 1966
†Polyacrodus illingworthi Dixon 1850
†Polyacrodus jiangxiensis Wang et al. 2007
†Polyacrodus krafti Seilacher 1943
†Polyacrodus lapalomensis Johnson 1981
†Polyacrodus maiseyi Landemaine 1991
†Polyacrodus minimus Agassiz 1939
†Polyacrodus parvidens Woodward 1916
†Polyacrodus pyramidalis Stensiö 1921
†Polyacrodus ritchiei Johnson 1981
†Polyacrodus tiandongensis Wang. et al. 2001
†Polyacrodus tregoi Rieppel et al. 1996
†Polyacrodus tuberculatus Rogovich 1861
†Polyacrodus wichitaensis Johnson 1981
†Polyacrodus zideki Johnson 1981
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
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| Source: c = class, subp = subphylum | |||||
| References: Wagner 2023, Carroll 1988 | |||||
Age range: base of the Artinskian to the top of the Early/Lower Campanian or 290.10000 to 72.20000 Ma
Collections (147 total)
| Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
|---|---|---|---|
| Permian | USA (Oklahoma) | P. zideki (221392) | |
| Artinskian | USA (Texas) | P. wichitaensis (117097 117098) P. zideki, P. ritchiei (117099) | |
| Artinskian - Kungurian | USA (Texas) | P. wichitaensis (117094 117096) P. zideki, P. lapalomensis, P. wichitaensis (117095) | |
| Kungurian | USA (Texas) | P. wichitaensis (117093) P. zideki, P. wichitaensis (117092) | |
| Roadian | Russian Federation | P. sp. (117434) | |
| Urzhumian | Russian Federation (Chuvasia Republic) | P. sp. (232562 232564) | |
| Wordian | Russian Federation | P. sp. (197588 197767) | |
| Capitanian | USA (Texas) | P. sp. (184258) | |
| Wuchiapingian | Iran (Fars) | P. sp. (137396) | |
| Changhsingian | China (Jiangxi) | P. jiangxiensis (119866) | |
| Changhsingian | Iran | P. sp. (137399) | |
| Griesbachian | Greenland | P. claveringensis (48123) | |
| Induan - Olenekian | Japan (Ehime) | P. minimus (148619) | |
| Dienerian | Russian Federation | P. sp. (90219) | |
| Smithian | Russian Federation | P. sp. (90220 90221 90222 90223) | |
| Olenekian | Japan (Shikoku Island) | P. minimus (133504) | |
| Spathian | China | P. tiandongensis (120378) | |
| Spathian | Svalbard and Jan Mayen | P. sp. (196857) | |
| Anisian | Japan (Ehime) | P. sp. (148426 148427 148434 148436) | |
| Anisian - Ladinian | France (Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur Region) | P. minimus (31768) | |
| Bithynian | USA (Nevada) | P. sp. A, P. sp. B, P. tregoi (93564) | |
| Fassanian | Poland | P. sp. (149685) | |
| Ladinian | Germany (Baden-Wurttemberg) | P. krafti (118108) | |
| Ladinian | India (Uttaranchal) | P. sp. (153315) | |
| Ladinian | Germany | Hybodus polycyphus (137656) | |
| Longobardian | France (Grand Est) | P. polycyphus (139873 139874) | |
| Carnian | Svalbard and Jan Mayen | P. pyramidalis (120227) | |
| Carnian | United Kingdom (England) | Hybodus sp. (46889) | |
| Norian | USA (Texas) | P. sp. (48424) | |
| Norian - Rhaetian | Belgium | P. cloacinus (131520) | |
| Rhaetian | Germany (Vienna) | Hybodus cloacinus (189823) | |
| Rhaetian | United Kingdom (Wales) | P. cloacinus (46077) | |
| Rhaetian | France (Jura) | Hybodus cloacinus (60566) | |
| Rhaetian | Germany | Hybodus cloacinus (149329) Hybodus polycyphus (122369) | |
| Rhaetian | Germany (Baden-Württemberg) | Hybodus cloacinus (91635) P. sp. (131422) | |
| Rhaetian | Luxembourg | Hybodus cloacinus (67895) | |
| Rhaetian | United Kingdom (England) | Hybodus cloacinus (53829 96617 120898 120928 122365 131728) P. minimus (120897) | |
| Rhaetian | Germany (Westphalia) | Hybodus cloacinus (218156) | |
| Rhaetian | Belgium (Gaume) | P. cloacinus (139198) P. sp. 1, P. sp. 2, P. cloacinus (139199 139202 139204) | |
| Rhaetian | United Kingdom | Hybodus cloacinus (137661) | |
| Rhaetian | France (Champagne-Ardennes) | Hybodus cloacinus, P. minimus (139922) | |
| Rhaetian | Netherlands | P. sp. (137658) | |
| Rhaetian | Poland | Hybodus cloacinus (124679) | |
| Rhaetian | France (Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur Region) | Hybodus cloacinus, P. minimus (31772 31773) P. minimus (31774) P. sp. (166561) | |
| Liasicus | Belgium (Luxembourg) | P. sp. (40087) | |
| Sinemurian | United Kingdom (England) | Hybodus cloacinus (122153) | |
| Early/Lower Toarcian | France (Lorraine) | P. sp. (68316) | |
| Toarcian - Aalenian | India (Andhra Pradesh) | P. sp. (39673) | |
| Middle Jurassic | China (Hubei) | P. sp. (85492) P. sp., Hybodus parvidens (85493) | |
| Early/Lower Bajocian | France (Grand Est) | P. sp. (179498) | |
| Bathonian | Tunisia (Tataouine) | P. sp. (141913) | |
| Early/Lower Bathonian | France | P. sp. (61378) | |
| Middle Bathonian | France (Basse-Normandie) | P. sp. (28444) | |
| Callovian | Kyrgyzstan (Jalal-Abad) | P. balabansaiensis, P. prodigialis (37596 37597) | |
| Late/Upper Oxfordian | France (Basse-Normandie) | P. sp. (74916) | |
| Tithonian | France (Charente) | P. parvidens (144934) | |
| Late/Upper Tithonian - Early/Lower Berriasian | France (Nord-Pas-de-Calais) | P. sp. (92144 92145) | |
| Late/Upper Tithonian - Early/Lower Berriasian | Morocco (Oriental) | P. sp. (45726) | |
| Early/Lower Berriasian - Middle Berriasian | United Kingdom (England) | P. parvidens (90711 90713) | |
| Berriasian | Sweden (Scania) | Hybodus parvidens (144784 144785 144786) | |
| Early/Lower Cretaceous - Aptian | Brazil (Ceará) | P. sp. (59355) | |
| Cretaceous | Spain (Cantabria) | Hybodus parvidens (136002) | |
| Late/Upper Berriasian | Denmark (Bornholm) | Hybodus parvidens (68331) | |
| Late/Upper Berriasian | United Kingdom (England) | P. parvidens (90714 90715 90716 90717 90719 90720 90721 90722 90723 90725 90726 90727 90728 90729) | |
| Late/Upper Valanginian | United Kingdom (England) | Hybodus parvidens, Hybodus brevicostatus (96621) | |
| Early/Lower Barremian | Spain (Teruel) | Hybodus parvidens (36365 67985) | |
| Early/Lower Barremian | Spain (Aragón) | Hybodus parvidens (36368 59076 89275) P. sp., Hybodus parvidens, P. brevicostatus (28196) | |
| Late/Upper Barremian | United Kingdom (England) | Hybodus parvidens (46875) | |
| Early/Lower Aptian | United Kingdom (England) | P. sp., Hybodus brevicostatus (235313) | |
| Aptian - Albian | USA (Utah) | P. sp. (97951) | |
| Aptian - Albian | USA (Wyoming) | Hybodus parvidens (137567) | |
| Late/Upper Aptian | USA (Texas) | Hybodus parvidens (14408) P. parvidens (52865) | |
| Albian | USA (Texas) | Hybodus brevicostatus (99148) Hybodus parvidens (27604 27606 99157) Hybodus parvidens, Hybodus brevicostatus (99143) | |
| Albian | USA (Wyoming) | Hybodus parvidens (137562) | |
| Middle Albian | France (Haute-Marne) | P. sp. (235569) | |
| Late/Upper Albian | Poland | P. illingworthi (213375) | |
| Late/Upper Albian | USA (Kansas) | P. sp. (38111) | |
| Late/Upper Albian - Cenomanian | Russian Federation (Belgorod) | P. sp. (32314) | |
| Late/Upper Albian - Early/Lower Cenomanian | Kazakhstan | P. spp., P. illingworthi (175010) | |
| Early/Lower Cenomanian | France (Poitou-Charentes) | P. levis, P. maiseyi (77233) P. maiseyi (77230 77232) P. sp. (73862) | |
| Early/Lower Cenomanian | Uzbekistan (Navoi) | P. torosus, P. illingworthi (58208) | |
| Middle Cenomanian | USA (Nebraska) | P. sp. (239336) | |
| Middle Cenomanian | Russian Federation (Volgograd) | P. sp. (92399) | |
| Early/Lower Turonian | Canada (Alberta) | P. sp. (136242) | |
| Coniacian | United Kingdom (Northern Ireland) | P. sp. (213383) | |
| Late/Upper Santonian | France (Aude) | P. brabanticus (233200) | |
| Santonian | Russian Federation (Orenburg) | P. sp. (232890) | |
| Early/Lower Campanian | Sweden (Skåne) | P. siversoni, P. sp. (74334) |