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Pleurosternidae
Taxonomy
Pleurosternidae was named by Cope (1868). It was considered monophyletic by Joyce (2007), Pérez-García and Ortega (2011).
It was assigned to Pleurodira by Hay (1902); to Amphichelydia by Hay (1908); to Pleurosternoidae by Hay (1930); to Pleurodira by Kuhn (1946); to Amphichelydia by Lydekker (1889), Lydekker (1889), Delair (1958); to Pleurosternoidea by Kuhn (1966); to Chelonia by Carroll (1988); to Cryptodira by Holroyd and Hutchison (2002); to Cryptodiramorpha by Hutchison and Holroyd (2003); to Cryptodira by Cope (1871), Cope (1875), Goodwin et al. (1999), Joyce et al. (2004); to Pleurosternoidea by Milner (2004), Karl et al. (2012); to Testudines by Pérez-García and Murelaga (2013); to Baenoidea by Lyson and Joyce (2011), Pérez-García et al. (2015), Pérez-García et al. (2015), Joyce and Anquetin (2019), Guerrero and Pérez-García (2020), Guerrero and Pérez-García (2021), Pérez-Garcia et al. (2021); and to Paracryptodira by Joyce (2007), Pérez-García and Ortega (2011), Pérez-García and Ortega (2011), Anquetin (2012), Sullivan et al. (2012), Hutchison et al. (2013), Rollot et al. (2021).
It was assigned to Pleurodira by Hay (1902); to Amphichelydia by Hay (1908); to Pleurosternoidae by Hay (1930); to Pleurodira by Kuhn (1946); to Amphichelydia by Lydekker (1889), Lydekker (1889), Delair (1958); to Pleurosternoidea by Kuhn (1966); to Chelonia by Carroll (1988); to Cryptodira by Holroyd and Hutchison (2002); to Cryptodiramorpha by Hutchison and Holroyd (2003); to Cryptodira by Cope (1871), Cope (1875), Goodwin et al. (1999), Joyce et al. (2004); to Pleurosternoidea by Milner (2004), Karl et al. (2012); to Testudines by Pérez-García and Murelaga (2013); to Baenoidea by Lyson and Joyce (2011), Pérez-García et al. (2015), Pérez-García et al. (2015), Joyce and Anquetin (2019), Guerrero and Pérez-García (2020), Guerrero and Pérez-García (2021), Pérez-Garcia et al. (2021); and to Paracryptodira by Joyce (2007), Pérez-García and Ortega (2011), Pérez-García and Ortega (2011), Anquetin (2012), Sullivan et al. (2012), Hutchison et al. (2013), Rollot et al. (2021).
Synonymy list
| Year | Name and author |
|---|---|
| 1868 | Pleurosternidae Cope |
| 1871 | Pleurosternidae Cope p. 236 |
| 1875 | Pleurosternidae Cope p. 17 |
| 1889 | Pleurosternidae Lydekker p. 205 |
| 1902 | Pleurosternidae Hay p. 437 |
| 1908 | Pleurosternidae Hay p. 45 |
| 1930 | Pleurosternidae Hay p. 70 |
| 1946 | Pleurosternidae Kuhn p. 58 |
| 1958 | Pleurosternidae Delair p. 47 |
| 1966 | Pleurosternidae Kuhn p. 22 |
| 1988 | Pleurosternidae Carroll |
| 1999 | Pleurosternidae Goodwin et al. p. 734 |
| 2002 | Pleurosternidae Holroyd and Hutchison p. 181 |
| 2003 | Pleurosternidae Hutchison and Holroyd |
| 2004 | Pleurosternidae Joyce et al. |
| 2004 | Pleurosternidae Milner p. 1445 |
| 2007 | Pleurosternidae Joyce |
| 2011 | Pleurosternidae Lyson and Joyce p. 792 |
| 2011 | Pleurosternidae Pérez-García and Ortega |
| 2012 | Pleurosternidae Anquetin p. 28 fig. 10 |
| 2012 | Pleurosternidae Karl et al. |
| 2012 | Pleurosternidae Sullivan et al. |
| 2013 | Pleurosternidae Hutchison et al. |
| 2013 | Pleurosternidae Pérez-García and Murelaga |
| 2015 | Pleurosternidae Pérez-García et al. |
| 2015 | Pleurosternidae Pérez-García et al. |
| 2019 | Pleurosternidae Joyce and Anquetin |
| 2020 | Pleurosternidae Guerrero and Pérez-García p. 3 |
| 2021 | Pleurosternidae Guerrero and Pérez-García |
| 2021 | Pleurosternidae Pérez-Garcia et al. |
| 2021 | Pleurosternidae Rollot et al. |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
Fm. †Pleurosternidae Cope 1868
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G. †Desmemys Wegner 1911
G. †Dorsetochelys Evans and Kemp 1976
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†Dorsetochelys typocardium Seeley 1869
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Invalid names: Ballerstedtia bueckebergensis Karl et al. 2012 [synonym], Dorsetochelys delairi Evans and Kemp 1976 [synonym], Thalassemys ruetimeyeri Lydekker 1889 [synonym]
Invalid names: Dorsetochelys buzzops Bakker 1998 [nomen dubium]
G. †Pleurosternon Owen 1853
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†Pleurosternon bullockii Owen 1842
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Invalid names: Megasternon koenigii Gray 1870 [synonym], Mesochelys durlstonensis Evans and Kemp 1975 [synonym], Pleurosternon concinnum Owen 1853 [synonym], Pleurosternon emarginatum Owen 1853 [synonym], Pleurosternon ovatum Owen 1853 [synonym], Pleurosternon oweni Seeley 1869 [synonym], Pleurosternon sedgwicki Seeley 1869 [synonym], Pleurosternon vansittarti Seeley 1869 [synonym], Pleurosternum portlandicum Lydekker 1889 [synonym]
†Pleurosternon moncayensis Pérez-Garcia et al. 2021
Invalid names: Digerrhum Cope 1870 [synonym], Mesochelys Evans and Kemp 1975 [synonym]
Invalid names: Desmemydinae Nopcsa 1928 [empty]
Diagnosis
| Reference | Diagnosis | |
|---|---|---|
| O. P. Hay 1908 | A family of Amphichelydia. Carapace with costals articulated to the peripherals by close sutures and by gomphosis of ends of ribs. Plastron joined to the carapace by sutures and by narrow axillary and inguinal buttresses; the former ascending to the first costal, the latter attaining the borders of the fifth and sixth costals at their junction. In Helochelys the union of carapace and plastron probably less intimate. Mesoplastrals meeting broadly at the midline, not much expanded toward the outer ends. Exposed surfaces of carapace and plastron tuberculated or shagreened. Intergulars and inframarginals present. Skull elongated and pointed; the bones mostly finely tuberculated. The cervical vertebrae are biconcave. Coracoids
distally expanded. | |
| A. R. Milner 2004 | Primitive cryptodires sharing one synapomorphy, namely pterygoids separated by anteriorly elongate basisphenoid | |
| T. R. Lyson and W. G. Joyce 2011 | ‘‘Pleurosternidae’’ refers to the most inclusive clade containing Pleurosternon (orig. Platemys) bullockii Owen, 1842 but not Baena arenosa Leidy, 1870 or any species of Recent turtle.
Oblong skull shape (length is significantly greater than maximum width); rectangular basisphenoid; anterior plastral lobe larger than posterior plastral lobe. |
Measurements
No measurements are available
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| Source: c = class, subp = subphylum, uc = unranked clade | |||||
| References: Carroll 1988, Hendy et al. 2009, Kiessling 2004 | |||||
Collections (98 total)
| Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bathonian | United Kingdom (Scotland) | Pleurosternidae indet. (139746) | |
| Late/Upper Bathonian | United Kingdom (England) | Cryptodira indet. (39075) Pleurosternidae indet. (57124) | |
| Kimmeridgian | Portugal (Centro) | Carettochelyidae indet. (24563) | |
| Kimmeridgian - Tithonian | USA (Wyoming) | Chelonia indet. (58507) Dinochelys whitei, Glyptops plicatulus (49636) Dorsetochelys buzzops (231548) Glyptops ornatus, Dinochelys whitei, Glyptops plicatulus (12816) Glyptops plicatulus (22648 39253 39428) Glyptops plicatulus, Chelonia indet. (39370) Glyptops plicatulus, Dinochelys whitei (39431) Glyptops sp. (48837 49637 55483 57896 225937 225938) Glyptops sp., Dinochelys sp. (56165) Pleurosternidae indet. (230770 230773 230774 231546) Pleurosternidae indet. 1, Pleurosternidae indet. 2 (230769) Testudines indet. (55486) | |
| Kimmeridgian - Tithonian | USA (Colorado) | Compsemys plicatulus (137746) Glyptops sp. (48157 192451) Glyptops sp., Dinochelys sp. (231533) | |
| Kimmeridgian - Tithonian | USA (South Dakota) | Testudines indet. (49631) | |
| Kimmeridgian - Tithonian | USA (Utah) | Glyptops plicatulus (220417) Glyptops sp. (49595) | |
| Kimmeridgian - Tithonian | USA (New Mexico) | Glyptops plicatulus (22717) | |
| Late/Upper Kimmeridgian | Portugal (Lisboa) | Selenemys lusitanica (108808) | |
| Late/Upper Kimmeridgian | Portugal (Centro) | Pleurosternidae indet. (91397 108806) | |
| Late/Upper Kimmeridgian - Early/Lower Tithonian | USA (Colorado) | Dinochelys whitei, Chelonia indet. (45975) Glyptops plicatulus (48155 48160) Glyptops plicatulus, Dorsetochelys buzzops (28366) | |
| Late/Upper Kimmeridgian - Tithonian | Spain (Aragón) | Riodevemys inumbragigas (68019) | |
| Early/Lower Tithonian | France (Poitou-Charentes) | Pleurosternidae indet., Pleurosternon sp. (164377) | |
| Early/Lower Tithonian | USA (Wyoming) | Glyptops sp., Dinochelys sp. (56654) | |
| Early/Lower Tithonian | USA (Utah) | Dinochelys sp., Glyptops utahensis, Dinochelys whitei, Glyptops plicatulus (21852) | |
| Tithonian | USA (Utah) | Glyptops plicatulus (57913) Glyptops sp. (22711 46439) | |
| Tithonian | Ethiopia (Shewa) | Pleurosternidae indet. (48832) | |
| Tithonian | USA (Wyoming) | Dinochelys whitei (39429) Glyptops plicatulus (39426 39427) Uluops uluops (39412) | |
| Tithonian | USA (Oklahoma) | Dinochelys whitei, Glyptops sp. (49598) | |
| Tithonian | USA (Colorado) | Glyptops plicatulus (48162 48166) Glyptops plicatulus, Dinochelys sp. (48161) Glyptops sp. (48163 55329 177145) | |
| Tithonian | United Kingdom (England) | Pleurosternum portlandicum (127647) | |
| Tithonian | France (Nord-Pas-de-Calais) | Pleurosternum bullochi (53967) | |
| Tithonian - Berriasian | Spain (Soria) | Pleurosternon moncayensis (219479) | |
| Late/Upper Tithonian | United Kingdom (England) | Pleurosternum portlandicum (119505) | |
| Early/Lower Berriasian - Middle Berriasian | United Kingdom (England) | Pleurosternon sp. (28401) | |
| Berriasian | Germany (Lower Saxony) | Peltochelys duchastelli (138299 138300) | |
| Berriasian | France (Poitou-Charentes) | Pleurosternidae indet. (142093) | |
| Berriasian | United Kingdom (England) | Dorsetochelys delairi (127478 129261) Platemys bullockii, Pleurosternon sedgwicki, Pleurosternon vansittarti, Pleurosternon oweni, Megasternon koenigii (127482) Pleurosternon bullocki, Pleurosternon concinnum, Pleurosternon emarginatum (127480) Pleurosternon ovatum, Pleurosternon emarginatum, Pleurosternum bullocki (127481) Pleurosternum sp., Thalassemys ruetimeyeri (92916) | |
| Neocomian | Spain (Valenciana) | Pleurosternon portlandicum (159585) | |
| Middle Berriasian | United Kingdom (England) | Pleurosternon bullockii (72142) | |
| Late/Upper Berriasian | Germany (Lower Saxony) | Ballerstedtia bueckebergensis (138141) | |
| Late/Upper Berriasian | United Kingdom (England) | Mesochelys durlstonensis (129260) | |
| Late/Upper Berriasian | Germany (Nordrhein-Westfalen) | Testudines indet. (45760) | |
| Late/Upper Valanginian | United Kingdom (England) | Pleurosternon sp. (52258) | |
| Valanginian | USA (Utah) | Glyptops sp. (27017) | |
| Late/Upper Hauterivian | United Kingdom (England) | Pleurosternon sp. (119697) | |
| Late/Upper Hauterivian | Spain (Aragón) | P. sp. (36367) | |
| Barremian | United Kingdom (England) | Pleurosternon sp. (127533) | |
| Early/Lower Barremian | Spain (Aragón) | Pleurosternidae indet. (89275) Pleurosternidae indet., Chelonia indet. (53921) | |
| Early/Lower Barremian | Spain (Teruel) | Pleurosternidae indet. (36365) | |
| Early/Lower Barremian - Late/Upper Barremian | Spain (Castilla-La Mancha) | Pleurosternidae indet. (228969) | |
| Late/Upper Barremian | Spain (Cuenca) | Pleurosternidae indet. (61319) | |
| Late/Upper Aptian | USA (Idaho) | Glyptops sp. (227208) Glyptops sp., Pleurosternidae indet. (227207) | |
| Late/Upper Aptian - Early/Lower Albian | USA (Oklahoma) | Glyptops sp. (14392) | |
| Late/Upper Aptian - Early/Lower Albian | USA (Texas) | Glyptops sp. (14375) | |
| Early/Lower Albian | Spain (Aragón) | Toremys cassiopeia (136754) | |
| Albian | USA (Wyoming) | Glyptops sp. (50494) | |
| Late/Upper Albian | USA (Montana) | Glyptops sp. (137590) | |
| Santonian | Japan (Hokkaido) | Pleurosternon sp. (94689) | |
| Campanian | China (Shandong) | Glyptops sp. (55461) |