PBDB Taxon

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Hemiauchenia

Mammalia - Camelidae

Taxonomy

Hemiauchenia was named by Gervais and Ameghino (1880). It is not extant. Its type is Hemiauchenia paradoxa.

It was synonymized subjectively with Palaeolama by Cabrera (1935) and Guérin and Faure (1999).

It was assigned to Camelidae by Gervais and Ameghino (1880), Kurten and Anderson (1980), Carroll (1988) and Cisneros (2005); and to Lamini by Honey et al. (1998), Webb and Meachen (2004), Ruez (2005), Meachen (2005) and Lynch et al. (2020).

Species

Auchenia vitakeriana, H. blancoensis, H. edensis, H. gracilis, H. guanajuatensis, H. macrocephala (syn. Lama hollomani, Camelus americanus, Tanupolama seymourensis, Lama stevensi), H. minima, H. paradoxa (type species), Tanupolama longurio

Synonyms

Auchenia vitakeriana was named by Cope (1878). Its type specimen is AMNH 8624, a maxilla (left maxillary with M1 and part of M2), and it is a 3D body fossil.

It was recombined as Holomeniscus vitakeriana by Cope (1884); it was recombined as Camelops vitakerianus by Wortman (1898), Hay (1902) and Hay (1913); it was recombined as Tanupolama vitakerianus by Webb (1965); it was considered a nomen dubium by Elftman (1931), Webb (1974), Breyer (1977) and Dalquest and Schultz (1992).
Holomeniscus was named by Cope (1884).

It was synonymized subjectively with Camelops by Wortman (1898) and Hay (1902); it was synonymized subjectively with Tanupolama by Webb (1965); it was considered a nomen dubium by Elftman (1931), Webb (1974), Breyer (1977) and Dalquest and Schultz (1992).

It was assigned to Camelidae by Cope (1884).
Tanupolama was named by Stock (1928).

It was synonymized subjectively with Hemiauchenia by Webb (1974), Breyer (1977), Dalquest (1992) and Honey et al. (1998).

It was assigned to Camelidae by Stock (1928) and Olson (1940); to Camelinae by Simpson (1945); and to Lamini by Webb (1965).

Synonymy list

Year	Name and author
1878	Auchenia vitakeriana Cope p. 380
1880	Hemiauchenia Gervais and Ameghino
1884	Holomeniscus Cope p. 16
1884	Holomeniscus vitakeriana Cope p. 17
1898	Camelops vitakerianus Wortman
1902	Camelops vitakerianus Hay p. 679
1913	Camelops vitakerianus Hay p. 276
1928	Tanupolama Stock p. 31
1940	Tanupolama Olson p. 54
1945	Tanupolama Simpson p. 150
1965	Tanupolama vitakerianus Webb
1965	Tanupolama Webb p. 44
1980	Hemiauchenia Kurten and Anderson p. 306
1988	Hemiauchenia Carroll
1998	Hemiauchenia Honey et al. p. 451
2004	Hemiauchenia Webb and Meachen p. 350
2005	Hemiauchenia Cisneros p. 250
2005	Hemiauchenia Meachen p. 438
2005	Hemiauchenia Ruez, Jr. p. 742
2020	Hemiauchenia Lynch et al.

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Rank	Name	Author
kingdom	Animalia	()
—	Bilateria
—	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
—	Deuterostomia
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1874
subphylum	Vertebrata
superclass	Gnathostomata
—	Osteichthyes	()
subclass	Sarcopterygii	()
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha	(Nelson 2006)
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha	()
—	Tetrapoda
—	Reptiliomorpha
—	Anthracosauria
subclass	Amphibiosauria	Kuhn 1967
—	Cotylosauria	()
—	Amniota
subclass	Synapsida
—	Therapsida	()
infraorder	Cynodontia	()

Rank	Name	Author
—	Mammaliamorpha
—	Mammaliaformes
class	Mammalia
—	Cladotheria
—	Zatheria
subclass	Tribosphenida	()
subclass	Theria
—	Eutheria	()
—	Placentalia
—	Boreoeutheria
—	Laurasiatheria
—	Scrotifera
—	Euungulata
—	Artiodactylamorpha
—	Artiodactyla	()
suborder	Tylopoda	()
family	Camelidae
subfamily	Camelinae	Gray 1821
tribe	Lamini	Webb 1965
genus	Hemiauchenia

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

G. †Hemiauchenia Gervais and Ameghino 1880

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†Hemiauchenia blancoensis Meade 1945

†Hemiauchenia edensis Frick 1921

†Hemiauchenia gracilis Meachen 2005

†Hemiauchenia guanajuatensis Dalquest and Mooser 1980

†Hemiauchenia macrocephala Cope 1893

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Invalid names: Camelus americanus Wortman 1898 [synonym], Lama hollomani Hay and Cook 1930 [synonym], Lama stevensi Merriam and Stock 1925 [synonym], Tanupolama seymourensis Hibbard and Dalquest 1962 [synonym]

†Hemiauchenia minima Leidy 1886

†Hemiauchenia paradoxa Gervais and Ameghino 1880

Invalid names: Tanupolama Stock 1928 [synonym]

Diagnosis

Reference	Diagnosis
S. D. Webb 1965 (Tanupolama)	Tall, slender, llamalike camelid; larger than extant Lama. Cranium elongate, especially in rostral region; dorsal surface flat; maxillary fossa deep; condyloid fossa narrow; paroccipital process short; posterolateral groove in bulla deep and nar- row; bulla separated from basioccipital as in Lama. Ventral surface of mandible straight. Dental for- mula: I 1/3, C 1/1, P 2/3-1, M 3/3; upper molars with moderate to strong styles; external ribs weaker than in Lama; P 1 and P 3 present or absent; D13 often retained (see Dentition); lower molars with lingual face flatter than in Lama; "llama buttresses" seldoin as ·well.developed as in Lama but stronger than in Camelops or Palaeolama; M8 with third lo~e more strongly connected than in Lama (except in early wear stages) . Limbs much longer than in Lama; metapodials about twice as long as in Lama.

Measurements

No measurements are available

Composition:

phosphaticsubp

Environment:

terrestrialo

Locomotion:

actively mobilec

Life habit:

ground dwellingf

Diet:

browserg

Diet 2:

grazerg

Reproduction:

viviparoussubc

Comments:

one specimen suggests grazing and another browsing based on stable isotopes (MacFadden and Cerling 1996)g

Created:

2009-01-04 10:39:26

Modified:

2009-01-04 12:39:26

Source: g = genus, f = family, o = order, subc = subclass, c = class, subp = subphylum

References: Carroll 1988, Lillegraven 1979, Hendy et al. 2009, Nowak 1999, Nowak 1991, MacFadden and Cerling 1996

Age range: base of the early Early Hemphillian to the top of the Rancholabrean or 10.30000 to 0.01200 Ma

Collections (262 total)

Time interval	Ma	Country or state	Original ID and collection number
Oldest occurrences
Miocene	23.03 - 5.333	USA (Nevada)	Pliauchenia sp. (19129)
Miocene	23.03 - 5.333	USA (New Mexico)	H. sp. (19352)
Clarendonian	12.5 - 9.4	USA (South Dakota)	H. sp. (18200)
Clarendonian	12.5 - 9.4	USA (Nebraska)	H. sp. (18217 18257)
Late/Upper Clarendonian	12.5 - 9.4	USA (New Mexico)	H. sp. (19528)
Late/Upper Clarendonian	12.5 - 9.4	USA (Florida)	H. minima (18554)
Hemphillian	10.3 - 4.9	USA (Kansas)	H. sp. (18170)
Hemphillian	10.3 - 4.9	USA (Nebraska)	H. sp. (18225)
Hemphillian	10.3 - 4.9	Mexico (Jalisco)	H. sp. (18745)
Hemphillian	10.3 - 4.9	Mexico (Nayarit)	H. gracilis (212338)
Youngest occurrences
Time interval	Ma	Country or state	PBDB collection number
Late/Upper Pleistocene (interglacial)	0.129 - 0.0117	USA (Idaho)	H. macrocephala (20569)
Late/Upper Pleistocene (high glacial)	0.129 - 0.0117	USA (New Mexico)	H. sp. (76059)
Late/Upper Pleistocene	0.129 - 0.0117	USA (South Carolina)	H. macrocephala (80230 152904)
Late/Upper Pleistocene	0.129 - 0.0117	Argentina	H. paradoxa (213470)
Late/Upper Pleistocene	0.129 - 0.0117	Argentina (Formosa)	H. paradoxa (114698)
Late/Upper Pleistocene	0.129 - 0.0117	USA (New Mexico)	Tanupolama sp. (93141)
Late/Upper Pleistocene	0.129 - 0.0117	Mexico (Hidalgo)	H. gracilis (190114 190115 190116)
Late/Upper Pleistocene	0.129 - 0.0117	Uruguay	H. sp. (211646)
Late/Upper Pleistocene	0.129 - 0.0117	Argentina (Santiago del Estero)	H. paradoxa (191153)
Late/Upper Pleistocene - Holocene	0.129 - 0.0	USA (Utah)	H. macrocephala (93326)