Basic info Taxonomic history Classification Included Taxa
Morphology Ecology and taphonomy External Literature Search Age range and collections

Manidae

Mammalia - Pholidota - Manidae

Synonymy list
YearName and author
1821Manidae Gray p. 305
1850Manidae Bonaparte p. 1
1889Manidae Cope p. 657
1891Manidae Flower and Lydekker p. 89
1898Manidae Gadow p. 41
1978Manidae Rose p. 673
1988Manidae Carroll
1991Manidae Nowak
2007Manidae Botha and Gaudin p. 485
2012Manidae Kondrashov and Agadjanian
2018Manidae Alba et al. p. 2 figs. Figure 1

Is something missing? Join the Paleobiology Database and enter the data

RankNameAuthor
kingdomAnimalia()
—Bilateria
—EubilateriaAx 1987
—Deuterostomia
phylumChordataHaeckel 1874
subphylumVertebrata
superclassGnathostomata
—Osteichthyes()
subclassSarcopterygii()
subclassDipnotetrapodomorpha(Nelson 2006)
subclassTetrapodomorpha()
—Tetrapoda
—Reptiliomorpha
—Anthracosauria
subclassAmphibiosauriaKuhn 1967
—Cotylosauria()
—Amniota
subclassSynapsida
—Therapsida()
infraorderCynodontia()
RankNameAuthor
—Mammaliamorpha
—Mammaliaformes
classMammalia
—Cladotheria
—Zatheria
subclassTribosphenida()
subclassTheria
—Eutheria()
—Placentalia
—Boreoeutheria
—Laurasiatheria
—Scrotifera
—Ferae()
—PholidotamorphaGaudin et al. 2009
orderPholidotaWeber 1904
—EupholidotaGaudin et al. 2009
—ManoideaGaudin et al.
familyManidae
familyManidae

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Fm. Manidae Gray 1821
show all | hide all
G. Manis Linnaeus 1758 [pangolin]
hide
Subg. Manis (Uromanis) Pocock 1924
+
+
Invalid names: Manis africana Desmarest 1820 [synonym], Manis guineensis Fitzinger 1822 [synonym], Manis macroura Erxleben 1766 [synonym]
Manis crassicaudata Gray 1827 [Indian pangolin]
Manis javanica Desmarest 1822 [Sunda pangolin]
Manis pentadactyla Linnaeus 1758
+
Invalid names: Manis dalmanni Sundevall 1843 [synonym]
†Manis sindiensis Lydekker 1876
Manis temminckii Smuts 1832 [ground pangolin]
Manis tetradactyla Linnaeus 1766 [long-tailed pangolin]
G. Phataginus Rafinesque 1821
hide
Manis (Phataginus) tricuspis Rafinesque 1821 [tree pangolin]
+
Invalid names: Manis multiscutata Gray 1843 [synonym], Manis tridentata Focillon 1850 [synonym]
G. Smutsia Gray 1865
hide
Smutsia gigantea Illiger 1811 [giant pangolin]
Invalid names: Manina Gray 1825 [empty], Maninae Gray 1821 [empty], Smutsiinae Gray 1873 [empty]
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
Composition: phosphaticsubp
Environment: terrestrialsubc
Locomotion: actively mobilec
Life habit: scansorialf
Diet: insectivoref
Reproduction: viviparoussubc
Comments: life habit and diet based on Nowak 1999; "specialized for feeding on ants and termites" and "ground dwelling" but clearly capable of climbing according to Botha and Gaudin 2007f
Created: 2005-06-08 10:11:09
Modified: 2012-05-14 19:33:46
Source: f = family, subc = subclass, c = class, subp = subphylum
References: Nowak 1991, Ji et al. 2002, Hendy et al. 2009, Lillegraven 1979, Carroll 1988

Age range

Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Rupelian to the top of the Holocene or 33.90000 to 0.00000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 28.1 Ma

Collections (15 total)


Time interval Ma Country or state Original ID and collection number
Rupelian33.9 - 28.1Egypt Manidae indet. (108726)
Rupelian33.9 - 28.1Egypt (Fayum) Manidae indet. (12960)
Miocene - Pliocene23.03 - 2.588Pakistan (Sindh) Manis sindiensis (232182)
Messinian - Piacenzian7.246 - 2.588South Africa (Cape) Manis sp. (59167)
Early/Lower Pliocene5.333 - 3.6South Africa (Western Cape) Manis gigantea (73552)
Pliocene5.333 - 2.588Uganda Smutsia gigantea (22253)
Late/Upper Pliocene3.6 - 2.588Romania Manis sp. (39846)
Late/Upper Pliocene3.6 - 2.588South Africa (Langebaanweg) Manis sp. (21713)
Early/Lower Pleistocene2.588 - 0.781Indonesia Manis palaeojavanica (93522)
Pleistocene2.588 - 0.0117South Africa Manis sp. (21828)
Pleistocene - Holocene2.588 - 0.0South Africa Manis sp. (21711)
Late/Upper Pleistocene0.129 - 0.0117South Africa Manis temmincki (96974)
Holocene0.0117 - 0.0South Africa (Orange Free) Manis temmincki (21912)
Holocene0.0117 - 0.0Swaziland Manis temmincki (21955)
Holocene0.0117 - 0.0Indonesia (Java) Manis javanicus (13738)