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Rajiformes (ray)

Chondrichthyes - Rajiformes

Taxonomy
Rajiformes was named by Berg (1940) [Sepkoski's age data: ]. It is extant.

It was reranked as the suborder Rajiformes by Cassier (1966); it was reranked as the unranked clade Rajiformes by Cicimurri et al. (2022).

It was assigned to Euselachii by Cassier (1966); to Euselachiformes by Case (1978); to Galeomorphii by Sepkoski (2002); to Squalea by Delsate (2003); to Euselachii by Forey et al. (2003); to Squalea by Underwood and Ward (2004); to Chondrichthyes by Purdy et al. (2001) and Tabuce et al. (2005); to Hypnosqualea by Kriwet (2005); to Neoselachii by Underwood (2006); to Elasmobranchii by Johnston (1980), Case (1981), Uyeno and Hasegawa (1986), Peng et al. (2001), Everhart (2007) and Bogan and Agnolin (2010); to Batoidea by Long (2011); and to Batomorphii by Cappetta (1980), Cappetta (1987), Biddle (1993), Dica et al. (1996), Delsate and Candoni (2001), Cahuzac et al. (2007), Kriwet et al. (2007), Cicimurri and Knight (2009), Kriwet et al. (2009), Claeson et al. (2013), Nelson et al. (2016), Kent (2018), Stumpf and Kriwet (2019) and Cicimurri et al. (2022).

Synonyms
Synonymy list
YearName and author
1940Rajiformes Berg
1966Rajiformes Cassier p. 90
1978Rajiformes Case p. 193
1980Rajiformes Cappetta p. 151
1980Rajiformes Johnston
1981Rajiformes Case p. 68
1986Rajiformes Uyeno and Hasegawa p. 68
1987Rajiformes Cappetta
1993Rajiformes Biddle p. 215
1996Rajiformes Dica et al. p. 118
2001Rajiformes Delsate and Candoni p. 132
2001Rajiformes Peng et al. p. 8
2001Rajiformes Purdy et al. p. 89
2002Rajiformes Sepkoski
2003Rajiformes Delsate p. 17
2003Rajiformes Forey et al. p. 227
2004Sclerorhynchiformes Kriwet
2004Rajiformes Underwood and Ward p. 489
2005Rajiformes Kriwet
2005Rajiformes Tabuce et al. p. 385
2006Rajiformes Underwood p. 234
2007Rajiformes Cahuzac et al. p. 26
2007Rajiformes Everhart p. 226
2007Rajiformes Kriwet et al.
2008Sclerorhynchiformes Pereira and Medeiros p. 209
2009Rajiformes Cicimurri and Knight p. 635
2009Rajiformes Kriwet et al. p. 324
2009Sclerorhynchiformes Kriwet et al. p. 330
2010Rajiformes Bogan and Agnolin
2011Rajiformes Long p. 242
2013Rajiformes Claeson et al. p. 1023
2016Rajiformes Nelson et al. p. 84
2018Rajiformes Kent p. 124
2019Rajiformes Stumpf and Kriwet p. 649
2022Rajiformes Cicimurri et al.

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RankNameAuthor
kingdomAnimalia()
—Bilateria
—EubilateriaAx 1987
—Deuterostomia
phylumChordataHaeckel 1874
subphylumVertebrata
superclassGnathostomata
RankNameAuthor
classChondrichthyes
subclassElasmobranchiiBonaparte 1838
infraclassEuselachii()
—NeoselachiiCompagno 1977
superorderBatomorphii
orderRajiformesBerg 1940
orderRajiformesBerg 1940

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Or. Rajiformes Berg 1940 [ray]
show all | hide all
G. †Antiquaobatis Stumpf and Kriwet 2019
+
†Antiquaobatis grimmenensis Stumpf and Kriwet 2019
Fm. †Archaeobatidae Delsate and Candoni 2001
+
G. †Cristabatis Delsate and Candoni 2001
+
†Cristabatis crescentiformis Delsate and Candoni 2001
†Cristabatis exundans Delsate and Candoni 2001
G. †Doliobatis Delsate and Candoni 2001
+
†Doliobatis weisi Delsate and Candoni 2001
G. †Toarcibatis Delsate and Candoni 2001
+
†Toarcibatis alticarinata Delsate and Candoni 2001
†Toarcibatis brevicristata Delsate and Candoni 2001
†Toarcibatis elongata Delsate and Candoni 2001
†Toarcibatis multicristata Delsate and Candoni 2001
G. †Archingeayia Vullo et al. 2007
+
†Archingeayia sistaci Vullo et al. 2007
G. †Dynatobatis Larrazet 1886
+
†Dynatobatis paranensis Larrazet 1886
G. †Engolismaia Vullo et al. 2007
+
†Engolismaia couillardi Vullo et al. 2007
G. †Erguitaia Cappetta 1989
G. †Hamrabatis Cappetta 1991
+
†Hamrabatis bernardezi Vullo et al. 2007
+
G. †Angolabatis Antunes and Cappetta 2006
+
†Angolabatis benguelaensis Antunes and Cappetta 2002
Invalid names: Angolaia Antunes and Cappetta 2002 [replaced]
G. †Kiestus Cappetta and Case 1999
G. †Myeladaphus Cope 1876
+
G. †Oncobatis Leidy 1873
+
G. †Ostarriraja Marrama et al. 2018
+
†Ostarriraja parva Marrama et al. 2018
+
G. †Parapalaeobates Weiler 1930
+
†Parapalaeobates atlanticus Arambourg 1952
Fm. Rajidae Blainville 1816 [skate]
+
G. †Actinobatis Agassiz 1843
+
†Actinobatis davisi Fowler 1958
+
Invalid names: Raja minor Davis 1887 [replaced]
†Raja (Actinobatis) ornata Agassiz 1843
G. †Amblyraja Malm 1877
G. †Batis Bonaparte 1837
G. Beringraja Ishihara et al. 2012
+
G. †Cephaleutherus Rafinesque 1810
G. †Dactylobatus Bean and Weed 1909
G. †Dasybatus Bonaparte 1837
G. †Dipturus Rafinesque 1810
G. †Hieroptera Fleming 1841
G. †Laeviraja Bonaparte 1837
G. †Leucoraja Malm 1877
G. †Malacorhina Garman 1877
G. †Nebriimimus Collareta et al. 2021
+
†Nebriimimus wardi Collareta et al. 2021
G. †Pararaja Cappetta 1980
+
†Pararaja expansa Davis 1887
G. †Platopterus Rafinesque 1815
G. †Propterygia Otto 1824
G. Raja Linnaeus 1758
+
†Raja antiqua Agassiz 1843
†Raja batis Linnaeus 1758
†Raja casieri Steurbaut and Herman 1978
†Raja ceciliae Steurbaut and Herman 1978
†Raja clavata Linnaeus 1767
†Raja davisi Fowler 1958
†Raja fallax Arambourg 1952
†Raja gentili Joleaud 1912
†Raja harrisae Ward 1984
†Raja heinzelini Steurbaut and Herman 1978
†Raja louisi Cappetta 1972
†Raja marandati Adnet 2006
†Raja mccollumi Cicimurri and Knight 2009
†Raja michauxi Adnet 2006
†Raja olisiponensis Jonet 1968
†Raja praeclavata Jonet 1968
†Raja primarmata Woodward 1889
†Raja similis Woodward 1889
†Raja sudhakari Prasad and Cappetta 1993
†Raja terhagenensis Steurbaut and Herman 1978
†Raja texana Leriche 1942
G. †Uraptera Müller and Henle 1838
G. †Walteraja Siverson and Cappetta 2001
+
†Walteraja exigua Siverson and Cappetta 2001
Invalid names: Rajinae de Blainville 1816 [empty]
Subor. †Rajoidei Garman 1913
+
G. †Mafdetia Werner 1989
+
†Mafdetia tibniensis Werner 1989
G. Rhina [bowmouth guitarfish]
Subor. Rhinobatoidei Fowler 1941 [guitarfish]
+
G. †Ataktobatis Cappetta and Corral 1999
+
†Ataktobatis variabilis Cappetta and Corral 1999
+
G. †Analithis Gistel 1848
G. †Arhynchobatis Waite 1909
G. †Britobatos Claeson et al. 2013
G. †Cretaplatyrhinoidis Guinot et al. 2012
+
†Cretaplatyrhinoidis ornatus Guinot et al. 2012
G. †Discobatus Garman 1880
G. †Eoplatyrhina Marramà et al. 2020
+
†Eoplatyrhina bolcensis Agassiz 1835
G. Platyrhina Müller and Henle 1838
+
†Platyrhina bolcensis Heckel 1851
†Platyrhina dockeryi Case 1994
†Platyrhina sinensis Lacépède 1803
†Platyrhina ypresiensis Casier 1946
G. †Platyrhinoidis Garman 1880
G. †Pseudoplatyrhina Guinot et al. 2012
+
†Pseudoplatyrhina crispa Guinot et al. 2012
G. †Tethybatis de Carvalho 2004
+
†Tethybatis selachoides de Carvalho 2004
G. †Tingitanius Claeson et al. 2013
+
†Tingitanius tenuimandibulus Claeson et al. 2013
G. †Protoplatyrhina Case 1978
+
†Protoplatyrhina renae Case 1978
G. †Pseudohypolophus Cappetta and Case 1975
+
†Pseudohypolophus ellipsis Case et al. 2001
†Pseudohypolophus mcnultyi Thurmond 1971
G. †Pseudomyledaphus Kirkland et al. 2013
+
†Pseudomyledaphus madseni Kirkland et al. 2013
Fm. Rhinobatidae Müller and Henle 1837
+
G. †Aellopos Muenster 1836
+
†Aellopos wagneri Agassiz 1843
G. †Arthrobatis Whitley 1940
+
†Arthrobatis rileyi Agassiz 1843
Invalid names: Arthropterus Agassiz 1843 [replaced]
G. †Belemnobatis Thiollière 1854
+
†Belemnobatis kermacki Underwood and Ward 2004
†Belemnobatis noviodunumensis Delsate and Candoni 2001
†Belemnobatis picteti Cappetta 1975
†Belemnobatis sismondae Thiollière 1854
†Belemnobatis stahli Underwood and Ward 2004
†Belemnobatis variabilis Underwood and Rees 2002
G. †Cyclarthrus Agassiz 1836
+
†Cyclarthrus macropterus Agassiz 1836
G. †Demiurga Gistel 1848
G. †Eorhinobatos Marramà et al. 2020
+
†Eorhinobatos primaevus de Zigno 1874
G. †Euryarthra Agassiz 1843
+
†Euryarthra muensteri Agassiz 1843
†Euryarthra munsterii Agassiz 1843
G. †Glaucostegus Bonaparte 1845
G. †Isidobatus Werner 1989
+
†Isidobatus tricarinatus Werner 1989
G. †Myledaphus Cope 1876
+
†Myledaphus bipartitus Cope 1876
†Myledaphus pustulosus Cook et al. 2014
G. Paratrygonorrhina Kriwet et al. 2007
+
†Paratrygonorrhina amblysoda Kriwet et al. 2007
G. †Platypterix Kriwet et al. 2009
+
†Platypterix venustulus Kriwet et al. 2009
G. †Pseudorhinobatos Marramà et al. 2020
+
G. Rhinobatos Link 1790
+
†Rhinobatos beurleni Silva Santos 1968
†Rhinobatos beurlini Silva Santos 1968
†Rhinobatos casieri Herman 1977
†Rhinobatos echavei Cappetta and Corral 1999
†Rhinobatos hakelensis Cappetta 1980
†Rhinobatos ibericus Cappetta and Corral 1999
†Rhinobatos incertus Cappetta 1973
†Rhinobatos incidens Kriwet 1999
†Rhinobatos intermedius Davis 1887
†Rhinobatos kiestensis Cappetta and Case 1999
†Rhinobatos ladoniaensis Cappetta and Case 1999
†Rhinobatos latus Davis 1887
†Rhinobatos lobatus Cappetta and Case 1999
†Rhinobatos maronita Pictet and Humbert 1866
+
Invalid names: Rhinobatus grandis Davis 1887 [synonym]
†Rhinobatos obtusatus Costa 1864
†Rhinobatos primarmatus Woodward 1889
Rhinobatos rhinobatos Linnaeus 1758 [common guitarfish]
†Rhinobatos sahnii Sahni and Mehrotra 1981
†Rhinobatos seruensis Guinot et al. 2012
†Rhinobatos steurbauti Cappetta and Nolf 1981
+
†Rhinobatus antunesi Jonet 1968
†Rhinobatus bruxelliensis Jaekel 1894
†Rhinobatus eretes Hay 1903
†Rhinobatus morinicus Sauvage 1873
†Rhinobatus tesselatus von der Marck 1894
G. †Rhombopterygia Cappetta 1980
+
†Rhombopterygia rajoides Cappetta 1980
G. †Rhynchobatis Philippi 1857
G. †Spathobatis Thiollière 1849
+
†Spathobatis bugesiacus Thiollière 1854
†Spathobatis delsatei Underwood and Ward 2004
†Spathobatis halteri Biddle and Landemaine 1988
†Spathobatis rugosus Underwood et al. 1999
†Spathobatis uppensis Thies 1983
†Spathobatis werneri Thies 1983
G. †Squatinoraja Nardo 1824
G. †Syrrhina Müller and Henle 1838
G. †Tarsistes Jordan 1919
G. †Terangabatis Guinot et al. 2023
G. †Zapteryx Jordan and Gilbert 1880
G. †Turoniabatis Landemaine 1991
+
†Turoniabatis cappettai Landemaine 1991
†Turoniabatis ornatus Müller and Diedrich 1991
Invalid names: Germanobatos Müller and Diedrich 1991 [synonym]
G. †Vascobatis Cappetta and Corral 1999
+
†Vascobatis albaitensis Cappetta and Corral 1999
Invalid names: Asterodermus Agassiz 1836 [nomen dubium], Asterodermus platypterus Agassiz 1836 [nomen dubium]
Subor. †Sclerorhynchoidei Cappetta 1980
+
Fm. †Ptychotrygonidae Kriwet et al. 2009
+
G. †Asflapristis Villalobos-Segura et al. 2019
+
†Asflapristis cristadentis Villalobos-Segura et al. 2019
G. †Ptychotrygon Jaekel 1894
+
†Ptychotrygon cuspidata Cappetta and Case 1975
†Ptychotrygon eutawensis Case et al. 2001
†Ptychotrygon geyeri Kriwet 1999
†Ptychotrygon henkeli Werner 1989
†Ptychotrygon ledouxi Cappetta 1973
†Ptychotrygon pustulata Kriwet et al. 2009
†Ptychotrygon slaughteri Cappetta and Case 1975
†Ptychotrygon striata Kriwet et al. 2009
†Ptychotrygon vermiculata Cappetta 1975
†Ptychotrygon winni Case and Cappetta 1997
Invalid names: Ptychotrygon mcnultyi Meyer 1974 [nomen nudum]
G. †Ptychotrygonoides Landemaine 1991
+
†Ptychotrygonoides pouiti Landemaine 1991
†Ptychotrygonoides sabatieri Guinot et al. 2012
G. †Texatrygon Cappetta and Case 1999
+
†Texatrygon copei Cappetta and Case 1999
†Texatrygon hooveri McNulty and Slaughter 1972
+
Invalid names: Ptychotrygon rubyae Williamson et al. 1993 [synonym]
†Texatrygon stouti Bourdon et al. 2011
Fm. †Sclerorhynchidae Capetta 1974
+
G. †Agaleorhynchus Guinot et al. 2012
+
†Agaleorhynchus britannicus Guinot et al. 2012
G. †Ankistrorhynchus Casier 1964
+
†Ankystrorhynchus major Cappetta and Case 1975
G. †Baharipristis Werner 1989
+
†Baharipristis bastetiae Werner 1989
G. †Biropristis Suárez and Cappetta 2004
+
†Biropristis landbecki Suárez and Cappetta 2004
G. †Borodinopristis Case 1987
+
†Borodinopristis shannoni Case et al. 2012
G. †Celtipristis Kriwet 1999
+
†Celtipristis herreroi Kriwet 1999
G. †Ctenopristis Arambourg 1940
+
†Ctenopristis nougareti Arambourg 1940
G. †Dalpiazia Checchia-Rispoli 1933
+
†Dalpiazia stromeri Checchia-Rispoli 1933
+
Invalid names: Onchosaurus manzadinensis Dartevelle and Casier 1943 [synonym], Onchosaurus maroccanus Arambourg 1935 [synonym]
G. †Ganopristis Arambourg 1935
+
†Ganopristis hiram Hay 1903
†Ganopristis leptodon Arambourg 1935
+
Invalid names: Sclerorhynchus batavicus Albers and Weiler 1964 [synonym]
†Ganopristis libanica Arambourg 1940
†Ganopristis senta Hay 1903
G. †Ischyrhiza Leidy 1856
+
†Ischirhiza nigeriensis Tabaste 1963
†Ischyrhiza antiqua Leidy 1856
†Ischyrhiza avonicola Estes 1964
+
Invalid names: Ischyrhiza monasterica Case and Cappetta 1997 [synonym]
†Ischyrhiza chilensis Wetzel 1930
+
Invalid names: Plesiosaurus andium Gervais 1859 [objective synonym]
†Ischyrhiza germaniae Weiler and Albers 1964
†Ischyrhiza hartenbergeri Cappetta 1975
†Ischyrhiza mira Leidy 1856
†Ischyrhiza nigeriensis Tabaste 1963
†Ischyrhiza schneideri Slaughter and Steiner 1968
†Ischyrhiza serra Nessov 1997
†Ischyrhiza texana Cappetta and Case 1975
†Ischyrhiza viaudi Cappetta 1981
G. †Libanopristis Cappetta 1980
+
†Libanopristis hiram Hay 1903
G. †Marckgrafia Weiler 1935
+
†Marckgrafia libyca Weiler 1935
G. †Micropristis Cappetta 1980
G. †Onchopristis Stromer 1917
+
†Onchopristis dunklei McNulty and Slaughter 1962
+
†Onchopristis dunklei dunklei McNulty and Slaughter 1971
Invalid names: Sechmetia cruciformis Werner 1989 [synonym]
†Onchopristis numidus Haug 1905
†Onchopristis pharao Dames 1887
G. †Onchosaurus Gervais 1852
+
Subg. †Onchosaurus (Onchosaurus) Gervais 1852
†Onchosaurus pharao Dames 1887
+
Invalid names: Ischyrhiza iwakiensis Uyeno and Hasegawa 1986 [synonym]
†Onchosaurus radicalis Gervais 1852
Invalid names: Gigantichthys Dames 1887 [synonym], Titanichthys Dames 1887 [synonym]
G. †Plicatopristis Cappetta 1991
+
†Plicatopristis strougoi Cappetta 1991
G. †Pucapristis Schaeffer 1963
+
†Pucapristis branisi Schaeffer 1963
G. †Renpetia Werner 1989
+
†Renpetia labiicarinata Werner 1989
Subfm. †Schizorhizinae Kirkland and Aguillón-Martínez 2002
+
G. †Schizorhiza Weiler 1930
+
†Schizorhiza stromeri Weiler 1930
†Schizorhiza weileri Serra 1933
G. †Sclerorhynchus Woodward 1889
+
†Sclerorhynchus atavus Woodward 1889
†Sclerorhynchus fanninensis Cappetta and Case 1999
†Sclerorhynchus priscus Cappetta and Case 1999
G. †Sechmetia Werner 1989
+
†Sechmetia aegyptiaca Stromer 1927
G. †Squatirhina Casier 1947
+
†Squatirhina draytoni Guinot et al. 2012
†Squatirhina kannensis Herman 1977
†Squatirhina lonzeensis Casier 1947
†Squatirhina roessingi Case 1987
†Squatirhina thiesi Biddle 1993
†Squatirhina westfalica Müller and Diedrich 1991
G. †Tanoutia Noubhani and Cappetta 1995
+
†Tanoutia iminensis Noubhani and Cappetta 1995
G. †Tomewingia Case and Cappetta 2013
+
†Tomewingia problematica Case and Cappetta 1997
Invalid names: Ewingia Case and Cappetta 1997 [replaced]
Unr. Torpedinoidea Jonet 1968
+
Invalid names: Hypnidae [empty]
G. †Urobatis
+
Urobatis halleri Cooper 1863
G. †Urotrygon
G. †Zanobatus
Invalid names: Cyclobatidae Cappetta 1980 [empty], Hypolophidae Leriche 1902 [empty], Pristoidei [empty], Sclerorhynchiformes Kriwet 2004 [synonym], Spathobatidae [empty]
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
Composition: phosphaticsubp
Environment: marinesubp
Locomotion: actively mobileo
Life habit: nektobenthico
Diet: carnivoreo
Created: 2009-07-21 07:15:23
Modified: 2009-07-21 09:15:23
Source: o = order, subp = subphylum
References: Hendy et al. 2009, Wagner 2023, Carroll 1988

Age range

Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Rhaetian to the top of the Rancholabrean or 208.50000 to 0.01200 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 201.3 Ma

Collections (799 total)

Oldest occurrences

Time interval Ma Country or state Original ID and collection number
Rhaetian208.5 - 201.3Germany (Baden-Württemberg) Raja sp. (91635)
Spinatum189.6 - 183.0Germany (Mecklenburg-Vorpommern) Antiquaobatis grimmenensis (206457)
Toarcian182.7 - 174.1Luxembourg Doliobatis weisi (91444)
Toarcian182.7 - 174.1France Belemnobatis moorbergensis (91438) Cristabatis crescentiformis, Toarcibatis elongata (91442) Cristabatis exundans, Toarcibatis alticarinata (91439) Toarcibatis brevicristata (91441) Toarcibatis multicristata (91440)
Toarcian182.7 - 174.1Belgium Cristabatis crescentiformis, Toarcibatis elongata (91443)
Levesquei182.0 - 175.6Luxembourg Doliobatis weisi (148935)
Thouarsense180.1 - 175.6Luxembourg Toarcibatis sp. (141386) Toarcibatis sp., Cristabatis sp. (141389)
Aalenian174.1 - 170.3France Belemnobatis noviodunumensis (91437)
Aalenian174.1 - 170.3Germany Belemnobatis moorbergensis (91436) Spathobatis moorbergensis (137168)
Laeviuscula171.6 - 167.7France Archaeobatidae indet. (179497)
Bathonian168.3 - 166.1United Kingdom (England) Belemnobatis stahli (91452) Spathobatis delsatei, Belemnobatis kermacki (91450)
Late/Upper Bathonian167.7 - 164.7United Kingdom (England) Spathobatis delsatei (91449)
Callovian166.1 - 163.5United Kingdom Spathobatis werneri (137185)
Late/Upper Oxfordian161.2 - 155.7Spain Belemnobatis sp. (151897) Spathobatis sp. (151900)
Kimmeridgian157.3 - 152.1Germany Asterodermus sp. 1 morphotype 13 (117194 117208 117210 117212) Asterodermus sp. 1 morphotype 13, Asterodermus sp. 2 morphotype 14, Asterodermus sp. morphotype 15 (117206) Asterodermus sp. 1 morphotype 13, Asterodermus sp. 2 morphotype 14, Asterodermus sp. morphotype 16 (117204) Asterodermus sp. 1 morphotype 13, Asterodermus sp. morphotype 15 (117195 117198 117199 117200 117209) Asterodermus sp. 1 morphotype 13, Asterodermus sp. morphotype 15, Asterodermus sp. morphotype 16 (117196 117197) Asterodermus sp. 2 morphotype 14 (117214) Asterodermus sp. morphotype 15 (117201 117207) Spathobatis sp., Spathobatis uppensis, Spathobatis mutterlosei (137193)
Early/Lower Kimmeridgian155.7 - 150.8Spain Belemnobatis sp. (151902)
Late/Upper Kimmeridgian155.7 - 150.8Germany (Niedersachsen) Asterodermus sp. morphotype 15 (51859)
Late/Upper Kimmeridgian155.7 - 150.8Germany (Baden-Württemberg) Belemnobatis sismondae (154138)
Late/Upper Kimmeridgian - Early/Lower Tithonian155.7 - 145.0United Kingdom (England) Spathobatis bugesiacus (140224)
Tithonian152.1 - 145.0Ethiopia (Shewa) Rhinobatos sp. (48841)