PBDB Taxon

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Morphology	Ecology and taphonomy	External Literature Search	Age range and collections

Ankylosaurinae

Osteichthyes - Ankylosauridae

Taxonomy

Ankylosaurinae was named by Nopcsa (1918). Its type is Ankylosaurus. It was considered monophyletic by Vickaryous et al. (2004).

It was assigned to Acanthopholidae by Nopcsa (1923), Nopcsa (1923); to Nodosauridae by Nopcsa (1929), Kuhn (1966), Maryanska (1971); and to Ankylosauridae by Russell and Chamney (1967), Tumanova (1983), Sereno (1986), Tumanova (1987), Tumanova (1993), Vickaryous and Ryan (1997), Sereno (1997), Sereno (1998), Sereno (1999), Ford (2000), Vickaryous et al. (2001), Vickaryous et al. (2004), Han et al. (2014), Arbour et al. (2014), Arbour and Currie (2016), Yang et al. (2017), Arbour and Mallon (2017), Penkalski and Tumanova (2017), Arbour and Evans (2017), Penkalski (2018), Zheng et al. (2018).

Subtaxa

Ankylosaurini, Ankylosaurus (type genus), Crichtonpelta, Euoplocephalini, Jinyunpelta, Minotaurasaurus, Nodocephalosaurus, Oohkotokia, Pinacosaurus (syn. Syrmosaurus), Saichania (syn. Tianzhenosaurus, Shanxia), Talarurus, Tarchia, Tsagantegia, Zaraapelta, Zuul

Synonymy list

Year	Name and author
1918	Ankylosaurinae Nopcsa
1923	Ankylosaurinae Nopcsa p. 126
1929	Ankylosaurinae Nopcsa p. 71
1966	Ankylosaurinae Kuhn p. 105
1967	Ankylosaurinae Russell and Chamney p. 11
1971	Ankylosaurinae Maryanska p. 47
1983	Ankylosaurinae Tumanova p. 110
1986	Ankylosaurinae Sereno
1987	Ankylosaurinae Tumanova p. 15
1993	Ankylosaurinae Tumanova p. 119
1997	Ankylosaurinae Sereno p. 443
1997	Ankylosaurinae Vickaryous and Ryan p. 491
1998	Ankylosaurinae Sereno p. 61
1999	Ankylosaurinae Sereno p. 2138 fig. 2
2000	Ankylosaurinae Ford p. 175
2001	Ankylosaurinae Vickaryous et al. p. 1774
2004	Ankylosaurinae Vickaryous et al. p. 364
2014	Ankylosaurinae Arbour et al.
2014	Ankylosaurinae Han et al. p. 14 fig. 11
2016	Ankylosaurinae Arbour and Currie p. 405
2017	Ankylosaurinae Arbour and Evans p. 7
2017	Ankylosaurinae Arbour and Mallon p. 768
2017	Ankylosaurinae Penkalski and Tumanova
2017	Ankylosaurinae Yang et al. p. 786 fig. 5
2018	Ankylosaurinae Penkalski p. 264
2018	Ankylosaurinae Zheng et al.

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Rank	Name	Author
kingdom	Animalia	()
—	Bilateria
—	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
—	Deuterostomia
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1874
subphylum	Vertebrata
superclass	Gnathostomata
class	Osteichthyes
subclass	Sarcopterygii	()
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha	(Nelson 2006)
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha	()
—	Tetrapoda
—	Reptiliomorpha
—	Anthracosauria
subclass	Amphibiosauria	Kuhn 1967
—	Cotylosauria	()
—	Amniota
—	Sauropsida
class	Reptilia
subclass	Eureptilia	()

Rank	Name	Author
—	Romeriida
—	Diapsida	()
—	Archosauromorpha	(Huene 1946)
—	Crocopoda
—	Archosauriformes	Gauthier 1986
—	Eucrocopoda
—	Archosauria	()
informal	Avemetatarsalia
—	Ornithodira
—	Dinosauromorpha
—	Dinosauriformes
—	Dinosauria	()
—	Ornithischia	()
—	Genasauria
—	Thyreophora	()
—	Ankylosauria	()
family	Ankylosauridae
subfamily	Ankylosaurinae	Nopcsa 1918
subfamily	Ankylosaurinae	Nopcsa 1918

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Subfm. †Ankylosaurinae Nopcsa 1918

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Tr. †Ankylosaurini Arbour and Currie 2016

G. †Akainacephalus Wiersma and Irmis 2018

†Akainacephalus johnsoni Wiersma and Irmis 2018

G. †Ziapelta Arbour et al. 2014

†Ziapelta sanjuanensis Arbour et al. 2014

G. †Ankylosaurus Brown 1908

†Ankylosaurus magniventris Brown 1908

G. †Crichtonpelta Arbour and Currie 2016

†Crichtonpelta benxiensis Lü et al. 2007

Tr. †Euoplocephalini Penkalski 2018

G. †Anodontosaurus Sternberg 1929

†Anodontosaurus inceptus Penkalski 2018

†Anodontosaurus lambei Sternberg 1929

G. †Dyoplosaurus Parks 1924

†Dyoplosaurus acutosquameus Parks 1924

G. †Euoplocephalus Lambe 1910

†Euoplocephalus tutus Lambe 1902

Invalid names: Stereocephalus Lambe 1902 [replaced]

G. †Platypelta Penkalski 2018

†Platypelta coombsi Penkalski 2018

G. †Scolosaurus Nopcsa 1928 [thorn lizard]

†Scolosaurus cutleri Nopcsa 1928

†Scolosaurus thronus Penkalski 2018

G. †Jinyunpelta Zheng et al. 2018

†Jinyunpelta sinensis Zheng et al. 2018

G. †Minotaurasaurus Miles and Miles 2009

G. †Nodocephalosaurus Sullivan 1999

†Nodocephalosaurus kirtlandensis Sullivan 1999

G. †Oohkotokia Penkalski 2014

†Oohkotokia horneri Penkalski 2014

G. †Pinacosaurus Gilmore 1933

†Pinacosaurus grangeri Gilmore 1933

Invalid names: Pinacosaurus ninghsiensis Young 1935 [synonym], Syrmosaurus viminocaudus Maleev 1952 [synonym]

†Pinacosaurus mephistocephalus Godefroit et al. 1999

Invalid names: Syrmosaurus Maleev 1952 [synonym]

G. †Saichania Maryanska 1977

†Saichania chulsanensis Maryanska 1977

Invalid names: Shanxia tianzhenensis Barrett et al. 1998 [synonym], Tianzhenosaurus youngi Pang and Cheng 1998 [synonym]

Invalid names: Shanxia Barrett et al. 1998 [synonym], Tianzhenosaurus Pang and Cheng 1998 [synonym]

G. †Talarurus Maleev 1952

†Talarurus plicatospineus Maleev 1952

G. †Tarchia Maryanska 1977

†Tarchia kielanae Maryanska 1977

Invalid names: Minotaurasaurus ramachandrani Miles and Miles 2009 [synonym]

†Tarchia teresae Penkalski and Tumanova 2017

†Tarchia tumanovae Park et al. 2021

G. †Tsagantegia Tumanova 1993

†Tsagantegia longicranialis Tumanova 1993

G. †Zaraapelta Arbour et al. 2014

†Zaraapelta nomadis Arbour et al. 2014

G. †Zuul Arbour and Evans 2017

†Zuul crurivastator Arbour and Evans 2017

Diagnosis

Reference	Diagnosis
T. A. Tumanova 1987	Ankylosaurs with wide skull, width of which is slightly less or equal to the length; broad snout; orbits oriented slightly forward; angle of orbital plane with long axis of skull about 30o; anterior wall of pterygoids sometimes inclined somewhat sharply posteriorly, but more often inclined anteriorly; occipital condyle oval; basipterygoid process contacts with pterygoid by suture; orbits in posterior half of skull length.

Measurements

No measurements are available

Composition:

hydroxyapatiteo

Entire body:

yeso

Adult length:

10 to < 100o

Adult width:

1.0 to < 10o

Adult height:

1.0 to < 10o

Maximum body mass:

10000 kgg

Minimum body mass:

300 kgg

Architecture:

compact or denseo

Ontogeny:

accretion, modification of partso

Grouping:

gregariouso

Environment:

terrestrialo

Locomotion:

actively mobileo

Life habit:

ground dwellingo

Diet:

herbivoreo

Reproduction:

oviparouso

Dispersal:

direct/internalo

Dispersal 2:

mobileo

Created:

2004-12-14 12:50:52

Modified:

2004-12-14 14:50:52

Source: g = genus, o = order

References: Marsh 1875, Peczkis 1995, Kiessling 2004

Age range: base of the Late/Upper Albian to the top of the Lancian or 106.30000 to 66.00000 Ma

Collections (120 total)

Time interval	Ma	Country or state	Original ID and collection number
Early/Lower Cretaceous	143.1 - 100.5	Mongolia (Ovorkhangai)	Syrmosaurus sp. (79703)
Albian	113.2 - 100.5	China (Zhejiang)	Jinyunpelta sinensis (180708)
Late/Upper Albian	106.3 - 100.5	China (Liaoning)	Crichtonpelta benxiensis (64018)
Cenomanian - Turonian	100.5 - 89.8	China (Liaoning)	Crichtonsaurus benxiensis (91201)
Cenomanian - Santonian	100.5 - 83.6	Mongolia (Dornogov)	Talarurus plicatospineus (79702) Tsagantegia longicranialis (55389) Tsagantegia sp. (127664)
Cenomanian - Santonian	100.5 - 83.6	Mongolia (Omnogov)	Zaraapelta nomadis (130804)
Cenomanian - Campanian	100.5 - 72.2	China (Shanxi)	Ankylosauridae indet. (45408) Shanxia tianzhenensis (51907)
Late/Upper Cretaceous	100.5 - 66.0	China (Ningxia)	Pinacosaurus ninghsiensis (62323)
Middle Turonian - Late/Upper Turonian	93.9 - 89.8	Uzbekistan (Navoi)	Ankylosaurinae indet. (58165 58167 58174)
Late/Upper Turonian - Late/Upper Santonian	93.9 - 83.6	Mongolia (Omnogov)	Talarurus plicatospineus (51975)
Coniacian - Santonian	89.8 - 83.6	China (Shandong)	Pinacosaurus grangeri (35966)
Late/Upper Santonian - Late/Upper Campanian	85.7 - 72.2	Mongolia (Omnogov)	Pinacosaurus grangeri (167657)
Campanian	83.6 - 72.2	Mongolia (Ömnögovi Aimag)	Ankylosauria indet. (130798)
Campanian	83.6 - 72.2	Canada (Alberta)	Euoplocephalus sp. (52476)
Campanian	83.6 - 72.2	China (Nei Mongol)	Pinacosaurus grangeri (94372 220053 220054 220055 232428) Pinacosaurus mephistocephalus (37807) Pinacosaurus sp. (205652)
Campanian	83.6 - 72.2	Mongolia (Omnogov)	Pinacosaurus grangeri (45329)
Early/Lower Campanian	83.6 - 72.2	USA (Utah)	Ankylosauridae indet. (14430)
Late/Upper Campanian	83.6 - 72.2	Mongolia (Omnogov)	Pinacosaurus grangeri (46152 55256) Pinacosaurus sp. (37013 37016 59372 127678) Syrmosaurus viminocaudus (53229)
Late/Upper Campanian	83.6 - 72.2	USA (Montana)	Dyoplosaurus acutosquameus (45681) Euoplocephalus sp. (22694 62541 196407) Oohkotokia horneri (138980) Scolosaurus cutleri (232277) Zuul crurivastator (190394)
Late/Upper Campanian	83.6 - 72.2	USA (New Mexico)	Ankylosauridae indet. (62535) Nodocephalosaurus kirtlandensis (54104 76107 76761 76762 76763 194876) Ziapelta sanjuanensis (169229)
Late/Upper Campanian	83.6 - 72.2	Canada (Alberta)	Ankylosauria indet. (58957 59023 59037) Ankylosauridae indet. (58759 155220) Anodontosaurus lambei (135807 155221 155222) Dyoplosaurus acutosquameus (46332) Euoplocephalus sp. (35379 48618 61625 61627 155267 196405) Euoplocephalus tutus (59004 223397) Scelidosaurus sp. (155228)
Late/Upper Campanian	83.6 - 72.2	USA (Utah)	Akainacephalus johnsoni (196592)
Middle Campanian	83.6 - 72.2	Canada (Alberta)	Euoplocephalus sp. (196406) Euoplocephalus tutus (196419 196420) Stegosauria indet. (144551)
Middle Campanian	83.6 - 72.2	Mongolia (Omngov)	Pinacosaurus sp. (100261)
Middle Campanian	83.6 - 72.2	USA (Montana)	Ankylosauridae indet. (142497) Euoplocephalus sp. (14437)
Middle Campanian	83.6 - 72.2	Mongolia (Omnogov)	Pinacosaurus grangeri (222595)
Middle Campanian - Late/Upper Campanian	83.6 - 72.2	USA (Montana)	Euoplocephalus sp. (14470 14492)
Middle Campanian - Late/Upper Campanian	83.6 - 72.2	Canada (Alberta)	Euoplocephalus sp. (155027) Scolosaurus cutleri (59015)
Middle Campanian - Late/Upper Campanian	83.6 - 72.2	Mongolia (Omnogov)	Ankylosauridae indet. (28243 181420 181421) Pinacosaurus grangeri (65334) Saichania chulsanensis (11582)
Middle Campanian - Late/Upper Campanian	83.6 - 72.2	Mongolia (Dornogov)	Pinacosaurus grangeri (65338)
Campanian - Maastrichtian	83.6 - 66.0	China (Xinjiang)	Euoplocephalus sp. (159589)
Late/Upper Campanian - Early/Lower Maastrichtian	83.6 - 66.0	Canada (Alberta)	Ankylosauria indet. (155224) Ankylosaurus sp. (51966)
Early/Lower Maastrichtian	72.2 - 66.0	Canada (Alberta)	Ankylosauria indet. (11899 45733 155225 155227) Anodontosaurus lambei (94370 144561 155226 229870) Euoplocephalus sp. (61628 64630 155223)
Early/Lower Maastrichtian	72.2 - 66.0	USA (Montana)	Euoplocephalus sp. (61631)
Lancian	72.2 - 66.0	USA (Wyoming)	Ankylosaurus magniventris (14514) Ankylosaurus sp. (14541 14544 75289 75430 75435)
Lancian	72.2 - 66.0	USA (Montana)	Ankylosaurus magniventris (14534)
Late/Upper Maastrichtian	72.2 - 66.0	USA (South Dakota)	Ankylosaurus magniventris (224484)
Late/Upper Maastrichtian	72.2 - 66.0	USA (Montana)	Ankylosaurus magniventris (11931 45879)
Late/Upper Maastrichtian	72.2 - 66.0	Canada (Saskatchewan)	Ankylosaurus magniventris (206819)
Late/Upper Maastrichtian	72.2 - 66.0	USA (Wyoming)	Ankylosaurus magniventris (14585) Dynamosaurus imperiosus (45878)
Late/Upper Maastrichtian	72.2 - 66.0	Canada (Alberta)	Ankylosaurus magniventris (45876) Ankylosaurus sp. (45877)
Maastrichtian	72.2 - 66.0	Mongolia (Omnogov)	Ankylosauria indet. (55258) Dyoplosaurus giganteus (179625) Tarchia tumanovae (226994)