PBDB Taxon

Basic info	Taxonomic history	Classification	Included Taxa
Morphology	Ecology and taphonomy	External Literature Search	Age range and collections

Santalales

Angiospermae - Santalales

Taxonomy

Santalales was named by Brown (1820). It is extant.

It was assigned to Dicotyledones by Knowlton (1919); to Rosidae by Mabberley (2000); to Eudicots by Jud (2011); and to Superasterids by The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2016).

Subtaxa

Anacolosidites, Balanophoraceae, Eremolepidaceae, Exocarpos (syn. Exocarpus), Loranthaceae, Medusandraceae, Misodendraceae, Olacaceae (syn. Coulaceae, Strombosiaceae, Aptandraceae, Erythropalaceae, Octoknemaceae, Ximeniaceae), Opiliaceae, Santalaceae (syn. Viscaceae, Nanodeaceae, Comandraceae, Thesiaceae, Cervantesiaceae, Amphorogynaceae), Schoepfiaceae

Synonymy list

Year	Name and author
1820	Santalales Brown
1919	Santalales Knowlton
2000	Santalales Mabberley
2011	Santalales Jud
2016	Santalales The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group

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Rank	Name	Author
kingdom	Plantae
phylum	Spermatophyta
class	Angiospermae
—	Mesangiosperms
—	Eudicots	Doyle and Hotton 1991

Rank	Name	Author
—	Coreeudicots	The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group 2009
—	Superasterids
order	Santalales	Brown 1820
order	Santalales	Brown 1820

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Or. Santalales Brown 1820

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G. †Anacolosidites Krutzsch 1959

†Anacolosidites diffusa Archangelsky 1973

†Anacolosidites luteoides Cookson and Pike 1954

G. Exocarpos Labillardière 1800

Invalid names: Exocarpus Persoon 1807 [replaced]

Fm. Loranthaceae de Jussieu 1808 [mistletoe]

G. †Enantioblastos Goeppert and Berendt 1845

†Enantioblastos viscoides Goeppert and Berendt 1845

G. †Gothanipollis Krutzsch 1959

†Gothanipollis bassensis Stover 1973

G. †Loranthacites Conwentz 1886

†Loranthacites succineus Conwentz 1886

G. Loranthella Blanco and Wetzel 2016

G. †Loranthophyllum Unger 1864

†Loranthophyllum griselinia Unger 1864

G. Loranthus Linnaeus 1753

Loranthus americanus Linnaeus 1753

G. †Magnicutis Schneider 1969

†Magnicutis glandulosa Schneider 1969

G. Moquiniella Balle 1954

G. Oryctanthus Eichler 1868

G. Phoradendron Nuttall 1848

Phoradendron flavescens Nuttall 1848

G. Psittacanthus von Martius 1830 [parrot flower]

G. †Scollardia Srivastava

G. †Syncolporites Van der Hammen 1954

†Syncolporites grandioratus Ramanujam 1966

†Syncolporites incomptus van Hoeken-Klinkenberg 1964

†Syncolporites lisamae Van der Hammen 1954

†Syncolporites marginatus van Hoeken-Klinkenberg 1964

†Syncolporites poricostatus van Hoeken-Klinkenberg 1966

†Syncolporites schrankii Awad 1994

†Syncolporites subtilis Boltenhagen 1976

G. †Viscophyllum Knoll 1904

†Viscophyllum morloti Unger 1904

Fm. †Olacaceae Martinov 1818

G. Erythropalum Blume

†Erythropalum europaeum Reid and Chandler 1933

†Erythropalum jenkinsi Chandler 1961

†Erythropalum turbinatum Chandler 1961

G. Olax Linnaeus 1753

†Olax bankasii Prasad and Pandey 2008

Olax zeylanica Linnaeus 1753

G. Strombosia Blume

G. †Trioculata Thiergart and Frantz 1963

†Trioculata riedeli Thiergart and Frantz 1963

Invalid names: Aptandraceae Miers [synonym], Coulaceae Tiegh [synonym], Erythropalaceae Planch ex Miq [synonym], Octoknemaceae Soler [synonym], Strombosiaceae Tiegh [synonym], Ximeniaceae Horan [synonym], Ximenioxylon Trivedi and Srivastava 1979 [nomen nudum]

Fm. Opiliaceae Valeton 1886

G. Pentarhopalopilia Hiepko 1987

Fm. †Santalaceae Brown 1810

G. Choretrum Brown 1810

G. Osyris Linnaeus 1753

G. †Santalaceaepites Biswas 1962

†Santalaceaepites religiosus Biswas 1962

G. Santalum Linnaeus 1753

Santalum album Linnaeus 1753

†Santalum americanum Lesquereux 1883

†Santalum novaecaesareae Berry 1906

G. †Thesianthium Conwentz 1886

†Thesianthium inclusum Conwentz 1886

Invalid names: Amphorogynaceae Nickrent and Der [synonym], Cervantesiaceae Nickrent and Der [synonym], Comandraceae Nickrent and Der [synonym], Nanodeaceae Nickrent and Der [synonym], Thesiaceae Vest [synonym], Viscaceae Batsch [synonym]

Fm. Schoepfiaceae Blume 1850

G. Schoepfia Schreber 1789

†Schoepfia deueli Janssen 1940

†Schoepfia republicensis Berry 1929

Invalid names: Balanophoraceae Richard 1822 [empty], Eremolepidaceae Nakai [empty], Medusandraceae Brenan [empty], Misodendraceae Agardh 1858 [empty]

Diagnosis

No diagnoses are available

Measurements

No measurements are available

Diet:

"photoautotroph"p

Created:

2011-07-22 00:04:15

Modified:

2011-07-21 09:04:15

Source: p = phylum

Reference: Kiessling 2009

Age range

Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Senonian to the top of the Holocene or 100.50000 to 0.00000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 93.9 Ma

Collections (231 total)

Time interval	Ma	Country or state	Original ID and collection number
Albian - Cenomanian	113.2 - 93.9	Sudan (Sotuh Kurdufan)	Syncolporites marginatus (145152)
Senonian	100.5 - 66.0	Senegal (Dakar)	Syncolporites sp. (137363)
Turonian	93.9 - 89.8	Egypt (Western Desert)	Syncolporites sp. (142214 142216 142217)
Turonian - Santonian	93.9 - 83.6	South Sudan	Syncolporites sp. (199977)
Coniacian	89.8 - 85.7	Nigeria (Gombe)	Syncolporites subtilis (163725)
Santonian	85.7 - 83.6	Argentina (Mendoza)	Syncolporites sp. (149816)
Middle Campanian - Late/Upper Campanian	83.6 - 72.2	China (Nei Mongol)	Anacolosidites acutullus (71073)
Campanian - Early/Lower Maastrichtian	83.6 - 66.0	South Sudan	Syncolporites sp. (199954 199958 199963) Syncolporites sp., Syncolporites incompatus (199966) Syncolporites sp., Syncolporites marginatus (199957) Syncolporites sp., Syncolporites schrankii (199964)
Late/Upper Campanian - Early/Lower Maastrichtian	83.6 - 66.0	Argentina (Mendoza)	Anacolosidites diffusa (168549)
Late/Upper Campanian - Early/Lower Maastrichtian	83.6 - 66.0	Argentina (Río Negro)	Anacolosidites sp. (241237)
Late/Upper Campanian - Early/Lower Maastrichtian	83.6 - 66.0	Antarctica	Gothanipollis bassensis (150237)
Late/Upper Campanian - Danian	83.6 - 61.66	Antarctica	Anacolosidites sectus (167434 168697)
Early/Lower Maastrichtian	72.2 - 66.0	Senegal (Dakar)	Syncolporites sp. (137364 137365)
Early/Lower Maastrichtian	72.2 - 66.0	Argentina (Santa Cruz)	Syncolporites sp. (231749)
Late/Upper Maastrichtian	72.2 - 66.0	Canada (Alberta)	Scollardia nortoni, Scollardia steevesi, Scollardia trapaformis (32522) Scollardia trapaformis, Scollardia steevesi, Scollardia nortoni (32698)
Late/Upper Maastrichtian	72.2 - 66.0	South Sudan	Syncolporites boltenhageni (192391) Syncolporites sp. (199947 199948)
Late/Upper Maastrichtian	72.2 - 66.0	USA (Texas)	Anacolosidites sp. (165562)
Maastrichtian	72.2 - 66.0	Argentina (Chubut)	Anacolosidites diffusa (168393)
Maastrichtian - Early/Lower Eocene	72.2 - 48.07	Argentina (Santa Cruz)	Anacolosidites sp. (167869)
Danian	66.0 - 61.66	Argentina (Chubut)	Anacolosidites diffusa (136508 136554 167922)
Danian	66.0 - 61.66	Argentina (Buenos Aires)	Anacolosidites diffusa (168419 168421 168422 168423 168424 168426 168427 168430 168432 168433 168541)
Danian	66.0 - 61.66	Canada (Manitoba)	Syncolporites minimus (232088 232089 232093 232094 232095 232096 232097)
Early/Lower Paleocene	66.0 - 61.66	USA (Wyoming)	Syncolporites minimus (31296)
Paleocene	66.0 - 56.0	Venezuela (Zulia)	Syncolporites lisamae (151711 151712 151713 151714 151716 151717 151718 151720 151722 151723 151724)
Paleocene	66.0 - 56.0	USA (Wyoming)	Syncolporites minimus (31006 31219 31220 31294 31295)
Paleogene	66.0 - 23.04	India (Maharashtra)	Ximenioxylon mahurzari (224626)
Paleogene	66.0 - 23.04	India (Madhya Pradesh)	Ximenioxylon mohgaoense (224606)
Late/Upper Paleocene	59.24 - 56.0	Australia (New South Wales)	Anacolosidites acutullus (167511)
Late/Upper Paleocene	59.24 - 56.0	Venezuela (Zulia)	Syncolporites lisamae (150340 150341 150343 150344 151726 151727 151729 151734 151736 151739 151740 151742 151746 151749 151750 151754 151756 151759 151761)
Late/Upper Paleocene	59.24 - 56.0	Colombia	Syncolporites lisamae (28440) Syncolporites sp. (28568)
Late/Upper Paleocene - Middle Eocene	59.24 - 37.71	Australia (South Australia)	Anacolosidites acutullus (167838)
Early/Lower Eocene	56.0 - 48.07	Colombia	Syncolporites marginatus (29142)
Early/Lower Eocene	56.0 - 48.07	USA (Wyoming )	Schoepfia republicensis (129152)
Early/Lower Eocene	56.0 - 48.07	India (Meghalaya)	Syncolporites sp. (224890) Syncolporites sp., Santalaceaepites religiosus (224747)
Early/Lower Eocene	56.0 - 48.07	Australia (Tasmania)	Gothanipollis bassensis, Anacolosidites spp. (166741)
Early/Lower Eocene	56.0 - 48.07	Venezuela (Zulia)	Anacolosidites luteoides (151767 151768 151771 151775 151777 151784 151787 151805 151812 151817 151819 151825 151826 151832)
Early/Lower Eocene	56.0 - 48.07	Southern Ocean	Anacolosidites acutullus, Anacolosidites luteoides (169269)
Ypresian	56.0 - 48.07	United Kingdom (England)	Erythropalum jenkinsi (22806) Olacaceae indet., Erythropalum striatum, Erythropalum europaeum, Erythropalum turbinatum, Olax depressa (22811)
Eocene	56.0 - 33.9	Argentina (Santa Cruz)	Gothanipollis bassensis (144270 144274 144285)
Eocene	56.0 - 33.9	USA (Virginia)	Anacolosidites sp. (233007)
Eocene	56.0 - 33.9	USA (Georgia)	Anacolosidites reklawensis (233004)
Eocene	56.0 - 33.9	Antarctica	Anacolosidites sp. (167931)
Eocene	56.0 - 33.9	India (Meghalaya)	Santalaceaepites religiosus (224681)
Eocene	56.0 - 33.9	USA (Missouri)	Gothanipollis cockfieldensis (231933 231934)
Lostcabinian	54.9 - 50.5	USA (Wyoming)	Schoepfia republicensis (11344 11466)
Wasatchian	54.9 - 50.5	USA (Wyoming)	Schoepfia republicensis (28715 28718 28721 28740 28911)
MP 13	48.07 - 41.03	Germany (Eifel)	Gothanipollis gothanii (24201)
Lutetian - Bartonian	48.07 - 37.71	USA (Washington)	Schoepfia republicensis (11537)
Middle Eocene	48.07 - 37.71	Australia (Victoria)	Anacolosidites luteoides (167109)
Middle Eocene	48.07 - 37.71	USA (Mississippi)	Anacolosidites sp. 1 (232646) Syncolporites sp. 2 (236536)
Middle Eocene	48.07 - 37.71	USA (Alabama)	Syncolporites sp. 1 (236359 236393) Syncolporites sp. 2 (236322)
Middle Eocene	48.07 - 37.71	USA (Virginia)	Gothanipollis cockfieldensis, Gothanipollis sp. A (231682) Syncolporites sp. A, Gothanipollis cockfieldensis (231698)
Middle Eocene	48.07 - 37.71	USA (Georgia)	Syncolporites sp. 1 (236527 236528)
Middle Eocene - Late/Upper Eocene	48.07 - 33.9	Argentina (Neuquén)	Gothanipollis bassensis (136911)
Middle Eocene - Late/Upper Eocene	48.07 - 33.9	Argentina (Santa Cruz)	Gothanipollis bassensis (144273)
Late/Upper Eocene	37.71 - 33.9	Australia (Victoria)	Loranthaceae spp. (167130)
Late/Upper Eocene	37.71 - 33.9	Myanmar (Sagaing)	Anacolosidites lutoides (227634 227650 227701 227787) Anacolosidites reticulatus (227649 227664) Anacolosidites reticulatus, Scollardia sp. (227710) Anacolosidites sp. (227672) Anacolosidites sp., Scollardia sp. (227803) Anacolosidites trilobus (227632 227697 227807) Anacolosidites trilobus, Scollardia sp. (227666) Gothanipollis sp. (227646 227661) Gothanipollis sp., Anacolosidites reticulatus (227633 227647 227696 227698) Loranthaceae indet. (227662) Loranthaceae indet., Gothanipollis sp., Anacolosidites trilobus (227801) Scollardia sp. (227651 227665 227714 227720 227721 227782 227783 227784)
Early/Lower Oligocene	33.9 - 27.3	Australia (Tasmania)	Gothanipollis bassensis (166832)
Rupelian	33.9 - 27.3	Germany (Baden-Württemberg)	Viscophyllum sp. (68021)
Early/Lower Oligocene - Early/Lower Miocene	33.9 - 15.98	Australia (Victoria)	Gothanipollis bassensis (169007) Gothanipollis bassensis, Exocarpus sp. (169006 169237)
Early/Lower Miocene	23.04 - 15.98	New Zealand	Loranthaceae indet. (169167 169168)
Early/Lower Miocene - Late/Upper Miocene	23.04 - 5.333	Ecuador	Phoradendron fossile (32188)
Miocene	23.04 - 5.333	India (Tamil Nadu)	Syncolporites grandioratus, Trioculata riedeli (224618)
Miocene	23.04 - 5.333	USA (Massachusetts)	Anacolosidites reklawensis (231798 231824)
Miocene - Pliocene	23.04 - 2.58	Nepal	Olax bankasii (222975)
Langhian	15.98 - 13.82	Germany (Sachsen)	Viscophyllum sp. (27517)
Langhian - Serravallian	15.98 - 11.63	Poland (Silesia)	Viscophyllum pliocenicum (28442)
Middle Miocene	15.98 - 11.63	Australia (New south wales)	Gothanipollis gothanii (168999 169000) Gothanipollis gothanii, Gothanipollis bassensis (169004 169005)
Middle Miocene - Early/Lower Pliocene	15.98 - 3.6	Falkland Islands (Malvinas)	Gothanipollis bassensis (169355 169356)
Serravallian	13.82 - 11.63	Kenya	Olacaceae indet. (22311) Strombosia sp. (22266)
Late/Upper Miocene	11.63 - 5.333	China (Yunnan)	Schoepfia sp., Loranthus palaeoeuropaeus (222695)
Early/Lower Pleistocene	2.58 - 0.774	Australia (Victoria)	Loranthaceae indet. (172836 172837 172855 172875 172877 172879 172880 172881 172882 172883)
Early/Lower Pleistocene - Middle Pleistocene	2.58 - 0.129	Australia (Tasmania)	Gothanipollis bassensis (166707)
Pleistocene	2.58 - 0.0117	Australia (Queensland)	Exocarpos sp. (168918 168924) Loranthaceae indet. (168890 168893) Loranthaceae indet., Exocarpos sp. (168819 168888 168889 168891 168892 168904)
Quaternary	2.58 - 0.0	India (West Bengal)	Loranthus sp. (228794)
Quaternary	2.58 - 0.0	India (Himachal Pradesh)	Loranthus sp. (228761)
Quaternary	2.58 - 0.0	India (Uttarakhand)	Loranthaceae indet. (228809)
Middle Pleistocene - Holocene	0.774 - 0.0	Australia (Queensland)	Loranthaceae indet. (168896)
Late/Upper Pleistocene - Holocene	0.129 - 0.0	Australia (Queensland)	Exocarpos sp. (168751 168753 168755 168756)
Holocene	0.0117 - 0.0	India (West Bengal)	Loranthus sp. (228796)
Holocene	0.0117 - 0.0	Australia (Queensland)	Loranthaceae indet., Exocarpos sp. (168937)
Holocene	0.0117 - 0.0	India (Tamil Nadu)	Osyris sp. (228788)