PBDB Taxon

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Morphology	Ecology and taphonomy	External Literature Search	Age range and collections

Prismatoolithus

Osteichthyes - Prismatoolithidae

Taxonomy

Prismatoolithus was named by Zhao and Li (1993). It is considered to be a form taxon. It is the type genus of Prismatoolithidae.

It was assigned to Hypsilophodontidae by Zhao and Li (1993), Wang and Zhou (1995); to Troodontidae by Zelenitsky and Currie (2004), Liang et al. (2009); and to Prismatoolithidae by Hirsch (1994), Zelenitsky and Hills (1996), Mikhailov (1997), Ariunchimeg (1997), Vianey-Liaud and López-Martínez (1997), Bray (1999), Garcia (2000), Garcia et al. (2000), Zelenitsky (2000), Zhao (2000), Garcia and Vianey-Liaud (2001), Cousin (2002), Varricchio et al. (2002), Garcia et al. (2003), Suñer et al. (2008), Jackson and Varricchio (2010), Tanaka et al. (2011), Sellés et al. (2014), Moreno-Azanza et al. (2014), Moreno-Azanza et al. (2016), Skutschas et al. (2017), Wang et al. (2018), Tanaka et al. (2020), Tanaka et al. (2023).

Species

P. caboti, P. gebiensis, P. hanshuiensis, P. heyuanensis, P. hirschi, P. hukouensis, P. ilekensis, P. jenseni, P. levis, P. matellensis, P. tenuis, P. tiantaiensis, P. trempii

Synonyms

Prismatoolithus was named by Vianey-Liaud and Crochet (1994). It is considered to be a form taxon.

It was synonymized subjectively with Prismatoolithus by Zelenitsky and Hills (1996).

It was assigned to Hypsilophodontidae by Vianey-Liaud and Crochet (1994).

Synonymy list

Year	Name and author
1993	Prismatoolithus Zhao and Li p. 78
1994	Prismatoolithus Hirsch p. 140
1994	Prismatoolithus Vianey-Liaud and Crochet p. 241–242
1995	Prismatoolithus Wang and Zhou p. 263
1996	Prismatoolithus Zelenitsky and Hills p. 1128
1997	Prismatoolithus Ariunchimeg p. 13
1997	Prismatoolithus Mikhailov pp. 58-59
1997	Prismatoolithus Vianey-Liaud and López-Martínez p. 1161
1999	Prismatoolithus Bray p. 364
2000	Prismatoolithus Garcia p. 116
2000	Prismatoolithus Garcia et al. p. 285
2000	Prismatoolithus Zelenitsky p. 24
2000	Prismatoolithus Zhao p. 119
2001	Prismatoolithus Garcia and Vianey-Liaud
2002	Prismatoolithus Cousin p. 40
2002	Prismatoolithus Varricchio et al. p. 570
2003	Prismatoolithus Garcia et al. p. 64
2004	Prismatoolithus Zelenitsky and Currie p. 134A
2008	Prismatoolithus Suñer et al. p. 411
2009	Prismatoolithus Liang et al. p. 1591
2010	Prismatoolithus Jackson and Varricchio p. 1148
2011	Prismatoolithus Tanaka et al. p. 45
2014	Prismatoolithus Moreno-Azanza et al. p. 847
2014	Prismatoolithus Sellés et al. p. 48
2016	Prismatoolithus Moreno-Azanza et al. p. 311
2017	Prismatoolithus Skutschas et al.
2018	Prismatoolithus Wang et al. p. 267
2020	Prismatoolithus Tanaka et al. p. 5
2023	Prismatoolithus Tanaka et al. p. 203

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Rank	Name	Author
kingdom	Animalia	()
—	Bilateria
—	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
—	Deuterostomia
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1874
subphylum	Vertebrata
superclass	Gnathostomata
class	Osteichthyes
subclass	Sarcopterygii	()
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha	(Nelson 2006)
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha	()
—	Tetrapoda
—	Reptiliomorpha
—	Anthracosauria
subclass	Amphibiosauria	Kuhn 1967
—	Cotylosauria	()
—	Amniota
—	Sauropsida

Rank	Name	Author
class	Reptilia
subclass	Eureptilia	()
—	Romeriida
—	Diapsida	()
—	Archosauromorpha	(Huene 1946)
—	Crocopoda
—	Archosauriformes	Gauthier 1986
—	Eucrocopoda
—	Archosauria	()
informal	Avemetatarsalia
—	Ornithodira
—	Dinosauromorpha
—	Dinosauriformes
—	Dinosauria	()
—	Ornithischia	()
family	Prismatoolithidae
genus	Prismatoolithus

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

G. †Prismatoolithus Zhao and Li 1993

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†Prismatoolithus caboti Garcia et al. 2000

†Prismatoolithus gebiensis Zhao and Li 1993

†Prismatoolithus hanshuiensis Zhou 1998

†Prismatoolithus heyuanensis Lü 2006

†Prismatoolithus hirschi Jackson and Varricchio 2010

†Prismatoolithus hukouensis Zhao et al. 1999

†Prismatoolithus ilekensis Skutschas et al. 2017

†Prismatoolithus jenseni Bray 1999

†Prismatoolithus levis Zelenitsky and Hills 1996

†Prismatoolithus matellensis Vianey-Liaud and Crochet 1994

†Prismatoolithus tenuis Vianey-Liaud and Crochet 1994

†Prismatoolithus tiantaiensis Fang et al. 2000

†Prismatoolithus trempii Sellés et al. 2014

Invalid names: Prismatoolithus Vianey-Liaud and Crochet 1994 [synonym]

Diagnosis

Reference	Diagnosis
M. Vianey-Liaud and J.-Y. Crochet 1994 (Prismatoolithus)	* Prismatic eggshell microstructure with two distinct layers, very similar to that of Orodromeus makelai: - continuous layer of slender interlocking shell units with prisms, giving horizontal striations; extinction pattern sharp and columnar; - mammillary layer thin (10 to 15% of the shell thickness); shell thickness varying from 0.3 mm to 1.22 mm; * outer surface smooth, or with small, irregular and dispersed tubercles; apparently isolated pores, but pore pattern unknown. * inner surface with tightly packed mammillae; only a few interstices.
D. K. Zelenitsky and L. V. Hills 1996	Dinosauroid-prismatic basic type; angustiprismatic or obliquiprisrnatic morphotype; angusticanaliculate or obliquicanaliculate pore system; outer surface smooth to undulating or with fine sculpturing; eggshell thickness 0.3-1.22 mm; eggs elongate, ovoidal- or ellipsoidal-shaped; EL2 = 1.8-2.7.
F. D. Jackson and D. J. Varricchio 2010	Angustiprismatic morphotype; angusticanaliculate pore system; outer surface smooth or ﬁnely sculptured; eggshell thickness 0.3–1.22 mm; eggs elongate, ovoidal-shaped; egg size 105–160 × 50–70 mm (EL = 1.8–2.4).
A. G. Sellés et al. 2014	Angustiprismatic morphotype; angusticanaliculate pore system; outer surface smooth or finely sculptured; eggshell thickness from 0.3 to 1.22 mm; gradual transition between mammillary and continuous layers; eggs elongate, ovoid-shaped; egg size 105–160 mm x 50–70 mm (EL = 1.8–2.4).

Measurements

No measurements are available

Composition:

hydroxyapatiteo

Entire body:

yeso

Adult length:

10 to < 100o

Adult width:

1.0 to < 10o

Adult height:

1.0 to < 10o

Architecture:

compact or denseo

Ontogeny:

accretion, modification of partso

Grouping:

gregariouso

Environment:

terrestrialo

Locomotion:

actively mobileo

Life habit:

ground dwellingo

Diet:

herbivoreo

Reproduction:

oviparouso

Dispersal:

direct/internalo

Dispersal 2:

mobileo

Created:

2004-12-14 12:50:52

Modified:

2004-12-14 14:50:52

Source: o = order

References: Kiessling 2004, Marsh 1875

Age range: base of the Barremian to the top of the Early/Lower Maastrichtian or 125.77000 to 66.00000 Ma

Collections (55 total)

Time interval	Ma	Country or state	Original ID and collection number
Early/Lower Barremian	125.77 - 121.4	Spain (Aragón)	P. sp. (53921)
Barremian - Aptian	125.77 - 113.2	Russian Federation (Kemerovo)	P. ilekensis (52808)
Early/Lower Albian	113.2 - 110.1	Japan (Hyogo)	P. sp. (117980 224255)
Late/Upper Cenomanian - Turonian	100.5 - 89.8	China (Zhejiang)	Elongatoolithus tiantaiensis (98254 204718) P. sp. (86426) P. tiantaiensis (204722)
Coniacian - Santonian	89.8 - 83.6	China (Henan)	P. gebiensis (178691)
Campanian	83.6 - 72.2	Mongolia (Omnogov)	P. sp. (190544)
Campanian	83.6 - 72.2	China (Nei Mongol)	P. gebiensis (52942) P. sp. (205652)
Early/Lower Campanian	83.6 - 72.2	USA (Montana)	P. hirschi (102180) Theropoda indet. (94368)
Late/Upper Campanian	83.6 - 72.2	Canada (Alberta)	P. levis (53049 53050 62321 62322 163049 226216) P. sp. (47793)
Late/Upper Campanian	83.6 - 72.2	Mexico (Baja California)	P. sp. (237073)
Late/Upper Campanian	83.6 - 72.2	USA (New Mexico)	P. sp. (96814)
Late/Upper Campanian	83.6 - 72.2	Mexico (Coahuila)	P. sp. (59114)
Middle Campanian	83.6 - 72.2	USA (Montana)	P. levis (13281 14453)
Middle Campanian - Late/Upper Campanian	83.6 - 72.2	France (Bouches-du-Rhône)	P. tenuis (138412)
Middle Campanian - Late/Upper Campanian	83.6 - 72.2	France (Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur)	P. tenuis (59267)
Campanian - Maastrichtian	83.6 - 66.0	Spain (Aragón)	P. sp. (228841)
Campanian - Maastrichtian	83.6 - 66.0	China (Guangdong)	P. heyuanensis (134619)
Late/Upper Campanian - Early/Lower Maastrichtian	83.6 - 66.0	France (Bouches-de-Rhone)	P. caboti (138414)
Late/Upper Campanian - Early/Lower Maastrichtian	83.6 - 66.0	France (Languedoc-Roussillon)	P. tenuis (48870 138411)
Late/Upper Campanian - Late/Upper Maastrichtian	83.6 - 66.0	France (Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur)	Dinosauria indet. (59778)
Early/Lower Maastrichtian	72.2 - 66.0	France (Bouches-du-Rhône)	P. tenuis (138413)
Early/Lower Maastrichtian	72.2 - 66.0	France (Hérault)	P. caboti (59254)
Early/Lower Maastrichtian	72.2 - 66.0	Spain (Cataluña)	P. trempii (32322 48723 117933 167945 171098 171124 217163)
Early/Lower Maastrichtian	72.2 - 66.0	Canada (Alberta)	P. levis (229870)
Early/Lower Maastrichtian	72.2 - 66.0	France (Languedoc-Roussillon)	P. tenuis, P. matellensis (70285)
Late/Upper Maastrichtian	72.2 - 66.0	France (Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur)	Theropoda indet. (207627)
Late/Upper Maastrichtian	72.2 - 66.0	France (Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur)	Dinosauria indet. (178472)
Late/Upper Maastrichtian	72.2 - 66.0	USA (Utah)	P. jenseni (45721 45722)
Late/Upper Maastrichtian	72.2 - 66.0	Spain (Cataluña)	P. tenuis, P. matellensis, Prismatoolithidae indet. (36725) P. trempii (148953 169450)
Maastrichtian	72.2 - 66.0	Morocco (Fes-Boulmane)	P. sp. (206441)
Maastrichtian	72.2 - 66.0	China (Guangdong)	P. hukouensis (52941)
Maastrichtian	72.2 - 66.0	USA (Utah)	P. sp. (177458)