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Scapharca

Bivalvia - Arcida - Arcidae

Taxonomy
Scapharca was named by Gray (1847) [Sepkoski's age data: T Ol-l R Sepkoski's reference number: 1112]. It is extant. Its type is Arca inaequivalvis.

It was reranked as Arca (Scapharca) by Dall (1898), Glenn (1904), Pilsbry and Olsson (1941) and da Silva Forti (1969); it was reranked as Anadara (Scapharca) by Schenck and Reinhart (1938), Reinhart (1943) and Jung (1965); it was reranked as Barbatia (Scapharca) by Harris and Palmer (1946).

It was assigned to Barbatia by Harris and Palmer (1946); to Anadara by Schenck and Reinhart (1938), Reinhart (1943) and Jung (1965); to Arca by Dall (1898), Glenn (1904), Pilsbry and Olsson (1941) and da Silva Forti (1969); to Anadarinae by Vokes (1980), Dockery (1982) and Moore (1983); to Arcoida by Sepkoski (2002); and to Arcidae by Wienrich (1999) and Mikkelsen (2006).

Species
Anadara (Scapharca) aviculaeformis, Anadara (Scapharca) cepoides, Anadara (Scapharca) inaequivalvis, Anadara (Scapharca) labiosa, Anadara (Scapharca) spiekeri, Arca (Scapharca) aguadica, Arca (Scapharca) collazica, Arca (Scapharca) ecuadoriana, Arca (Scapharca) hopkinsi, Arca (Scapharca) sansebastiana, Arca (Scapharca) weeksi, Arca (Scapharca) wheeleri, S. (Scapharca), S. axelolssoni, S. broughtoni (syn. Arca inflata), S. chemnitzii, S. cornea, S. crashleyi, S. crassissima, S. eusphaera, S. inaequivalvis, S. meroensis, S. pertenuicosta, S. pinguescens, S. rustica, S. satowi, S. sedanensis, S. terhaari, S. tjilanangensis, S. vanwinkleae, S. zorritosensis
Species lacking formal opinion data
Anadara guajirensis, Anadara suzukii, S. agraria, S. agronomica, S. chordicosta, S. japonica, S. natalensis, S. pertenuicostata, S. recondita

Synonymy list
YearName and author
1847Scapharca Gray
1898Arca (Scapharca) Dall
1904Arca (Scapharca) Glenn p. 385
1938Anadara (Scapharca) Schenck and Reinhart pp. 58-62
1941Arca (Scapharca) Pilsbry and Olsson p. 9
1943Anadara (Scapharca) Reinhart p. 70
1946Barbatia (Scapharca) Harris and Palmer p. 44
1965Anadara (Scapharca) Jung p. 427
1969Arca (Scapharca) da Silva Forti p. 65
1980Scapharca Vokes p. 15
1982Scapharca Dockery p. 32
1983Scapharca Moore pp. A43 - A44
1999Scapharca Wienrich p. 211
2002Scapharca Sepkoski
2006Scapharca Mikkelsen

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RankNameAuthor
kingdomAnimalia()
—Bilateria
—EubilateriaAx 1987
—Protostomia
—Spiralia
superphylumLophotrochozoa
phylumMollusca
classBivalvia
—Eubivalvia
RankNameAuthor
subclassAutobranchia(Groblen 1894)
infraclassPteriomorphia(Beurlen 1944)
—OstreomorphiFerussac 1822
—ArcioniGray 1854
orderArcida(Stoliczka 1871)
superfamilyArcoidea(Lamarck 1809)
familyArcidaeLamarck 1809
subfamilyAnadarinaeReinhart 1935
genusScapharcaGray 1847

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

G. Scapharca Gray 1847
show all | hide all
†Arca (Scapharca) aguadica Sheldon and Maury 1920
†Arca (Scapharca) collazica Sheldon and Maury 1920
†Arca (Scapharca) ecuadoriana Pilsbry and Olsson 1941
†Arca (Scapharca) hopkinsi Pilsbry and Olsson 1941
†Arca (Scapharca) sansebastiana Sheldon and Maury 1920
†Arca (Scapharca) weeksi Hodson et al. 1927
†Arca (Scapharca) wheeleri Pilsbry and Olsson 1941
Scapharca axelolssoni Macsotay and Campos 2001
Scapharca broughtoni Schrenck 1867
+
Invalid names: Arca inflata Reeve 1844 [synonym]
Scapharca chemnitzii Philippi 1851
Scapharca cornea Reeve 1844
†Scapharca crashleyi Maury 1924
Scapharca crassissima Macsotay and Campos 2001
†Scapharca eusphaera Boettger 1883
Scapharca inaequivalvis Bruguierre 1789
†Scapharca meroensis Olsson 1931
†Scapharca pinguescens Maury 1924
†Scapharca rustica Martin 1883
Scapharca satowi Dunker 1882
†Scapharca sedanensis Martin 1910
†Scapharca terhaari Oostingh 1935
†Scapharca tjilanangensis Martin 1910
†Scapharca vanwinkleae Maury 1924
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
Composition: aragonitef
Entire body: yesf
Adult length: 10 to < 100f
Adult width: 10 to < 100f
Adult height: 10 to < 100f
Thickness: intermediatef
Folds: minorf
Ribbing: majorf
Spines: nonef
Internal reinforcement: nonef
Ontogeny: accretionf
Environment: lagoonal, coastal, inner shelf, outer shelf, oceanic, brackish, freshwaterf
Locomotion: facultatively mobilesubf
Attached: yesf
Life habit: semi-infaunalsubf
Diet: suspension feedersubf
Vision: limitedf
Created: 2009-08-18 18:09:28
Modified: 2009-08-18 20:09:28
Source: subf = subfamily, f = family
References: Hendy et al. 2009, Mikkelsen and Bieler 2008

Age range

Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Early/Lower Oligocene to the top of the Holocene or 33.90000 to 0.00000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 28.4 Ma

Collections (234 total)


Time interval Ma Country or state Original ID and collection number
Middle Eocene - Early/Lower Oligocene47.8 - 28.4Haiti S. chiriquiensi, S. quayubinica (173456)
Early/Lower Oligocene33.9 - 28.4Puerto Rico Arca collazica (80191 80192) Arca collazica, Arca sansebastiana (80190)
Rupelian33.9 - 28.1USA (Mississippi) S. chordicosta (6002 66308 66310 66329) S. chordicosta, S. delicatula (5943) S. delicatula (5791 5805 5867 5941 5942 5944 5947 5948) S. invidiosa (5500 5612 5779 5787 5788 7113 74077 74078 74079 74080 74081 74082 74083) S. sp., S. invidiosa (5501)
Early/Lower Oligocene - Late/Upper Oligocene33.9 - 23.03Ecuador (Guayas) Arca meroensis (61201)
Early/Lower Oligocene - Middle Miocene33.9 - 11.608Haiti S. losguemadica (173459)
Late/Upper Oligocene28.4 - 23.03Peru Anadara meroensis (42794)
Late/Upper Oligocene28.4 - 23.03Peru (Piura) Arca meroensis (64559)
Late/Upper Oligocene28.4 - 23.03Hungary Anadara diluvii (8338)
Chattian28.1 - 23.03Hungary Anadara diluvii (8211)
Chattian28.1 - 23.03Austria Anadara diluvii (77734)
Early/Lower Miocene23.03 - 15.97USA (South Carolina) S. staminata (92430)
Early/Lower Miocene23.03 - 15.97India S. ferruginea, S. junghuhni (78641) S. n. sp. 1, S. gendingensis, S. n. sp. 2, S. ferruginea (72084)
Early/Lower Miocene23.03 - 15.97Brazil (Para) S. agronomica, S. recondita, S. agraria (60980) S. sp. (60981 60983) S. sp., S. textilicostata (65162) S. textilicostata, S. paraensis, S. pertenuicostata, S. sp. 1, S. sp. 2, S. sp. 3, S. sp. 4, S. vanwinkleae, S. crashleyi, S. pinguescens (60979)
Early/Lower Miocene23.03 - 15.97Germany (North Rhein-Westfalia) S. diluvii (62882 62883)
Early/Lower Miocene23.03 - 15.97Peru Arca spiekeri (66141 66178)
Early/Lower Miocene23.03 - 15.97USA (California) Anadara obispoana (44891 167645) Arca obispoana (220083)
Early/Lower Miocene23.03 - 15.97Japan S. kakehataensis (173083)
Early/Lower Miocene23.03 - 15.97Peru (Tumbes) Arca zapotalensis, Arca charanensis, Arca singewaldi (59001)
Early/Lower Miocene23.03 - 15.97Brazil (Piaui) Anadara egleri (112600)
Early/Lower Miocene - Middle Miocene23.03 - 11.608Germany (North Rhein-Westfalia) S. diluvii (62884)
Miocene23.03 - 5.333Germany (North Rhein-Westfalia) S. diluvii (62899 62903 62929 62931 62933 62934 62935 62940 62943 62944 62954 62955)
Burdigalian20.44 - 15.97Germany Anadara diluvii (164944 164945) S. suessi, S. diluvii (111599)
Burdigalian20.44 - 15.97Venezuela (Falcon) Anadara spiekeri (60144 60703)
Burdigalian20.44 - 15.97France Arca diluvii (66288)
Burdigalian20.44 - 15.97Italy Anadara diluvii (178108 178110)
Burdigalian - Langhian20.44 - 13.82Colombia Anadara guajirensis (106367)
Burdigalian - Langhian20.44 - 13.82Japan (Fukui ) S. sp. (176560)
Langhian15.97 - 13.82Italy (Pordenone) Anadara diluvii (37372)
Langhian15.97 - 13.82Japan Anadara setoensis (44960)
Langhian - Serravallian15.97 - 11.62Netherlands S. diluvii (186883)
Langhian - Serravallian15.97 - 11.62USA (California) Anadara obispoana (37539)
Middle Miocene15.97 - 11.608Bulgaria Anadara diluvii (60288 60289 60291 60292 60312 60313)
Middle Miocene15.97 - 11.608Germany (North Rhein-Westfalia) S. diluvii (61895 61896 61897 61898 61899 61900 61901 61902 61903 61904 61905 61906 61907 62867 62880 62885 62886 62887 62889 62891 62892)
Middle Miocene15.97 - 11.608USA (California) Anadara obispoana (44982 44988) Arca perdisparis (220070)
Middle Miocene15.97 - 11.608Dominican Republic Arca sp. (124722)
Middle Miocene15.97 - 11.608Indonesia Anadara suzukii (70171 70175 70179) S. multiformis (63040 70081) S. sedanensis, S. hulshofi (70085)
Middle Miocene15.97 - 11.608Poland Anadara diluvii (51688 51691)
Serravallian13.82 - 11.62Belgium S. diluvii (77859 77860 77861)
Serravallian13.82 - 11.62Greece Arca diluvii (72305)
Serravallian13.82 - 11.62Italy (Pordenone) Anadara diluvii (37374)
Badenian13.65 - 12.7Poland Anadara diluvii (51687)
Badenian13.65 - 12.7Slovakia Anadara diluvii (73137)
Badenian13.65 - 12.7Romania Anadara diluvii (123135)
Tortonian11.62 - 7.246Greece Arca diluvii (72310)
Tortonian11.62 - 7.246Cyprus Anadara diluvii (34690)
Tortonian11.62 - 7.246Belgium S. diluvii (77863 77867 77868 77869 77870 77871)
Tortonian11.62 - 7.246Italy Anadara diluvii (78437)
Tortonian11.62 - 7.246Italy (Pordenone) Anadara diluvii (37365 37366 37368)
Tortonian11.62 - 7.246Morocco Anadara diluvii (161327 173165)
Tortonian - Messinian11.62 - 5.333Spain Anadara diluvii (69788)
Tortonian - Messinian11.62 - 5.333Morocco Anadara diluvii (173163 173166 173167)
Late/Upper Miocene11.608 - 5.333Indonesia S. cornea, S. multiformis (70100) S. eusphaera, S. geyleri (70083) S. hulshofi (70078) S. inaequivalvis (70091) S. tjilanangensis (70098) S. tjilanangensis, S. multiformis (70077)
Late/Upper Miocene11.608 - 5.333South Africa (KwaZulu-Natal) S. praenatalensis (41473)
Late/Upper Miocene11.608 - 5.333Colombia (Bolívar) Arca inequilateralis (88316)
Late/Upper Miocene11.608 - 5.333Trinidad and Tobago Anadara placata (60399 60401 60402 60403 60404 60405 60630 60631 60632 60633 60634 60637)
Late/Upper Miocene11.608 - 5.333Pakistan Arca inflata (77134 77154)
Late/Upper Miocene11.608 - 5.333Colombia (Atlántico) Arca inequilateralis (88312)
Late/Upper Miocene - Pliocene11.608 - 2.588Indonesia (New Guinea) S. multiformis (42393 42397)
Messinian7.246 - 5.333Italy Anadara diluvii (207784) Arca diluvii (70417)
Early/Lower Pliocene5.333 - 3.6Italy (Sardinia) Arca diluvii (84304)
Early/Lower Pliocene5.333 - 3.6Pakistan Arca inflata (77398 77441)
Early/Lower Pliocene5.333 - 3.6Trinidad and Tobago Anadara sanctidavidis (60415)
Early/Lower Pliocene5.333 - 3.6Japan Anadara suzukii (97033)
Early/Lower Pliocene5.333 - 3.6Indonesia (Java) S. gedinganensis (45344)
Zanclean5.333 - 3.6Spain Anadara diluvii (71910)
Zanclean5.333 - 3.6Greece Arca diluvii (72318)
Pliocene5.333 - 2.588Indonesia Arca inaequivalvis (84523) Arca terhaari (84517 84518 84519 84533 84545) Arca terhaari, Arca inaequivalvis (84520) S. inaequivalvis (70097) S. nannodes (71925)
Pliocene5.333 - 2.588India Anadara bonneti (77658)
Pliocene5.333 - 2.588Japan (Shizuoka) Anadara castellata (51547)
Pliocene5.333 - 2.588Japan Anadara ommaensis (97111)
Pliocene5.333 - 2.588Pakistan Anadara inaequivalvis (55398) S. sp. (55400) S. sp., Anadara inaequivalvis (55399)
Pliocene5.333 - 2.588Cyprus Anadara diluvii (34689)
Pliocene5.333 - 2.588Spain Anadara diluvii (71909 71911 71915)
Late/Upper Pliocene3.6 - 2.588Costa Rica Arca wheeleri (66794)
Late/Upper Pliocene3.6 - 2.588Indonesia S. gendinganensis (70084)
Late/Upper Pliocene3.6 - 2.588Philippines (Panay) Anadara gendinganensis (41650)
Piacenzian3.6 - 2.588Japan (Kochi) S. castellata, S. suzukii (170023)
Piacenzian3.6 - 2.588Japan Arca sp. (97079)
Piacenzian3.6 - 2.588Greece Arca diluvii (72414 72415)
Piacenzian3.6 - 2.588Italy (Emilia-Romagna) Anadara diluvii (178117)
Piacenzian3.6 - 2.588Algeria (Relizane) Anadara diluvii (168388)
Piacenzian - Gelasian3.6 - 1.806Ecuador (Manabi) Arca hopkinsi, Arca wheeleri, Arca ecuadoriana (51878)
Gelasian2.588 - 1.806Italy (Umbria) Anadara diluvii (200419)
Pleistocene2.588 - 0.0117Pakistan Anadara inaequivalvis (55402) S. japonica (55401)
Pleistocene2.588 - 0.0117Japan Anadara broughtonii, Anadara satowi (96970) Anadara satowi (96969 97029) Anadara subcrenata, Anadara broughtonii, Anadara satowi (96947 97028)
Pleistocene2.588 - 0.0117South Africa S. natalensis (122936)
Pleistocene2.588 - 0.0117Dominican Republic Arca sp. (75425)
Calabrian1.8 - 0.774Italy (Umbria) Anadara diluvii (149603 200420)
Middle Pleistocene - Late/Upper Pleistocene (interglacial)0.774 - 0.0117Iran S. sp. (164152)
Late/Upper Pleistocene0.129 - 0.0117Japan Anadara broughtonii (97961) Arca cornea (88886) Arca subcrenata (96945) Arca subcrenata, Arca satowi (96943 96944)
Late/Upper Pleistocene0.129 - 0.0117Pakistan Arca inflata (77442)
Late/Upper Pleistocene0.129 - 0.0117Spain Arca diluvii (127358)
Holocene0.0117 - 0.0Thailand S. sp. (67930)
Holocene0.0117 - 0.0Japan (Akita) Anadara subcrenata, Anadara broughtonii (56380)