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Forcipulatida

Asteroidea

Taxonomy
Forcipulatida was named by Perrier (1884) [Initial spelling "Forcipulatae" corrected by H.E.S. Clark (1963)]. It is extant. It was considered monophyletic by Gale (1987), Gale (2011), Mah and Blake (2012).

It was reranked as the unranked clade Forcipulatida by Gale (2011).

It was assigned to Asteroidea by Spencer and Wright (1966); to Surculifera by Gale (1987); to Asteroidea by Perrier (1884), Sepkoski (2002); to Tripedicellaria by Gale (2011); to Forcipulatacea by Blake (1989), Mah and Blake (2012); to Neoasteroidea by Blake (2018); and to Neoasteroidea by Ewin and Gale (2020), Gale and Jagt (2021).

Synonymy list
YearName and author
1884Forcipulatida Perrier
1966Forcipulatida Spencer and Wright p. U71
1987Forcipulatida Gale p. 123
1989Forcipulatida Blake p. 213
2002Forcipulatida Sepkoski
2011Forcipulatida Gale p. 55
2012Forcipulatida Mah and Blake p. 3
2018Forcipulatida Blake p. 56
2020Forcipulatida Ewin and Gale p. 942
2021Forcipulatida Gale and Jagt

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RankNameAuthor
kingdomAnimalia()
—Bilateria
—EubilateriaAx 1987
—Deuterostomia
—Ambulacraria
phylumEchinodermata
subphylumEleutherozoa
—Asterozoa()
RankNameAuthor
classAsteroidea
subclassAmbuloasteroidea
infraclassNeoasteroidea()
superorderSurculifera
—Tripedicellaria
—Forcipulatida()
—Forcipulatida()

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Unr. Forcipulatida Perrier 1884
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Fm. Asteriidae Gray 1840
+
Subfm. Asteriinae Gray 1840
+
G. Asterias Linnaeus 1758
+
Subg. †Asterias (Archaeasterias) Müller 1855
†Asterias arenicola Goldfuss 1833
†Asterias bituminosa Geinitz 1849
†Asterias deslongchampsi Morière 1878
†Asterias dubium Whitfield 1877
†Asterias lincki Sears 1905
Asterias planci Linnaeus 1758
†Asterias propinqua Münster 1835
†Asterias punctulata Desmoulins 1832
†Asterias ranvillensis Porte 1927
†Asterias remondii Gabb 1866
Asterias rubens Linnaeus 1758
†Asterias stellionura Sears 1905
Invalid names: Asteracanthion Müller and Troschel 1840 [synonym], Uraster Agassiz 1836 [objective synonym]
G. †Cretasterias Gale and Villier 2013
+
†Cretasterias reticulatus Gale and Villier 2013
Subfm. †Dermasterinae Hess 1972
+
G. †Dermaster de Loriol 1899
+
†Dermaster boehmi de Loriol 1899
G. †Germanasterias Blake 1990
+
G. †Hystrixasterias Blake 1990
+
G. †Pegaster Blake and Peterson 1993
+
†Pegaster stichos Blake and Peterson 1993
†Pegaster sticos Blake and Peterson 1993
G. †Polarasterias Rousseau et al. 2018
+
†Polarasterias janusensis Rousseau et al. 2018
G. †Savignasterias Gale 2011
+
G. Sclerasterias Perrier 1891
+
†Sclerasterias zinsmeisteri Blake and Aronson 1998
Unr. Brisingida Fisher 1928
+
Fm. Brisingidae Sars 1875
+
G. Brisingella Fisher 1917
Invalid names: Brisingasteridae Mah 1996 [empty], Freyellidae Downey 1986 [empty], Hymenodiscidae Mah 1996 [empty], Odinellidae Mah 1996 [empty]
Fm. Heliasteridae Viguier 1878
+
G. Heliaster Gray 1840
+
Fm. Neomorphasteridae Fisher 1923
+
G. †Argoviaster Hess 1972
+
†Argoviaster occultus Hess 1972
Fm. Pedicellasteridae Perrier 1884
+
G. †Afraster Blake et al. 1996
+
†Afraster scalariformis Blake et al. 1996
G. †Psammaster Fau et al. 2020
+
†Psammaster davidsoni de Loriol and Pellat 1874
Fm. †Stichasteridae Perrier 1885
+
G. †Atalopegaster Blake and Guensburg 2016
+
†Atalopegaster gundersoni Blake and Guensburg 2016
Fm. Zoroasteridae Sladen 1889
+
G. Doraster Downey 1970
+
†Doraster mizunoi Kato and Oji 2013
G. Zoroaster Thomson 1873
+
Zoroaster fulgens Thomson 1873
Invalid names: Asteriadina Fisher 1928 [empty], Labidiasteridae Verrill 1914 [empty]
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
Composition: high Mg calciteo
Ontogeny: accretion, addition of partsp
Grouping: solitaryo
Environment: marine, brackisho
Locomotion: slow-movingo
Life habit: low-level epifaunalo
Diet: carnivoreo
Vision: limitedc
Reproduction: oviparouso
Dispersal: watero
Dispersal 2: planktonico
Comments: ECOSPACE CODE: 325.o
Created: 2004-02-28 17:11:12
Modified: 2009-10-10 10:38:25
Source: o = order, c = class, p = phylum
References: Aberhan 1992, Aberhan et al. 2004

Age range

Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Liasicus to the top of the Late/Upper Pleistocene or 201.40000 to 0.01170 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 199.5 Ma

Collections (48 total)


Time interval Ma Country or state Original ID and collection number
Late/Upper Hettangian201.4 - 199.5Germany (Württemberg) Hystrixasterias hettangiurnus, Germanasterias amplipapularia (59868)
Liasicus201.4 - 199.5Belgium Asterias sp. (40087)
Late/Upper Bajocian168.6 - 168.2Switzerland Argoviaster occultus, Dermaster boehmi (32036)
Late/Upper Bathonian168.2 - 165.3France Asterias ranvillensis (58932)
Early/Lower Callovian165.3 - 161.5Switzerland Asteriidae indet. (61717)
Late/Upper Jurassic161.5 - 143.1USA (Montana) Atalopegaster gundersoni (216832)
Late/Upper Oxfordian157.9 - 154.8France Savignasterias villieri (61724)
Late/Upper Oxfordian157.9 - 154.8Switzerland Asteriidae indet. (61723)
Barremian125.77 - 121.4Morocco Zoroasteridae indet. (124947)
Late/Upper Barremian125.77 - 121.4France (Drôme) Forcipulatida indet. (75576 177726)
Late/Upper Cenomanian100.5 - 93.9France Asteriidae indet. (59792 59793 59794 59795)
Early/Lower Turonian93.9 - 89.8France Asteriidae indet. (59796)
Late/Upper Turonian93.9 - 89.8France Asteriidae indet. (59582)
Early/Lower Coniacian89.8 - 85.7France Asteriidae indet. (59798)
Late/Upper Coniacian89.8 - 85.7Angola Afraster scalariformis (59842)
Campanian83.6 - 72.2USA (California) Pegaster stichos (59865)
Late/Upper Campanian83.6 - 72.2Belgium (Liege) Asteriidae indet. (32147)
Early/Lower Maastrichtian72.2 - 66.0Germany (Mecklenburg-Vorpommern) Asteriidae indet. (32022)
Late/Upper Maastrichtian72.2 - 66.0Morocco Cretasterias reticulatus (145471)
Ypresian56.0 - 48.07Antarctica Sclerasterias zinsmeisteri, Zoroaster fulgens (7296 81846) Zoroaster fulgens (42446 98515 99090 203480 203491 203500 203504)
Lutetian48.07 - 41.03Antarctica Zoroaster fulgens (98416 203498 203499)
Lutetian - Priabonian48.07 - 33.9Antarctica Sclerasterias zinsmeisteri (203488) Zoroaster fulgens (203489 203495 203503)
Late/Upper Eocene37.71 - 33.9New Zealand (North Island) Zoroaster whangareiensis (204562)
Burdigalian20.45 - 15.98Japan Brisingella sp. (109709)
Tortonian11.63 - 7.246Argentina (Entre Rios) Asterias dugratii (13626)
Late/Upper Miocene11.63 - 5.333USA (California) Asterias remondii (203557)
Early/Lower Pliocene5.333 - 3.6USA (Florida) Heliaster microbrachius (35026)
Piacenzian3.6 - 2.58USA (Florida) Heliaster microbrachius (32039)
Pleistocene2.58 - 0.0117USA (Massachusetts) Asterias stellionura, Asterias lincki (203613)
Late/Upper Pleistocene0.129 - 0.0117USA (Maryland) Asterias forbesi (48886 66720)