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Paraceratheriidae

Mammalia - Perissodactyla - Paraceratheriidae

Synonyms
Synonymy list
YearName and author
1923Paraceratheriidae Osborn
1973Forstercooperia jigniensis Sahni and Khare
1974Forstercooperia ergiliinensis Gabunia and Dashzeveg
1987Forstercooperia jigniensis Thewissen et al. p. 269
2007Paraceratheriidae Qiu and Wang
2016Paraceratheriidae Wang et al.

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RankNameAuthor
kingdomAnimalia()
—Bilateria
—EubilateriaAx 1987
—Deuterostomia
phylumChordataHaeckel 1874
subphylumVertebrata
superclassGnathostomata
—Osteichthyes()
subclassSarcopterygii()
subclassDipnotetrapodomorpha(Nelson 2006)
subclassTetrapodomorpha()
—Tetrapoda
—Reptiliomorpha
—Anthracosauria
subclassAmphibiosauriaKuhn 1967
—Cotylosauria()
—Amniota
subclassSynapsida
—Therapsida()
infraorderCynodontia()
—Mammaliamorpha
—Mammaliaformes
RankNameAuthor
classMammalia
—Theriamorpha(Rowe 1993)
—Theriiformes()
—Trechnotheria
—Cladotheria
—Zatheria
subclassTribosphenida()
subclassTheria
—Eutheria()
—Placentalia
—Boreoeutheria
—Laurasiatheria
—Scrotifera
—Euungulata
—Panperissodactyla
superorderPerissodactylamorpha
orderPerissodactyla()
—Tapiromorpha(Haeckel 1873)
—Ceratomorpha(Wood 1937)
superfamilyRhinocerotoidea
familyParaceratheriidaeOsborn 1923
familyParaceratheriidaeOsborn 1923

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Fm. †Paraceratheriidae Osborn 1923
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Subfm. †Forstercooperiinae Wood 1963
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G. †Forstercooperia Wood 1939
+
+
Invalid names: Forstercooperia shiwopuensis Chow et al. 1974 [synonym]
†Forstercooperia ulanshirehensis Wang et al. 2018
Invalid names: Cooperia Wood 1938 [replaced]
G. †Pappaceras Wood 1963
+
†Pappaceras confluens Wood 1963
+
Invalid names: Forstercooperia huhebulakensis Qi 1987 [synonym]
†Pappaceras meiomenus Wang et al. 2016
†Pappaceras minuta Lucas et al. 1981
Invalid names: Hyrachyus grandis Peterson 1919 [nomen dubium]
Subfm. †Paraceratheriinae Osborn 1923
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G. †Aralotherium Borissiak 1939
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†Aralotherium prohorovi Borissiak 1939
†Aralotherium sui Ye et al. 2003
G. †Dzungariotherium Chiu 1973
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†Dzungariotherium turfanensis Xu and Wang 1978
G. †Juxia Chow and Chiu 1964
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†Juxia micracis Wang 1976
†Juxia sharamurenensis Chow and Chiu 1964
†Juxia shoui Qi and Zhou 1989
Invalid names: Imequincisoria Wang 1976 [synonym]
G. †Paraceratherium Forster Cooper 1911
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†Paraceratherium asiaticum Borissiak 1923
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Invalid names: Indricotherium transouralicum Pavlova 1922 [synonym]
†Paraceratherium bugtiense Forster Cooper 1911
†Paraceratherium grangeri Osborn 1923
†Paraceratherium huangheense Li et al. 2017
†Paraceratherium lepidum Xu and Wang 1978
+
Invalid names: Paraceratherium zhajremensis Bayshashov 1988 [synonym]
†Paraceratherium linxiaense Deng et al. 2021
Invalid names: Baluchitherium Forster Cooper 1913 [synonym], Indricotherium Borissiak 1916 [synonym]
G. †Pristinotherium Biriukov 1953
G. †Turpanotherium Qiu and Wang 2007
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†Turpanotherium elegans Qiu and Wang 2007
†Turpanotherium yagouense Qiu et al. 2004
G. †Urtinotherium Chow and Chiu 1963
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+
Invalid names: Dzungariotherium erdenensis Qi 1989 [synonym], Urtinotherium incisivum Chow and Chiu 1963 [synonym]
†Urtinotherium parvum Chow 1958
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Invalid names: Indricotherium qujingensis Tang 1978 [synonym]
Invalid names: Indricotheriinae Borissiak 1923 [synonym]
Invalid names: Forstercooperia ergiliinensis Gabunia and Dashzeveg 1974 [nomen dubium], Forstercooperia jigniensis Sahni and Khare 1973 [nomen dubium]
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
Composition: phosphaticsubp
Environment: terrestrialsubc
Locomotion: actively mobilec
Life habit: ground dwellingsubo
Diet: browsersubo
Reproduction: viviparoussubc
Created: 2005-08-31 15:03:12
Modified: 2005-08-31 17:03:12
Source: subo = suborder, subc = subclass, c = class, subp = subphylum
References: Ji et al. 2002, Colbert and Schoch 1998, Hendy et al. 2009, Carroll 1988, Lillegraven 1979

Age range

Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Early/Lower Eocene to the top of the Burdigalian or 55.80000 to 15.97000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 48.6 Ma

Collections (86 total)


Time interval Ma Country or state Original ID and collection number
Arshantan56.0 - 37.71China (Nei Mongol) Urtinotherium intermedium, Pappaceras confluens (72184)
Irdinmanhan56.0 - 37.71Kazakhstan Forstercooperia minuta (53657)
Irdinmanhan56.0 - 37.71China (Nei Mongol) Urtinotherium intermedium (72183)
Early/Lower Eocene55.8 - 48.6China (Nei Mongol) Forstercooperia huhebulakensis (174920) Pappaceras meiomenus (176542)
Lutetian47.8 - 41.3India Forstercooperia jigniensis (93701)
Lutetian47.8 - 41.3Pakistan (North-West Frontier) Forstercooperia jigniensis (28978)
Middle Eocene47.8 - 37.71China (Beijing) Imequincisoria sp. (174745)
Middle Eocene47.8 - 37.71China (Yunnan) Indricotherium parvum (36668)
Middle Eocene47.8 - 37.71China (Nei Mongol) Forstercooperia grandis (28792) Indricotheriidae indet. (28790) Indricotheriidae indet., Urtinotherium incisivum (28789) Juxia sharamurenense (28786)
Middle Eocene47.8 - 37.71China (Shanxi) Juxia sharamurenense (175227)
Middle Eocene47.8 - 37.71China (Inner Mongolia) Cooperia totadentata, Forstercooperia ulanshirehensis (178831)
Middle Eocene47.8 - 37.71Mongolia Forstercooperia ulanshirehensis (127656 194389)
Middle Eocene47.8 - 37.71China (Henan) Forstercooperia sp. (46193) Imequincisoria sp., Pappaceras sp., Imequincisoria mazhuangensis, Imequincisoria micracis (180777)
Middle Eocene47.8 - 37.71China (Guangxi) Forstercooperia sp. (190963 190964)
Priabonian38.0 - 33.9Bulgaria Prohyracodon meridionale (103932)
Houldjinian37.2 - 33.9China (Nei Mongol) Baluchitherium sp. (72147)
Late/Upper Eocene37.2 - 33.9India (Jammu and Kashmir) Juxia sharamurenense (180527)
Late/Upper Eocene37.2 - 33.9Mongolia (Dornogov) Forstercooperia sp., Forstercooperia ergiliinensis (176016) Indricotheriinae indet., Indricotherium parvum (174716)
Late/Upper Eocene37.2 - 33.9China (Nei Mongol) Aralotherium sp. (182574) Dzungariotherium erdenensis, Juxia shoui (176018) Indricotheriidae indet. (28780) Paraceratherium grangeri (180942) Urtinotherium parvus (174752) Urtinotherium parvus, Juxia shoui (174914)
Late/Upper Eocene37.2 - 33.9China (Xinjiang) Indricotheriinae indet. (174976 174977)
Late/Upper Eocene37.2 - 33.9China (Yunnan) Indricotheriinae indet., Indricotherium intermedium (182894) Indricotherium qujingensis (182882) Indricotherium sp. (182580 182892)
Ulangochuian37.2 - 33.9China (Nei Mongol) Urtinotherium intermedium (73810)
Early/Lower Oligocene33.9 - 28.4Pakistan Baluchitherium bugtiense, Baluchitherium osborni (77785)
Early/Lower Oligocene33.9 - 28.4China (Nei Mongol) Paraceratheriinae indet. (175814) Paraceratherium lepidum, Dzungariotherium turfanensis (175255) Paraceratherium sp., Turpanotherium sp. (175386) Paraceratherium transouralicum, Paraceratherium grangeri (176066)
Early/Lower Oligocene33.9 - 28.4Mongolia Baluchitherium grangeri (53979)
Early/Lower Oligocene33.9 - 28.4China (Gansu) Paraceratherium sp. (182883 182884 182899)
Early/Lower Oligocene33.9 - 28.4China (Ningxia) Paraceratheriinae indet. (182887)
Rupelian33.9 - 28.1Kazakhstan Paraceratherium sp. (64415)
MP 2533.9 - 23.03Spain (Cuenca) Paraceratherium albigense (184097)
Oligocene33.9 - 23.03Bulgaria Indricotherium transouralicum (193755)
Oligocene33.9 - 23.03Pakistan Thaumastotherium osborni, Paraceratherium bugtiense (128387)
Late/Upper Oligocene28.4 - 23.03Pakistan (Baluchistan) Indricotheriinae indet. (180575) Paraceratherium bugtiense (78362)
Late/Upper Oligocene28.4 - 23.03Georgia Benaratherium callistrati (182744)
Late/Upper Oligocene28.4 - 23.03China (Nei Mongol) Baluchitherium sp. (73807)
Late/Upper Oligocene28.4 - 23.03Mongolia Benaratherium sp., Paraceratherium sp. 1 (181061)
Late/Upper Oligocene28.4 - 23.03Kazakhstan Aralotherium prohorvi (74900) Indricotherium sp. (74003 74899) Paraceratherium sp. (182747) Paraceratherium sp., Paraceratherium prohorovi (64413) Paraceratherium zhajremensis (182628)
Late/Upper Oligocene28.4 - 23.03Kazakhstan (Kustanay) Indricotherium transouralicum, Indricotherium asiaticum (73999)
Late/Upper Oligocene28.4 - 23.03China (Xinjiang) Dzungariotherium orgosensis (182568) Indricotherium grangeri (182891) Paraceratherium lepidum, Dzungariotherium turfanensis, Turpanotherium elegans (182889) Paraceratherium lepidum, Turpanotherium elegans (182890) Paraceratherium lipidus, Dzungariotherium turfanensis, Turpanotherium elegans (182888) Paraceratherium sui (77943)
Late/Upper Oligocene28.4 - 23.03China (Gansu) Dzungariotherium orgosensis (182885) Indricotherium sp. (175388) Paraceratherium linxiaense (227298) Paraceratherium yagouense, Dzungariotherium orgosense (71433)
Late/Upper Oligocene28.4 - 23.03Turkey (Anatolia) Paraceratherium sp. (182500 183978)
Late/Upper Oligocene28.4 - 23.03Kazakhstan (Aktyubinskaya) Indricotherium sp. (74001)
Late/Upper Oligocene - Burdigalian28.4 - 15.97China (Gansu) Dzungariotherium orgosense (42066)
Late/Upper Oligocene - Early/Lower Miocene28.4 - 15.97Pakistan (Balochistan) Paraceratherium bugtiense (227410)
Aquitanian23.03 - 20.44China (Xinjiang) Dzungariotherium sp. (42063)
Early/Lower Miocene23.03 - 15.97China (Gansu) Turpanotherium elegans (175341 175342)
Early/Lower Miocene23.03 - 15.97China (Ningxia) Turpanotherium sp. (182886)
Early/Lower Miocene23.03 - 15.97Pakistan (Baluchistan) Indricotheriinae indet. (180594)
Burdigalian20.44 - 15.97China (Gansu) Indricotheriidae indet. (42065)