PBDB

Basic info	Taxonomic history	Classification	Included Taxa
Morphology	Ecology and taphonomy	External Literature Search	Age range and collections

Homo (human)

Mammalia - Primates - Hominidae

Taxonomy

Homo was named by Linnaeus (1758). It is extant.

It was assigned to Primates by Linnaeus (1758); to Erecta by Illiger (1811); to Hominidae by Schultz and Howard (1935), Kurten (1968), Kurten and Anderson (1980) and McKenna and Bell (1997); to Homininae by Pilbeam et al. (1977), Andrews and Cronin (1982), Cameron (1997) and Cela-Conde and Ayala (2003); to Hominina by Gray (1825) and Harrison (2010); to Hominoidea by Zalmout et al. (2010); and to Hominini by Andrews (1992), Brown et al. (2004) and Strait et al. (2015).

Species

Bimanes, H. antecessor, H. erectus (syn. H. ergaster), H. floresiensis, H. georgicus, H. habilis, H. heidelbergensis, H. helmei, H. naledi, H. neanderthalensis, H. njarasensis, H. rhodesiensis, H. rudolfensis, H. sapiens, Kenyanthropus platyops

Synonyms

Pithecanthropus was named by Dubois (1894).

It was synonymized subjectively with Homo by Cela-Conde and Ayala (2003).

It was assigned to Hominidae by Kurten (1968).
Protanthropus was named by Haeckel (1895).

It was synonymized subjectively with Homo by Cela-Conde and Ayala (2003).
Sinanthropus was named by Black (1927).

It was synonymized subjectively with Homo by Cela-Conde and Ayala (2003).
Cyphanthropus was named by Pycraft (1928).

It was synonymized subjectively with Homo by Cela-Conde and Ayala (2003).
Africanthropus was named by Dreyer (1935).

It was synonymized subjectively with Homo by Cela-Conde and Ayala (2003).
Telanthropus was named by Broom and Anderson (1949).

It was synonymized subjectively with Homo by Cela-Conde and Ayala (2003).
Atlanthropus was named by Arambourg (1954).

It was synonymized subjectively with Homo by Cela-Conde and Ayala (2003).
Tchadanthropus was named by Coppens (1965).

It was synonymized subjectively with Homo by Cela-Conde and Ayala (2003).
Kenyanthropus was named by Leakey et al. (2001).

It was synonymized subjectively with Homo by Cela-Conde and Ayala (2003).
Bimanes was named by Gray (1821). It is extant.

It was considered an invalid subgroup of Homo by McKenna and Bell (1997).

It was assigned to Vertebrosa by Gray (1821).

Synonymy list

Year	Name and author
1758	Homo Linnaeus p. 20
1811	Homo Illiger p. 65
1821	Bimanes Gray p. 297
1825	Homo Gray p. 338
1894	Pithecanthropus Dubois
1895	Protanthropus Haeckel
1927	Sinanthropus Black
1928	Cyphanthropus Pycraft
1935	Africanthropus Dreyer
1935	Homo Schultz and Howard p. 293
1949	Telanthropus Broom and Anderson
1954	Atlanthropus Arambourg
1965	Tchadanthropus Coppens
1968	Homo Kurten p. 60
1968	Pithecanthropus Kurten p. 60
1977	Homo Pilbeam et al. p. 695
1980	Homo Kurten and Anderson p. 355
1982	Homo Andrews and Cronin p. 545
1992	Homo Andrews p. 644
1997	Homo Cameron
1997	Homo McKenna and Bell
2001	Kenyanthropus Leakey and et al.
2003	Homo Cela-Conde and Ayala
2004	Homo Brown et al. p. 1055
2010	Homo Harrison
2010	Homo Zalmout et al. pp. Supp. 4 figs. Table 2
2015	Homo Strait et al.

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Rank	Name	Author
kingdom	Animalia	()
—	Bilateria
—	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
—	Deuterostomia
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1874
subphylum	Vertebrata
superclass	Gnathostomata
—	Osteichthyes	()
subclass	Sarcopterygii	()
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha	(Nelson 2006)
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha	()
—	Tetrapoda
—	Reptiliomorpha
—	Anthracosauria
subclass	Amphibiosauria	Kuhn 1967
—	Cotylosauria	()
—	Amniota
subclass	Synapsida
suborder	Eupelycosauria
—	Therapsida	()
infraorder	Cynodontia	()
—	Mammaliamorpha
—	Mammaliaformes

Rank	Name	Author
class	Mammalia
—	Theriamorpha	(Rowe 1993)
—	Theriiformes	()
—	Trechnotheria
—	Cladotheria
—	Zatheria
subclass	Tribosphenida	()
subclass	Theria
—	Eutheria	()
—	Placentalia
—	Boreoeutheria
—	Euarchontoglires	Murphy et al. 2001
—	Euarchonta
order	Primates
infraorder	Haplorhini	(Pocock 1918)
—	Anthropoidea	(Mivart 1864)
infraorder	Catarrhini	Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1812
superfamily	Hominoidea	Gray 1825
family	Hominidae	Gray 1825
subfamily	Homininae	Gray 1825
tribe	Hominini	Gray 1825
genus	Homo

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

G. Homo Linnaeus 1758 [human]

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†Homo antecessor Bermudez de Castro 1997

†Homo erectus Dubois 1892

Invalid names: Homo ergaster Groves and Mazak 1975 [synonym]

†Homo floresiensis Brown et al. 2004 [hobbit]

†Homo georgicus Gabounia et al. 2002

†Homo habilis Leakey et al. 1964

†Homo heidelbergensis Schoetensack 1908

†Homo helmei Dreyer 1935

†Homo naledi Berger et al. 2015

†Homo neanderthalensis King 1864 [Neanderthal]

†Homo njarasensis Reck and Kohl-Larsen 1936

†Homo rhodesiensis Woodward 1921

†Homo rudolfensis Alexeev 1986

Homo sapiens Linnaeus 1758 [human]

Homo sapiens afer Linnaeus 1758

Homo sapiens americanus Linnaeus 1758

Homo sapiens asiaticus Linnaeus 1758

Homo sapiens europaeus Linnaeus 1758

Homo sapiens ferus Linnaeus 1758

†Homo sapiens idaltu White et al. 2003

Homo sapiens monstrosus Linnaeus 1758

Invalid names: Africanthropus Dreyer 1935 [synonym], Atlanthropus Arambourg 1954 [synonym], Bimanes Gray 1821 [invalid subgroup], Cyphanthropus Pycraft 1928 [synonym], Kenyanthropus Leakey 2001 [synonym], Pithecanthropus Dubois 1894 [synonym], Protanthropus Haeckel 1895 [synonym], Sinanthropus Black 1927 [synonym], Tchadanthropus Coppens 1965 [synonym], Telanthropus Broom and Anderson 1949 [synonym]

Diagnosis

No diagnoses are available

Body mass estimates

estimate	equation	reference
76.8 kg	Mammalia femur diameter	Gingerich 1990
32.9 kg	Mammalia humerus diameter	Gingerich 1990
140.6 kg	Mammalia tibia diameter	Gingerich 1990
mean: 70.8 kg

Measurements

part	N	mean
femur diameter	1	24.6
humerus diameter	1	18.8
radius diameter	1	13.5
tibia diameter	1	29.8

Composition:

phosphaticsubp

Environment:

terrestrialsubc

Locomotion:

actively mobilec

Life habit:

ground dwellingf

Diet:

omnivoref

Reproduction:

viviparoussubc

Created:

2005-06-08 10:11:09

Modified:

2005-08-22 19:23:50

Source: f = family, subc = subclass, c = class, subp = subphylum

References: Nowak 1991, Lillegraven 1979, Carroll 1988, Hendy et al. 2009, Ji et al. 2002

Age range

Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Late/Upper Pliocene to the top of the Holocene or 3.60000 to 0.00000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 2.588 Ma

Collections (221 total)

Time interval	Ma	Country or state	Original ID and collection number
Oldest occurrences
Zanclean - Pliocene	5.333 - 2.588	Kenya	Homo sp. (22267)
Pliocene - Calabrian	5.333 - 0.781	Tanzania	Homo erectus (22335)
Pliocene - Pleistocene	5.333 - 0.0117	Malawi	Homo rudolfensis (22327)
Pliocene - Pleistocene	5.333 - 0.0117	Uganda	Homo sp. (22210)
Pliocene - Holocene	5.333 - 0.0	Congo-Kinshasa	Homo sapiens (22100)
Piacenzian	3.6 - 2.588	Ethiopia	Homo sp. (22347)
Piacenzian	3.6 - 2.588	Kenya	Homo indet. (21485)
Late/Upper Pliocene - Late/Upper Pleistocene	3.6 - 0.0117	Uganda	Homo sp. (22178)
Gelasian	2.588 - 1.806	Kenya	Homo erectus (21475) Homo habilis (21478 74512) Homo habilis, Homo erectus (21418) Homo sp. (21398 21420 21504) Homo sp., Homo erectus (21503)
Gelasian	2.588 - 1.806	Ethiopia (Afar)	Homo sp. (224655)
Gelasian	2.588 - 1.806	Tanzania	Homo habilis (22596)
Gelasian	2.588 - 1.806	Ethiopia	Homo habilis (21591 21621 21625 21675 22003 22020) Homo sp. (21545 21553 21626 21671)
Early/Lower Pleistocene	2.588 - 0.781	Spain (Murcia)	Homo sp. (34911)
Early/Lower Pleistocene	2.588 - 0.781	Germany (Thüringen)	Homo sp. (43020 45065 45085)
Early/Lower Pleistocene	2.588 - 0.781	Netherlands	Homo sapiens (189574)
Early/Lower Pleistocene	2.588 - 0.781	Georgia	Homo erectus (56733)
Early/Lower Pleistocene	2.588 - 0.781	South Africa (Gauteng)	Homo sp. (183152)
Early/Lower Pleistocene	2.588 - 0.781	Indonesia	Homo erectus (93520 93522)
Early/Lower Pleistocene	2.588 - 0.781	South Africa	Homo sp. (21824)
Gelasian - Calabrian	2.588 - 0.781	Kenya	Homo erectus (21367 21445 21492 22342 74511) Homo habilis (21502) Homo indet., Homo sp., Homo habilis (21396) Homo sp. (21415 21421 21472 21476 21498 21521) Homo sp., Homo erectus (21370 21402 21413)