Full reference: E. Haeckel. 1894. Systematische Phylogenie der Protisten und Pflanzen. Entwurf eines Natürlichen Systems der Organismen auf Grund ihrer Stammesgeschichte. Theil1, Systematische Phylogenie der Protisten und Pflanzen
Parent taxon: Dinophyceae according to E. Haeckel 1894
See also González Estebenet and Guler 2023 and Guler et al. 2005
Sister taxa: Actiniscales, Actinotheca, Aiora, Algidasphaeridium, Anthatractus, Apteodinium, Arcticacysta, Aremoricanium, Belodinium, Bicarinellum, Broomea, Calcicarpinium, Calcigonellum, Calciogranellum, Calcipterellum, Calcisphaerellum, Caligodinium, Cantulodinium, Ceratocoryaceae, Chiropteridium, Cryptarchaeodinium, Cymatiogalea, Danea, Diconodinium, Dictyopyxidia, Diornatosphaera, Diplotesta, Disconodinium, Distatodinium, Dollidinium, Downiesphaeridium, Echinidinium, Endoceratium, Eodinia, Evansia, Exochosphaeridium, Favilarnax, Galea, Gillinia, Gonyaulacales, Gymnodinium, Heliodinium, Heteraulacacysta, Heterocapsaceae, Histiophora, Horologinella, Hystrichokibotium, Hystrichosphaeropsis, Invertocysta, Kofoidopsis, Komewuia, Lecaniellaceae, Lithodinia, Lithoperidinium, Membranophoridium, Millioudodinium, Multiplicisphaeridium, Nannoceratopsiaceae, Nannoceratopsiella, Nelsoniella, Odontochitinopsis, Oodnadattia, Ovoidinium, Palaeoglenodinium, Palaeoperidinioideae, Palaeotetradinium, Paleopedicystus, Palmnickia, Pareodiniaceae, Pentafidia, Peridinites, Phanerodinium, Polyedryxium, Polykrikaceae, Polystephanephorus, Polystephanosphaera, Priscogalea, Prolixosphaeridium, Pseudodeflandrea, Ptychodiscales, Pulvinosphaeridium, Raphidodinium, Rottnestia, Samlandia, Scriniocassis, Spherites, Stephanelytron, Suessia, Taeniophora, Teneridinium, Tenua, Ternia, Thoracosphaerales, Toolongia, Triblastula, Trichodinium, Valvaeodinium, Vulcanisphaera, Wallodinium, Wetzeliella, Wetzelodinium, Xenicodinium, Xenikoon
Subtaxa: Aireiana Angustidinium Arachnodinium Barssidinium Bitorus Blysmatodinium Deflandreaceae Herendeenia Laciniadinium Multispinula Noricysta Octodinium Pentapharsodinium Peridiniaceae Protoperidiniaceae Rhabdothorax Shublikodinium Stoveracysta Susadinium Tectatodinium Tuberculodinium
Ecology: "photoautotroph"
Distribution:
• Quaternary of Canada (1: Quebec collection), Italy (2), North Pacific (218), Southern Ocean (9)
• Pliocene to Pleistocene of North Pacific (1), Southern Ocean (2)
• Pliocene of the Netherlands (1), North Pacific (39), Southern Ocean (15)
• Miocene to Pliocene of Belgium (1), Southern Ocean (1)
• Miocene of Argentina (4), Australia (1), Azerbaijan (3), Belgium (1), Southern Ocean (33), United States (1: Maryland)
• Oligocene to Miocene of Argentina (1)
• Oligocene of Argentina (18), Azerbaijan (1), Denmark (2), Germany (1), Southern Ocean (4)
• Eocene of Antarctica (2), Japan (1), Ukraine (3), United States (3: Alabama, Missouri, Virginia)
• Paleocene to Oligocene of Argentina (1)
• Paleocene of Argentina (10), New Zealand (1), United States (11: Missouri)
• Cretaceous to Paleogene of Antarctica (1), Argentina (1)
• Cretaceous of Antarctica (68), Argentina (39), Brazil (90), Canada (5: Manitoba, Northwest Territories, Nunavut, Saskatchewan), Chile (1), Colombia (1), Egypt (36), Ghana (21), India (2), Israel (1), New Zealand (1), Nigeria (21), Oman (1), Slovakia (3), Spain (1), Sudan (11), the United Kingdom (1), United States (4: Alabama, Mississippi)
• Jurassic of China (1)
• Triassic of Canada (1: Alberta)
• Permian of Canada (1: Alberta)
Total: 704 collections including 1946 occurrences